LED Grow Lights:

Power, Spectral Output,

and your ROI Explained. By Jef Schaefer

Chicago/USA
1 800-916-7680 Montreal/Canada
LED GROW LIGHTS: POWER, SPECTRAL OUTPUT, AND YOUR ROI EXPLAINED.

Horticulture lighting lighting has advanced tremendously in a relatively short period. Research and development in
plant growth science have experienced a dynamic increase in funding, fueled by the evolving medical and recreational
cannabis industries. Across the globe, wherever production of this high-value plant is legal; entrepreneurs are building
their future around the business of cannabis. The fledgling industry continues to evolve and change, and as it matures,
there is at least one trait it shares with all industries that want to survive; Create the best product the most efficiently at
the lowest cost.

This paper aims to isolate and explain two key factors

Growth of the U.S. Legal Canabis Industry
to consider when investing in horticulture lighting. It 2019-2025 est. ($USD billions)
details the effect they can have on a business’s ROI
and explain why smart procurement decisions keep $50
the complete plant growth environment in mind.
$41.5
$39.0
$40
$35.6
$31.3
$30
$25.9

$20.1
$20
$23.5 $25.1
$21.3
$USD BILLIONS

$13.2 $18.4
$14.9
$10 $11.6
$7.4

$11.0 $12.8
$0
2019 2020e 2021e 2022e 2023e 2024e 2025e
Growth projections from New Frontier Data; Cannabis in America for 2021 & Beyond: A New Normal in Consumption and Demand.
LED GROW LIGHTS: POWER, SPECTRAL OUTPUT, AND YOUR ROI EXPLAINED.

When LED-equipped grow lights were first introduced to the Relative Cost for LED 800 Im A19 Lamp
commercial horticulture industry, there was incredible interest in 1.00
the low-power consumption, decreased heat output, safety, and
other benefits. However, the cutting-edge technology was too 0.80
expensive, and the investment required eliminated any chance of
turning a profit in a large-scale commercial setting. 0.60

A decade later, mass production of LEDs for residential use along 0.40

with improved manufacturing processes have greatly reduced the

cost of LED chip technology. Todays LED light is significantly more 0.20

efficient and as much as 94% less expensive (1).

0.00
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
The introduction of phosphors onto Blue LEDs to create various
wideband spectrums has improved PAR performance (2). Research "


   

 !!

into the light spectrum effects on plant growth has improved our
understanding of photosynthesis and light absorption, improving
grow light efficiency and efficacy. It is now feasible to equip a
commercial grow op with LED lighting and have an ROI within
months, not years.
Articles and publications comparing HID grow lights
to LED grow lights are easily found on the internet (3)
(4) and will not be repeated here. Any well-managed
comparison will conclude the only advantage to
using HID is the initial start-up investment. That
advantage is quickly eroding as LED technology
matures and manufacturing costs decrease.

Comparing LED grow lights to each other is more

complicated than HID fixtures. There is a lot more
to consider than the reflector shape and the bulb’s
maximum output. For the purpose of selecting
the best suited LED grow lights for medical and
commercial cannabis production we will isolate and
focus on two key features: Power and Spectrum.
LED GROW LIGHTS: POWER, SPECTRAL OUTPUT, AND YOUR ROI EXPLAINED.

Power

Here, the term “Power” is used to represent

both what the light fixture is giving and what it
is taking. The design or upgrade of a cultivation
center’s plant grow lighting must consider how
much light is required for a successful harvest
and what the electrical productions costs will be.
For a clear decision and to truly take advantage
of LED lighting benefits, the complete grow
environment must be included.

How much light is needed?

A business cannot waste its’ resources if it expects to turn a profit. For cannabis growers, light is a resource. The light
that does not land on a plant is a waste of resources because it will not be used for photosynthesis. Often overlooked
is that light touching the plants but beyond what they can efficiently use for photosynthesis is also wasted. The amount
of spectral radiation a plant can process into photosynthesis over 24hrs is measured as the Daily Light Integral (DLI)
(5). Cannabis is a PAR thirsty and high DLI plant, but to truly take advantage of that thirst requires a tightly controlled
environment.
LED GROW LIGHTS: POWER, SPECTRAL OUTPUT, AND
AND YOUR
YOUR ROI
ROI EXPLAINED.
EXPLAINED.

Power

Outdoors, cannabis can thrive in climates that receive less DLI GUIDELINES FOR DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES
than 30 DLI from the Sun’s rays. Indoors, a successful
commercial cannabis crop requires just 700PPFD – 40
Cannabis
equivalent to a DLI of 30 during a 12-hour flowering session.
In a controlled environment which includes measured CO2 35
Tomatoes
injection and the perfect climate, cannabis crops can process
more than 1500PPFD – nearly double the base rate (6). 30
Peppers
However, the equipment, electrical expenses, and grower Cut flowers
experience required to achieve this limit the profitability of 25
operating such a complex system on a commercial scale. Strawberries
20

PPF – Photosynthetic Photon Flux measures the total

15
amount of PAR that is produced by a lighting system Leafy Greens
Culinary Herbs
each second.
PPFD – Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density measures Microgreens
10

the total amount of PAR that reaches the plant in

5
micromoles per square meter per second (uMol/
m2/s). 0
Calculation of the DLI – PPFD in μmol/m²s [number
of photons per second per m²]. *3600 [Number of
seconds in an hour] * t(h) [Number of light hours in a Knowing the PPF a crop requires establishes the POWER
day] / 1.000.000 = DLI in mol per day. the grow light must give. It is a first step towards choosing
the grow light fixture that maximizes the return on
investment. The next step is understanding the POWER
By swapping the two PPFD numbers of the above example,
the fixture is taking.
we can clearly illustrate why choosing the correct grow
light fixture is very dependant on the environment where
Though fixtures up to 2000W and more can be found, the
it will be used. When we exchange the 700PPFD luminaire
market-leading high-output LED grow light fixtures used
for the 1400ppfd without any changes to the environment,
for commercial cannabis production vary on average
nothing is present to allow the plant to accept and absorb
from 580W to 670W. The rated watts output directly
the additional light. Most of the PAR supplied past a DLI of 30
affects the PPFD produced and the energy consumption
will be wasted, or worse, damage the crop. From the other
of the fixture. In North America, Samsung and Osram
perspective, a 700ppfd luminaire placed in a controlled
built chips dominate the horticulture lighting market.
environment designed to maximize photosynthesis under
In most instances, compared fixtures will share the
a powerful 1400ppfd grow light will not provide enough
same LED chips and 120-degree optics. The difference
PPFD for plant processes to require a large amount
comes from the chosen array (creating the plant growth
of supplemental CO2, wasting resources and possibly
spectrum discussed later), the fixture’s physical design,
damaging the crop (7).
and the power consumption.

Higher CO2 concentration;

Rate of photosynthesis

higher temperature.
Higher CO2 concentration;
lower temperature.
Lower CO2 concentration;
lower temperature.

Intensity of light

Assembled from The Influence of Light and Carbon Dioxide on Photosynthesis;

Smith, E. L.; Journal of General Physiology, 1937. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.20.6.807
LED GROW LIGHTS: POWER, SPECTRAL OUTPUT, AND YOUR ROI EXPLAINED.

Why Watts matter.

Watts do not matter, at least not in the traditional terms used by

Forward voltage (@ 1050 mA, 85 °C)
Forward voltage (@ 1500 mA, 85 °C)
Forward voltage (@ 2000 mA, 85 °C)
Forward voltage (@ 3000 mA, 85 °C)
2.95V medical growers. Driver and chip watts state the electrical input
and do not represent the light output. Additionally, the volume
3.05V of LED chips and the current used to run them varies with each
fixture. The old standard of “Watts per gram” cannot be applied.
3.15V PPFD measures the amount of PAR that reaches the plant and
is used instead as a more accurate measure of useable light
3.35V output. A well-designed LED grow light will balance electrical
consumption with PPFD and spectral efficacy.

Daily PPFD Reference Table

24-Hour Photoperiod 16-Hour Photoperiod 12-Hour Photoperiod

PPFD DLI PPFD DLI PPFD DLI
100 9 100 6 100 4
200 17 200 11.5 200 9
300 26 300 17 300 13
600 52 600 34.5 600 26
1000 86 1000 57.5 1000 43
2000 173 2000 115 2000 86

The rated PPF output listed by manufacturers represents the maximum output under ideal operating temperatures.
The manufacturer provides the PPF, and fixture testing height will range from six to twelve inches. This measurement is
irrelevant in practice. The radiant heat produced by the high-intensity grow lights will stress, if not cook, the plant canopy
at six inches distance. Also, the vast majority of horticulture grow lights use a chip with 120 degrees light distribution. The
grow light fixture’s square-foot coverage is severely reduced and the PAR spectrum recipe compromised at such a close
distance.

The rated input in watts comes into play when considering the grow room environment and the PPF required for maximum
plant growth. By suspending other vital factors considered when investing in LED grow lighting, such as PAR spectrum,
warranty, and build quality, the selection dramatically decreases. Selecting a fixture that can meet the required PPF is the
first step. Next is knowing where the grow lights mount in the cultivation area.
LED GROW LIGHTS: POWER, SPECTRAL OUTPUT, AND YOUR ROI EXPLAINED.

Less Power Required

The closer the lights can be mounted to a crop’s canopy, the less power will be required to drive the nourishing PAR
photons to the plants. The further away the lights must be installed, the more power will be required to accomplish the
same goal. Whether the considered grow light has an output of 1200ppfd or 2100ppfd, the amount required for the crop
is likely between 700 – 900uMol/s. The logical choice is which grow light can deliver the PPFD required by the crop at the
crop’s installed distance, with the least amount of power (Watts)?

Achieving a balance between the production needs and the

Electrical Costs 12hrs/day over 5 years production equipment is an essential step to profitability
and a quick return on investment.
$4,300

$3,800

$3,300

$2,800

$2,300

$1,800

$1,300

$800

$300
California Michigan Mass
600W 650W 700W 800W
LED GROW LIGHTS: POWER, SPECTRAL OUTPUT,
OUTPUT, AND
AND YOUR
YOUR ROI
ROI EXPLAINED.
EXPLAINED.
Spectrum
PAR spectrums for horticulture growth vary among manufacturers. Information gathered from designlights.org.
The PPFD and watts used are not the only LED grow light features that vary significantly across commercial grow lights
used for cannabis production. Even more confusing is the number of different spectral outputs promoted as the ideal PAR
spectrum for indoor growing and cannabis specifically.
Early research in artificial lighting and photosynthesis
led to a popular misunderstanding; the 400-500nm
(Blue) and the 600-700nm (Red) wavelengths were
solely responsible for photosynthesis in plants (8).
By ignoring the details and popularizing an easy-to-
comprehend but inaccurate summary, unscrupulous
lighting manufacturers created a secondary market
for themselves. Meanwhile, horticulturists and indoor
gardeners spent the next few decades using primarily
Blue and Red spectrum lighting on their crops.
Cannabis cultivators adapted this research and
developed a successful strategy. The Blue end of the
spectrum would be emphasized to increase leaf growth
during a plant’s vegetative phase, most commonly with
high-intensity discharge (HID) metal-halide lamps. The
flowering phase would be reversed, receiving more light
from primarily Red light sources like HID high-pressure
sodium lamps, which helped increase height and flower
development. This strategy involved an elaborate room
and lamp swapping system to compensate for the plant’s
growth stage and photoperiod. Production costs were
high; The high-powered HID systems were electrically
inefficient and costly to operate; The excessive amounts
of heat they generate would create climate issues within
the crop; Heating, ventilation, and air cooling costs were
high. However, the effective LED grow lights of this time
remained too expensive for use on large-scale crops. The
underpowered but affordable red/blue fixtures sold to
the public were as effective as the proverbial Snake Oil.
1. 2
1. 0
0. 8
0. 6
0. 4
0. 2
0.0
380 480 580 680 780
It would be accurate to state that everything has changed
in the last decade. Advances in horticulture research and
knowledge sharing have returned the focus to what had
been confirmed decades ago; that higher plants can
process a wide range of wavelengths into photosynthesis
(9). More recent studies have demonstrated the physical
effects of emphasizing the ratio of specific wavelengths
over others, with positive and negative results (10).
Reconfirming and popularizing the role the 500-600nm
(Green) wavelength plays in photosynthesis (11) has
led to significant improvements in the science and
affordability of horticulture lighting. It has also created
some chaos within the industry.
On the one hand, Blue chips with phosphors added to
create lighting for humans were mass-produced, and
these chips cover a broad spectrum from 400-700nM.
With some modifications to the chip layout and selection,
they can create an optimal plant growth spectrum recipe.
On the other hand, opportunistic lighting manufacturers
created chaos by flooding the market with high lumen
warehouse lighting not designed for horticulture. Though
warehouse lighting delivers a strong PPF reading, the
skewed B:G:R ratio of the PAR spectrum produces slow-
growing plants with poor development. These products’
flaws are less noticeable for hobbyist growers but are
devastating for a commercial cultivator’s investment.
LED GROW LIGHTS: POWER, SPECTRAL OUTPUT,
OUTPUT, AND
AND YOUR
YOUR ROI
ROI EXPLAINED.
EXPLAINED.

How do you choose?

Research on indoor plant growth through artificial
lighting increasingly demonstrates there is no perfect
PAR spectrum recipe.
The optimal light recipe varies between
species, sub-species, and cultivars. The
plant’s ability to absorb and process
different spectral wavelengths is strongly
influenced by the cultivation environment,
the chosen production method, the nutrient
schedule, and a plethora of other factors (12).
Optimizing LED lighting for the horticulture industry is still
in its infancy. An optimal strategy for using high-quality
LED lighting in horticulture is to select the best spectra
for a specific crop or cultivar, offering improved quality
in the most energy-efficient way. While photosynthetic
responses are similar among the various plant types, a
morphological response is more species- and cultivar-
specific.
For the cannabis plant, the optimal spectral recipe varies
like any other plant species. Achieving that perfect plant
growth spectrum for a specific strain requires multiple
trials under repeatable conditions. Maximizing production
output while reducing costs should be on the list of every
successful business. However, testing and evaluating
luminaires can take months, if not years, and is not
always economically feasible for a commercial cultivator.
Fortunately, optimal is not necessary to be profitable. A
sealed growth chamber with high-power LED grow lights
fine-tuned to the cultivar’s genetic DNA is not required.
By including quality grow lighting specifically built for
horticulture and a reliable spectral recipe that benefits
cannabis, a successful harvest is achieved.
LED GROW LIGHTS: POWER, SPECTRAL OUTPUT, AND YOUR ROI EXPLAINED.

Selecting a growth spectrum

Blue and Red light are the driving force behind chlorophyll absorption and photosynthesis (8). Under monochromatic
light, either Blue or Red, natural plant growth suffers. Research suggests that a minimum of 7% Blue light is required to
produce near-natural growth (13). In practice, a 25-35% Blue to Red light balance will grow a healthy plant. In tandem,
they cover Chlorophyll A and Chlorophyll B’s absorption peaks and are the base to creating a successful PAR recipe.

As previously stated, the importance of the 500-600nM (Green) spectrum for photosynthesis and plant growth is confirmed.
However, problems with excessive Green in the spectral ratio can stunt growth and plant morphology. At 24% or less of
the spectrum, Green enhances plant growth. When Green is dominant at greater than 50% of the PAR spectrum, research
shows that growth is slowed and stunted (14). More pertinent to the cannabis industry, experiments (15) where the
G:R ratio was higher than 50% showed decreases in THC levels (10) (16). Natural plant growth and a healthy crop are
achievable by balancing the B:G:R and the G:R spectral wavelength ratios.

The image below demonstrates the average plant response to different wavelengths based on McCree’s studies (8). It is
clear that plants respond to wavelengths outside of the 400-700nM (B:G:R) range. Horticulture scientists and ambitious
growers are experimenting with these wavelengths, pushing the boundaries of plant lighting in search of the optimum
growth spectrum to produce super plants. The cannabis industry remains at the forefront of these experiments, with
incredible anecdotal results presented daily via social media.

Chlorophyil a
Chlorophyil b

Average
plant
response

300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
Spectral range in nanometers

The addition of UV, Violet, Far Red, and other wavelengths outside of the 400-700nM can have beneficial or disastrous
effects on a crop. Results are dependant on the species and grow environment. Stunted growth or excessive elongation
for some, improved dry weight, or increased plant oils for others. A consensus for optimizing plant growth through
spectral manipulation is to use these wavelengths at specific growth phases as the plants mature, but the results are not
uniform or conclusive.

Until more research is complete and trials run in the field, the risks outweigh the benefits for a cultivator to include
significant amounts of these wavelengths in the fixed light recipe. For best results, a grow light should include a PAR
spectrum with a balanced B:G:R ratio designed for high DLI plants.
LED GROW LIGHTS: POWER, SPECTRAL OUTPUT, AND YOUR ROI EXPLAINED.

Summary: The ROI.

The purpose of this paper is to simplify and explain two key factors to consider when investing in horticulture lighting and
how they affect a business’s return on investment. The additional positive factors affecting an ROI, such as fixture lifespan
and maintenance costs, are not considered here.

First, determining Power and establishing the crop’s true lighting requirements provides a base for selecting a suitable
grow light.

• Lowering fixture height reduces PPF output required.

• Essential instead of excessive PPF lowers specification requirements and the initial cost of lighting equipment.
• Lower power draw reduces energy costs. <chart>
Second, observing Spectrum ratios will help ensure natural crop development and a dependable, repeatable harvest.
Product consistency and quality lead to repeat sales and increased market share.

• A horticulture-specific balanced spectrum ensures natural plant growth and health.

• Awareness of the B:G:R and the G:R ratios in any grow light under consideration will protect the growth and
medical value of a cannabis crop.
• Fixtures with enhanced wavelengths outside of the 400-700nM range, such as UV-A, UV-B, Far Red, are more
costly to manufacture. Hence, a more significant investment.
• The benefits of grow lighting, including excessive amounts of wavelengths outside the 400-700nM PAR zone,
remain unproven and risky for commercial growers.
• Commercial cultivators should invest in trusted technology with a solid ROI until they can run their research and
develop optimum lighting in-house.

Segregating the grow light system helps to determine the exact specification requirements for production. This method
should apply to all cultivation equipment involved in the planning. Accurate production requirements established for all
grow room parameters simplify selection and procurement, reduces layout and design changes, and lowers marketing
and peer influence.

There are numerous factors involved in the layout and design of a legal cannabis cultivation facility. On the subject of
horticulture lighting, the information contained here should be considered along with, and not in place of, those factors.
Selecting horticulture lighting with the complete plant growth environment in mind ensures cost savings, improved
production, and a quick return-on-investment.
LED GROW LIGHTS: POWER, SPECTRAL OUTPUT, AND YOUR ROI EXPLAINED.

“Jeffrey is an experienced medical plant grower and controlled agriculture consultant. His background in the greenhouse
and legal cannabis industries includes sales, procurement, marketing, and product development. Jef specialises in indoor
cultivation troubleshooting and optimizing plant grow lighting. Currently, he is the Sales & Technical Manager for Grow Elite LED.”

Email: jefs@etissl.com

References

1. Brodrick, Ph.D, James. R&D Plan. USA DOE SSL Program. Washington : USA DOE, 2016.
2. Park, Yujin and Runkle, Eric S. Spectral effects of light-emitting diodes on plant growth, visual color quality,
and photosynthetic photon efficacy: White versus blue plus red radiation. 2018.
3. Radetsky, Leora C. LED and HID Horticultural. Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Troy : s.n., 2018.
4. Paucek I, Appolloni E, Pennisi G, Quaini S, Gianquinto G, Orsini F. LED Lighting Systems for Horticulture:
Business Growth and Global Distribution. s.l. : Sustainability, 2020.
5. The Effect of Daily Light Integral on Bedding Plant Growth and Flowering. James E. Faust, Veronda Holcombe,
Nihal C. Rajapakse , and Desmond R. Layne. 3, s.l. : HortScience, Vol. 40.
6. Photosynthetic response of Cannabis sativa L. to variations in photosynthetic photon flux densities, temperature
and CO2 conditions. Suman Chandra, corresponding author Hemant Lata, Ikhlas A. Khan, and Mahmoud A.
Elsohly. s.l. : Prof. H.S. Srivastava Foundation for Science and Society, 2008, Physiol Mol Biol Plants.
7. Photosynthesis under artificial light: the shift in primary and secondary metabolism. Eva Darko, Parisa
Heydarizadeh, Benoît Schoefs and Mohammad R. Sabzalian. s.l. : The Royal Society, April 19, 2014.
8. McCree, K. J. The action spectrum, absorptance and quantum yield of photosynthesis in crop plants. Institute of
Life Science and Biology Department, Texas A and M University. 1970.
9. Action spectra for photosynthesis in higher plants. Inada, Katsumi. 2, April 1976, Plant and Cell Physiology, Vol. 17,
pp. Pages 355–365.
10. The Effect of Light Spectrum on the Morphology and Cannabinoid Content of Cannabis sativa L. Gianmaria
Magagninia, Gianpaolo Grassia, Stiina Kotiranta. s.l. : S. Karger AG, 2018, Med Cannabis Cannabinoids.
11. Green Light Drives CO2 Fixation Deep within Leaves. Jindong Sun, John N. Nishio, Thomas C. Vogelmann. 10,
October 1998, Plant and Cell Physiology, Vol. 39.
12. An Update on Plant Photobiology and Implications for Cannabis Production. Samuel Eichhorn Bilodeau,
Bo-Sen Wu, Anne-Sophie Rufyikiri, Sarah MacPherson, and Mark Lefsrud. 296, March 29, 2019, Frontiers in
Plant Science, Vol. 10.
13. Blue light dose–responses of leaf photosynthesis, morphology, and chemical composition of Cucumis sativus grown
under different combinations of red and blue light. Sander W. Hogewoning, Govert Trouwborst, Hans Maljaars,
Hendrik Poorter, Wim van Ieperen, Jeremy Harbinson. 11, June 2010, Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 61.
14. EVALUATION OF LETTUCE GROWTH USING SUPPLEMENTAL GREEN LIGHT WITH RED AND BLUE LIGHT-
EMITTING DIODES IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT - A REVIEW OF RESEARCH AT KENNEDY SPACE
CENTER. H.H. Kim, R.M. Wheeler, J.C. Sager, G.D. Gains, J.H. Naikane. 2006, Acta Hortic.
15. Green light enhances growth, photosynthetic pigments and CO2 assimilation efficiency of lettuce as revealed by
‘knock out’ of the 480–560 nm spectral waveband. Liu, H., Fu, Y., Wang, M. et al. 2017, Photosynthetica , Vol. 55.
16. HEMPHILL, PAUL G. MAHLBERG AND JOHN K. EFFECT OF LIGHT QUALITY ON CANNABINOID CONTENT OF
CANNABIS SATIVA L. (CANNABACEAE). Department of Biology, Indiana University. Indiana : Botanical Gazette, 1983.