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Fundamentals of Acoustics

Dr. Maha Raouf

2021/2022
 Course Evaluation
 60 % Final written exam
 20 % Mid-Term
 20 % Mini project + Attendance + Quizzes

 References
 Daniel R. Raichel, The science and application of acoustics, Springer, 2000.
 Floyd Toole, Sound reproduction, Loudspeakers, and rooms, Focal Press, 2008.
 Michael Moser, Engineering acoustics, an introduction to noise control, Springer, 2004.
Wave Motion
Wave Motion
 What is Wave Motion?
Wave motion is the transfer of energy from one point of the medium to another point of the
medium without actual transport of matter between two points.
 Classification of Wave Motion
I. Mechanical waves:
Waves that require a medium for their propagation. The particles of the medium execute
periodic motion about a mean position when the wave propagates through the medium.
Ex:

spring waves sound waves water waves

Wave Motion (Cont.)
I. Mechanical waves
(Based on vibration of particles of medium)
Transverse waves Longitudinal waves
Particles vibrates perpendicular to Particles vibrates parallel to direction
direction of waves propagation of waves propagation
Wave Motion (Cont.)
I. Mechanical waves
(Based on energy transfer)
Progressive waves Standing waves
Which transfer energy Without transfer of energy
Wave Motion (Cont.)
II. Non-Mechanical waves:
Waves which do not require a medium for their propagation. These types of waves can
propagate through vacuum also. These are transverse in nature. For example, electromagnetic
waves, radio waves.
 Generally
Wave Motion (Cont.)
 Terminologies in Progressive Wave Motion:

 Amplitude (A)
 Wavelength (λ)
 Period (T)
 Wave velocity (v=λ/T)
 Frequency (F= 1/ T), (F= v/λ)
 Phase or phase angle (Ф)
 Phase difference (∆Ф)
 Path difference (∆x)
 Time difference (∆T)
Sound Waves
Sound waves
• Sound wave results from vibrations of the molecules of medium
• Sound wave is a Mechanical & Longitudinal wave
• Frequency range of sound waves:
( Infrasound < 20 Hz ≤ f (sound waves) ≤ 20 KHz < Ultrasound)
Speed of Sound Waves
Speed of Sound waves
• The speed of sound is a characteristic of the medium.
• Speed of sound waves in: solids > Liquids > Gases
 Ideal gases:
1.67 Monoatomic
γ… constant 1.4 Diatomic
v
P…. gas pressure
ρ… gas density
But
𝑚 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝛾𝑅𝑇
𝜌= & 𝑃= 𝑣=
𝑉 𝑉 𝑀

R… gas constant= 8.314 J/mol. K, T…. Absolute temperature (Kelvin)

M…. molecular weight of the gas= (m/n) (kg/mol)
Speed of Sound waves
 Air:
At 20o C, γ = 1.4, R= 8.314 J/mol.K, M= 0.0289 Kg/mol

𝛾𝑅𝑇 1.4 ∗ 8.314 ∗ (20 + 273)

𝑣= = = 343 𝑚/𝑠
𝑀 0.0289

 Solids:
𝑬
𝒗= E….. Young’s modulus of elasticity
𝜌

 Liquids:
𝑩
𝒗= B….. Bulk modulus
𝝆