Distinguish between solar capital and natural capital.

Solar capital is energy from the sun,

direct or indirect (windpower, hydropower, and biomass). Natural capital is natural resources
and services that support life and economies (soil, minerals, and natural purification).

Distinguish between exponential growth and linear growth. Exponential growth (curved) is when
a quantity increases by a constant rate over each time interval. i.e. population growth.
Linear growth (line) is when a quantity increases by a set number over each time interval. i.e.
plant growth.

What is the connection between exponential growth and environmental problems? As

populations grow, so does the amount of natural capital that is exploited

What are doubling time and the Rule of 70? Doubling time is the number of years it would take
for a quantity to double. The Rule of 70 is 70 divided by a growth rate to find the doubling time.
For example, a country with a annual growing rate of 3%, would take 23.33 years to double in
population.

Distinguish between ecological resources and economic resources. Ecological resources

are wildlife, their habitats, and relationships to the environment. i.e. plants, animals. Economic
resources are the resources available to produce goods and services to meet human needs. i.e
land, labor.

Distinguish between perpetual resources, renewable resources, and nonrenewable resources.

Perpetual resources are resources that are renewed continuously. i.e. sun, wind, tide..
Renewable resources are resources that are replenished, through natural processes, faster
than they are used. i.e. fresh air and water, fertile soil, plants and animals. Nonrenewable
resources are resources that exist in a fixed quantity. i.e fossil fuels, minerals.

Distinguish between a physically depleted nonrenewable resource and an economically

depleted resource. A nonrenewable resource is never truly depleted, but it becomes
economically depleted when the costs of extracting and using what is left exceed its economic
value.

What is pollution? Distinguish between point and nonpoint sources of pollution. Pollution is
any addition to air, water, soil or food that threatens the health, survival or activities of
organisms. Point sources are single, identifiable sources of pollutants. i.e. smokestacks,
drainpipes, exhaust pipes. Nonpoint sources are dispersed and difficult to identify. i.e. runoff
from fertilizers into streams and lakes,spray pesticides blown by wind.

Define economic growth, gross national product, gross domestic product, per capital GNP and
economic development. Economic growth is an increase in the ability to provide people
with goods and services. Gross national product is the value of all goods and services produced
within and outside a country. Gross domestic product is the value of all goods and services with
a country.Per capital GNP is GNP divided by total population to determine the "worth" of each
citizen. Economic development is the improvement of living standards through economic
growth.

What is an environmentally sustainable economic development? How does it differ from

traditional economic growth and economic development? Development that encourages
environmentally sustainable forms of economic growth that meet the basic needs for the current
generations, protects the future generations in meeting their needs and discourages
environmentally harmful forms of economic growth. The difference between traditional growth is
that it is concerned with preserving resources for the future.

What are sustainable yield and environmental degradation? Sustainable yield is the
highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely. Environmental degradation
happens if we exceed a resource's natural replacement rate.

What are the key factors in the near extinction of the American bison from the Great Plains of
the United States. As populations began to grow and tools became more advanced,
Americans were able to kill the bison population in larger quantities, for food, skins and trade.

Who are hunter-gatherers, and what were their major environmental impacts? Hunter-
gatherers were people who survived by collecting edible wild plant parts, hunting, fishing and
scavenging meat from animals killed by other predators. They used fire to convert forests to
grasslands,contributed to the extinction of some large animals, and altered the distribution of
plants.

What is the agricultural revolution? What are its major benefits and environmental drawbacks?
The agricultural revolution was the shift to settled agricultural communities in which
people domesticated wild animals and cultivated wild plants. The major benefits included more
food, larger population, longer life expectancy, higher standards of living, formation of village,
towns and cities that served as centers for trade, government and religion. Drawbacks included
destruction of wildlife habitats, killing wild of animals, fertile land to desert, soil eroded into
streams,towns and cities concentrated waste and pollution and increased diseases and
increases conflict and slavery.

What are the slash-and-burn cultivation and shifting cultivation? Under what conditions can
these practices be a sustainable form of agriculture? The slash-and-burn was used to
prepare the land for planting, by cutting down trees and other vegetation and burning the
underbrush. Shifting was used when plots became depleted of nutrients and growers cleared a
new plot. Such practices can be sustainable when used only in small parts of land and allowing
them to restore soil fertility.

What is the industrial revolution? What are its major benefits and environmental drawbacks?
The industrial revolution was the rapid expansion in the production, trade and distribution
of material goods. The benefits included the mass production of useful and affordable products,
higher standards of living, increased agricultural production,lower infant mortality, longer life,
increased urbanization and lower rate of growth. The drawbacks include increased air and water
pollution and waste, soil and groundwater depletion, habitat and biodiversity degradation.

What is the information and globalization revolution? What are its potential major benefits and
environmental drawbacks? The era of new technologies that increase access to more
information on a global scale. The advantages included knowledge of environmental systems
and ability to respond to problems more effectively. Drawbacks included information overload,
homogenizing earth's surface, and decrease in cultural diversity.