Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By BD Dipananda | Buddhistdoor Global | 20151106 |
Buddhist devotees in Bangladesh fly fanush (sky lanterns) to honor the Buddha at the
end of the monastic rains retreat. From flickr.com
Pavarana marks the end of the threemonth Vassavasa, the rainy season retreat
observed by Theravada monastic communities. Commonly falling on the full moon of
the 11th month of the lunar calendar, usually in October, this year the occasion was
celebrated on 27 October. Pavarana means “inviting admonition”—an invitation to
one’s monastic colleagues to give admonishments for any offences committed during
the threemonth retreat when monastic members lived together communally, thereby
helping to ensure observance of the Vinaya, the regulatory framework of the monastic
sangha.
Since the Buddha called upon monks to observe Vassavasa from the first day of the
waning moon of the 8th lunar month, Pavarana has been observed as an annual ritual
that expresses the purity of the Vinaya, as recorded in the Mahavagga volume of the
Vinaya Pitaka (section IV) of the Pali Canon. The narrative begins with a story that
leads up to the point where the Buddha initiated Pavarana to ensure harmonious
relationships between monks during Vassavasa. The Buddha said: “I prescribe, O
Bhikkhus, that the Bhikkhus, when they have finished their Vassa residence, hold
Pavarana with each other in these three ways: by what has been seen, or by what has
been heard, or by what is suspected. Hence it will result that you live in accord with
1
each other, that you atone for the offences [you have committed], and that you keep
the rules of discipline before your eyes.” (Rhys Davids and Oldenberg 1881, 328) The
Buddha then described the procedure for determining the legitimacy of an allegation
with the following proclamation: “I prescribe, O Bhikkhus, that on the day of Pavarana
he who declares his Pavarana is to declare also his consent [to acts to be performed
eventually by the order], for [both declarations] are required for the sangha [and for
the validity of its acts].” (Rhys Davids and Oldenberg 1881, 332)
Pavarana is a ritual pursuit, and the Patimokkha—the disciplinary precepts of the
monastic order at the heart of the Vinaya—is also recited on this day. Each monastic
is invited to prostrate before their fellow bhikkhu (monks) or bhikkhuni (nuns) while the
Patimokkha is recited. While Pavarana encourages monastics to evaluate one
another’s conduct, the Patimokkha encourages each sangha member to examine their
own behavior. From the Pavarana we can understand the ceremony as an expression
of the sangha’s collective adherence to discipline, and by observing Pavarana, sangha
members can gain insight into the nature of disciplined action.
Pavarana is also a welcoming ceremony commemorating the Buddha’s return from
Tavatimsa (the Heaven of the ThirtyThree), the second of the six heavens in the
Desire Realm. According to legend, seven years after he became enlightened, the
Buddha went to the Heaven of the Thirtythree during Vassavasa to expound his
teachings to the assembled gods, including his mother Mahamaya, who had passed
away just seven days after his birth. The Buddha taught them the Abhidhamma Pitaka,
the last of the “three baskets” that constitute the Tipitaka of the Pali Canon. After three
months, the Buddha came down to the city of Sankassa, in the modernday district of
Farrukhabad in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Today, Sankassa is a Buddhist
pilgrimage destination, and several schools of Buddhism have established
monasteries there.
2
The Buddha descending from the Heaven of the Thirtythree to
Sankassa after teaching the
Abhidhamma Pitaka to the assembled
gods. From dhammatalks.net
Pavarana is observed by Theravada Buddhists throughout the world by performing
various meritorious acts. In the morning, lay people gather in the temple to undertake
the Five or Eight Precepts for the day. There is a long period of chanting, paying
homage to the Buddha, the Dhamma, and the sangha, accompanied by offerings of
food, flowers, incense, lamps, and other items, which concludes before noon. The
devotees then serve a meal to the monastics before enjoying whatever is left over.
The afternoon session begins with Dhamma talks by the monks and a talk on the
significance of Pavarana. The ceremony is then concluded by sharing the
accumulated merit with relatives and all sentient beings.
In a number of Theravada Buddhist societies, including Bangladesh and parts of
Thailand, the evening following the ceremony is marked by festivities. Devotees
launch “sky lanterns”—hotair balloons made of paper with a small flame suspended
in the middle—known as fanush in Bangladesh and khom loi in Thailand. In
Bangladesh, the evening festivities often draw hundreds of people, including those of
other faiths, in a gesture of religious harmony. In Thailand, Pavarana is known as
“Wan Awk Phansa,” or “the day of leaving the rains retreat,” and the evening is marked
by processions of illuminated boats, notably on the Mekong River in the province of
Nakhon Phanom and the Muni River in Ubon Ratchathani. The boats, which can be
up to 32 feet long, are filled with offerings such as sticky rice sweets wrapped in
3
banana leaves and decorated with flowers, candles, and lamps. Some celebrants
launch their own, smaller vessels and race each other along the river.
Pavarana is followed by the Kathina robeoffering ceremony for those monks or nuns
who have observed Vassavasa. Up until the full moon of the 12th lunar month, lay
Buddhists offer donations to the temples, and in particular new monastic robes, one
of the four requisites of monastic life (food, clothing, shelter, and medical care). The
historical background for this is mentioned in the Vinaya Pitaka: while the Buddha was
dwelling at Jetavana Vihar in Shravasti, he was visited by a group of 30 monks after
Vassavasa. The Buddha asked them about their retreat and noticed the worn condition
of their robes. It is said that monks at that time would make their robes by sewing
together discarded rags and pieces of cloth collected from cemeteries, garbage
dumps, and the like. To rectify this, the Buddha granted permission for the Kathina
ceremony to be held after Vassavasa.
Pavarana is therefore a day of both historic significance and an opportunity to make
merit, benefiting not only the members of the monastic sangha but also lay Buddhists,
who are afforded the opportunity to welcome one another with metta—lovingkindness
and compassion—thereby enhancing harmony within the community.
Reference
Rhys Davids, T. W., and Hermann Oldenberg, trans. 1881. Vinaya Texts – Vol. 1.
Oxford: Clarendon Press.
See more
Pavarana Day (Buddhapadipa Temple)
Pavarana Day (Buddhist Tourism)
Wan Awk Pansa (Chiang Mai Best)
Vassa (Rains Retreat) and Kathina (Robe Offering) Ceremony (BuddhaSasana)
4