Solutions To 2.13, 2.23, 2.55 Exercises of Quantum Computation and Quantum Information Nielsen 10th Edition

Exercices 2.13, 2.23 and 2.
55 Quantum Computation and Quantum Information
Solution to Exercises 2.13, 2.23 and 2.55 from Quantum

Computation and Quantum Information by Nielsen and Chuang
Student: Adrián Felipe Hernández Borda. Code: 201813360.
2.13
If |ωi and |νi are any two vectors in ket space E, show that (|ωihν|)† = |νihω|
By dual correspondence (D.C.) between kets and bras
hα| (|ωihν|)† ←→ (|ωihν|) |αi

hω| (hν|αi)∗ ←→ (hν|αi) |ωi
as hν|αi∗ = hα|νi, it is obtained
hω| (hν|αi)∗ = hω| (hα|νi)

hα| (|ωihν|)† = hα| (|νihω|)
or in short (|ωihν|)† = |νihω|
2.23
Show that the eigenvalues of a proyector P̂ ·are all either 0 or 1. n o
PN
A projector operator is defined by P̂ |γi = k |ek ihek |γi and if |e k i is a orthonormal
basis of dimention N for a specific subspace Ω ⊂ E then
N
! N
!
X X
2
P̂ |γi = |ek ihek | |ej ihej | |γi
k j
N X
X N
2
P̂ |γi = |ek i hek |ej i hej |γi
k j
N X
X N
P̂ 2 |γi = |ek ihej |γiδk,j
k j
N
X
P̂ 2 |γi = |ek ihek |γi
k
2
P̂ |γi =P̂ |γi
Using this result it is written the eigenvalues equation as
Adrián Hernández. Physics - UPTC 1

Exercices 2.13, 2.23 and 2.55 Quantum Computation and Quantum Information
P̂ |γi = λ|γi

2
P̂ − λ1̂ |γi = |◦i

P̂ 2 − λ1̂ |γi = |◦i
And it is clear that |γi =

6 |◦i so from de definition
N
! N
! N
! N
X X X X
|ek ihek | |ej ihej | γm |em i =λ γm |em i
k j m m
N
! N
! N
X X X
|ek ihek | λ γm |em i = λγm |em i
k m m
N
! N
! N
X X X
λ |ek ihek | γm |em i = λγm |em i
k m m
N
X N
X
λ2 γm |em i = λγm |em i
m m
N
X N
X
λ2 γm |em i − λγm |em i = |◦i
m m
N
X
λ2 − λ γm |em i = |◦i

m

0
that it is true if λ2 − λ = λ (λ − 1) = 0 or for eigenvalues λ = . The eigenvalue λ = 0
1
yields to P̂ |γi = |◦i but it is known that |◦i does not represent a physical state, so lets see
eigen value problem in matrix representation. First let P := P̂ · and ~γ := |γi thus
P~γ = λ~γ
(P − λI) ~γ = 0
(I − λI) ~γ = 0
[(1 − λ) I] ~γ = 0
which is satisfied if det ((1 − λ) I) = 0
det [(1 − λ) I] = 0
(1 − λ)N det (I) = 0
| {z }
1
N
(1 − λ) = 0

that means that λ = 1 with degeneration N which it is more consistent with physics interpre-
tation of eigenstates.
2.55
PN
Let Ĥ|ψi = k Ek |Ek ihEk | be the Hamiltonian hermitian operator with eigenvalues Ek
known as the energy corresponding to normalized energy eigenstates or stationary states
|Ek i. Prove that operator Û (t1 , t2 ) · defined by
−i
Û (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = e h Ĥ(t2 −t1 )|ψi
is unitary.
First it is calculated Ĥ 2 ·
hP i hP i
N N
Ĥ 2 |ψi = k Ek |Ek ihEk | r Er |Er ihEr |
PN PN h i
Ĥ 2 |ψi = k r Ek Er |Ek i hEk |Er i hEr |
| {z }
δk,r
PN PN h i
Ĥ 2 |ψi = k r Ek Er |Ek ihEr | δk,r
PN
Ĥ 2 |ψi = k Ek2 |Ek ihEk |
PN
The induction hypothesis Ĥ m |ψi = k Ekm |Ek ihEk | yields to Ĥ m+1 |ψi by:
h i
Ĥ m+1 |ψi = Ĥ m Ĥ |ψi
hP i hP i
N N
Ĥ m+1 |ψi = k Ekm |Ek ihEk | r Er |Er ihEr |
m+1
PN PN h i
Ĥ |ψi = k r Ekm Er |Ek ihEr | δk,r
PN
Ĥ m+1 |ψi = k Ekm+1 |Ek ihEk |
Now Û (t1 , t2 ) · is rewritten by expanding the exponential using power series

−i
Û (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = e h Ĥ(t2 −t1 )|ψi
∞ m
X 1 −i
Û (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = Ĥ (t2 − t1 ) |ψi
m=0
m! h
∞ m
X 1 −i
Û (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = Ĥ m (t2 − t1 ) |ψi
m=0
m! h
∞ m N
X 1 −i X m
Û (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = Ek (t2 − t1 ) |Ek ihEk |ψi
m=0
m! h k
N
" ∞ #
X X 1 −iEk (t2 − t1 ) m
Û (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = |Ek ihEk |ψi
k m=0
m! h
N h i
−i
X
Û (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = e h Ek (t2 −t1 ) |Ek ihEk |ψi
k
And the Adjoint operator is given by
N h i
i
X
† E (t −t1 )
Û (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = e h k 2 |Ek ihEk |ψi
k
Using the previous result it is possible computing Û Û † (t1 , t2 ) · easier than before.

" N h
#" N h
#
X −i
i X i
i
Ek (t2 −t1 ) E (t −t1 )
Û Û † (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = e h |Ek ihEk |ψi e h r 2 |Er ihEr |ψi
k r
†
PN PN h i
[Er (t2 −t1 )−Ek (t2 −t1 )]
i
Û Û (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = k r e h |Ek i hEk |Er i hEr |ψi
†
PN PN h i [Er (t2 −t1 )−Ek (t2 −t1 )] i
Û Û (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = k r e
h |Ek ihEr |ψi δk,r
 
[Ek (t2 − t1 ) − Ek (t2 − t1 )]
i
h
PN  | {z }
Û Û † (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = k e
0
 |Ek ihEk |ψi
 
PN 0
Û Û † (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = 
k e |Ek ihEk | |ψi
|{z}
1
N
!
X
Û Û † (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = |Ek ihEk | |ψi
k
| {z }
1̂
Û Û † (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = 1̂|ψi
Since any unitary operator Ô· satisfies ÔÔ† |ψi = Ô† Ô|ψi = 1̂|ψi, then it is possible
obtaining Û † Û (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = 1̂|ψi with a development similar to the previous one. Finally
Û (t1 , t2 ) · is a unitary operator
Û Û † (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = Û † Û (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = 1̂|ψi

Solutions To 2.13, 2.23, 2.55 Exercises of Quantum Computation and Quantum Information Nielsen 10th Edition

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Solutions To 2.13, 2.23, 2.55 Exercises of Quantum Computation and Quantum Information Nielsen 10th Edition

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Exercices 2.13, 2.23 and 2.

55 Quantum Computation and Quantum Information

Solution to Exercises 2.13, 2.23 and 2.55 from Quantum

Student: Adrián Felipe Hernández Borda. Code: 201813360.

hα| (|ωihν|)† ←→ (|ωihν|) |αi

hω| (hν|αi)∗ = hω| (hα|νi)

or in short (|ωihν|)† = |νihω|

Using this result it is written the eigenvalues equation as

Adrián Hernández. Physics - UPTC 1

And it is clear that |γi =

which is satisfied if det ((1 − λ) I) = 0

Adrián Hernández. Physics - UPTC 2

Now Û (t1 , t2 ) · is rewritten by expanding the exponential using power series

Adrián Hernández. Physics - UPTC 3

And the Adjoint operator is given by

Adrián Hernández. Physics - UPTC 4

Û Û † (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = 1̂|ψi

Û Û † (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = Û † Û (t1 , t2 ) |ψi = 1̂|ψi

Adrián Hernández. Physics - UPTC 5

You might also like