Vinesh Xact Mathematics X

1 REAL NUMBERS
Euclid
Died285 BC
1.0. INTRODUCTION
In class 9th, we have studied types of real numbers (rational and irrational numbers) and
their properties. Let us recall it.
N represents the collection of natural numbers i.e., 1, 2, 3, .......... .
W represents the collection of whole numbers i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, .......... .
Z or I represents the collection of integers i.e., .......... – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ..........
p
Q represents the collection of rational numbers i.e. all numbers of the form , where p and q
q
are integers and q ¹ 0.
R represents the collection of all rational and irrational numbers together i.e. the real numbers.
In this chapter, we continue our discussion on real numbers. We begin with two very important
properties of positive integers namely ‘Euclid’s Division Lemma’ and ‘Fundamental Theorem of
Arithmetic’.
NOTE : The first property of positive integers has many applications related to the divisibility
of integers while the second property related to prime factorisation of composite numbers,
also can be applied to prove the irrationality of 2 , 3 , 5 etc. and the decimal expansion of
a rational number by prime factorisation of denominator.
1.1. EUCLIDS DIVISION LEMMA

“A lemma is a proven statement used for proving another statement”.
Euclid’s was the first Greek Mathematician who started a new way of thinking the study of
geometry. He is famous for his 13 books of geometry called “Elements”. He made major contribution
to the number theory also. Among these is the Euclid’s lemma.
• If a and b are two integers, a ¹ 0 and there exists an integer q such that a = bq then
we say that b divides a or a is divisible by b.
• For any two positive integers a and b, b ¹ 1, and a > b and a is not divisible by b,
we can find two unique integers q and r such that a = bq + r; 0 < r < b.
1
2
For example, consider 32, 5; 23, 7; 53, 6
We can rewrite above operations as :
32 = 5 × 6 + 2 ; 012<5
23 = 7 × 3 + 2 ; 012<7
53 = 6 × 8 + 5 ; 015<6
Thus we have now a = bq + r; 0 £ r < b.

[Here, we call ‘a’ as dividend, ‘b’ as divisor, ‘q’ as quotient and ‘r’ as remainder.]
Result : For given positive integers a and b there exist unique integers q and r such that
a = bq + r; 0 £ r < b.
1.1.1. Euclids Division ALgorithm
“An algorithm is a series of well–defined steps used for solving a type of problem”.
Euclid’s division algorithm is a process based on Euclid’s division lemma. It is a repeated and
continuous application of lemma.
It is a technique to find HCF or GCD of two given positive integers a, b (a > b) by
successive use of Euclid’s division lemma.
Method to find H.C.F of two numbers :
Step 1. Let a > b, apply Euclid’s division lemma to a and b for finding positive integers
q and r such that
a = bq + r; 0 £ r < b.
Step 2. If r = 0, then HCF (a, b) = b
But If r ¹ 0, then we apply Euclid’s division lemma to numbers b and r.
Step 3. We continue the division process till the remainder becomes zero. The divisor at the
last step would be HCF of ‘a’ and ‘b’.
Result : The last non-zero remainder is HCF of a and b.
Real Numbers 3
The flow chart for the above algorithm can be given as follows :
Start
For the given two numbers

a and b (a > b)
Apply Euclid’s division lemma to

a and b and f ind q and r such that
a = bq + r
NO dividend = b
Is r = 0
and divisor = r
YES
HCF of given numbers = b
End
Let’s consider some examples :
Illustrative Examples
1. Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find HCF of following :
(i) 135 and 225 (ii) 255 and 867 (iii) 196 and 38220. (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : (i) Here, 225 > 135
Step 1. Let a = 225, b = 135
By Euclid’s division lemma to 225 and 135, we get
225 = 135 × 1 + 90
Step 2. Here, r = 90 ¹ 0,
Again on applying division lemma to a = 135, b = 90, we get
135 = 90 × 1 + 45
4
Step 3. Here, r = 45 ¹ 0, Again applying division lemma to a = 90, b = 45, we get

90 = 45 × 2 + 0
Here, r =0
\ HCF of 135 and 225 is 45.
(ii) Step 1. Here, a = 867, b = 255
Apply Euclid’s division lemma to 867 and 255, we get
255 867 3
867 = 255 × 3 + 102
–765
Step 2. Here, r = 102 ¹ 0, Again applying division lemma to
102 255 2
a = 255, b = 102, we get –204
255 = 102 × 2 + 51 51 102 2
Step 3. Here, r = 51 ¹ 0, Again applying division lemma to a = 102, –102
b = 51, we get 0
102 = 51 × 2 + 0
Here, r = 0
\ HCF of 255 and 867 is 51.
(iii) Here, a = 38220, b = 196
By Euclid’s division lemma
38220 = 196 × 195 + 0
Here, r =0
\ HCF of 196 and 38220 is 196.
2. Use Euclid’s division algorithm, find which of the following pairs of
numbers are co-prime.
(i) 231, 396 (ii) 847, 2160 (N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem)
Solution : Co-prime : The pair of numbers having HCF
1 are called co-prime numbers.
(i) Here a = 396, b = 231
Apply Euclid’s division lemma, we get
396 = 231 × 1 + 165
231 = 165 × 1 + 66
165 = 66 × 2 + 33
66 = 33 × 2 + 0
\ HCF of 231 and 396 is 33.
Since HCF of numbers 231 and 396 is 33 (¹1), therefore, given numbers are not co-prime.
Real Numbers 5
(ii) Here, a= 847, b = 2160.

847 2160 2
Apply Euclid’s division lemma, we get –1694
2160 = 847 × 2 + 466 466 847 1
–466
847 = 466 × 1 + 381 381 466 1
466 = 381 × 1 + 85 –381
381 = 85 × 4 + 41 85 381 4
340
85 = 41 × 2 + 3 41 85 2
–82
41 = 3 × 13 + 2 3 41 13
3 =2×1+1 –39
2 3 1
2 =1×2+0 –2
\ HCF of 847 and 2160 is 1.
–2
Thus, given numbers are co-prime. 0
3. Find HCF of numbers 72 and 120.
Solution : By Euclid’s division lemma, we get
120 = 72 × 1 + 48
72 = 48 × 1 + 24
48 = 24 × 2 + 0
\ HCF (72, 120) = 24.
4. Find HCF of numbers 52 and 130.
52 130 2
Solution : By Euclid’s division lemma, we get –104
130 = 52 × 2 + 26 26 52 2
52 = 26 × 2 + 0 –52
\ HCF (52, 130) = 26 0
5. Find HCF of numbers 126, 144 and 204.

Solution : Firstly we find HCF of any two numbers, say 144 and 204.
By Euclid’s division lemma, we get
204 = 144 × 1 + 60
144 = 60 × 2 + 24
60 = 24 × 2 + 12
24 = 12 × 2 + 0
\ HCF of numbers 144 and 204 is 12.
Now, we find HCF of numbers 12 and 126.
6
By Euclid’s division lemma,

126 = 12 × 10 + 6
12 = 6 × 2 + 0
\HCF of numbers 12 and 126 is 6.
Thus, HCF of numbers 126, 144 and 204 is 6.
To express HCF as linear combination of two numbers :
If a and b are two numbers and let ‘d’ be H.C.F. of numbers a and b then we can express
d as linear combination of a and b i.e. d = ax + by ; where x and y are integers.
6. Find HCF of 65 and 117 and express it in the form of 65x + 117y
(or linear combination of 65 and 117). (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012)
Solution : First we find HCF of 65 and 117.
117 = 65 × 1 + 52 ...(i)
65 = 52 × 1 + 13 ...(ii)
52 = 13 × 4 + 0
\ HCF (65, 117) = 13
Now, to represent HCF as linear combination of 65 and 117. We start from second last
step i.e. (ii) and successively eliminate the remainder of previous step as follows :
(ii) Þ 13 = 65 – 52 × 1
= 65 – [117 – 65 × 1] × 1 [From (i) 117 = 65 × 1 + 52 ]
= 65 – 117 × 1 + 65 × 1
= 65 × 2 – 117 × 1
= 65 × 2 + 117 × (– 1)
Thus, 13 = 65 x + 117y, [where x = 2, y = – 1]
7. Find HCF of 657 and 963 and express it in the form of 657l + 963 m,
where l and m are integers. [Standard] 657 963 1
Solution : By Euclid’s division lemma –657
963 = 657 × 1 + 306 ...(i) 306 657 2
–612
657 = 306 × 2 + 45 ...(ii)
45 306 6
306 = 45 × 6 + 36 ...(iii) –270
45 = 36 × 1 + 9 ...(iv) 36 45 1
–36
36 = 9 × 4 + 0 9 36 4
\ HCF of 657 and 963 is 9 –36
Now, to represent HCF in form of 657 l + 963 m, we start 0
from second last step
Real Numbers 7
i.e., (iv) and successively eliminate the remainder of previous step as follows :
(iv) Þ 9 = 45 – 36 × 1
= 45 – [306 – 45 × 6] × 1 [From (iii) 306 = 45 × 6 + 36 ]
= 45 – 306 × 1 + 45 × 6 Þ 36 = 306 – 45 × 6
= 45 × 7 – 306 × 1
= [657 – 306 × 2] × 7 – 306 × 1[From (ii) 657 = 306 × 2 + 45 ]
= 657 × 7 – 306 × 14 – 306 × 1 Þ 45 = 657 – 306 × 2
= 657 × 7 – 306 × 15
= 657 × 7 – [963 – 657 × 1] × 15 [From (i) 963 = 657 × 1 + 306 ]
= 657 × 7 – 963 × 15 + 657 × 15 Þ 306 = 963 – 657 × 1
= 657 × 22 – 963 × 15
Thus, 9 = 657 × 22 + 963 × (– 15)
= 657 l + 963 m, where l = 22 and m = – 15
8. If the HCF of 408 and 1032 is written in the form of 1032 x – 408 × 5,
find x.
Solution : First, find HCF of 408 and 1032.
1032 = 408 × 2 + 216
408 = 216 × 1 + 192
216 = 192 × 1 + 24
192 = 24 × 8 + 0
\ HCF of numbers 408 and 1032 is 24.
Now, according to question,
HCF = 1032x – 408 × 5
Þ 24 = 1032x – 408 × 5
Þ 24 + 408 × 5 = 1032 x
Þ 1032 x = 24 + 2040 = 2064
2064
Þ x 1 =2
1032
8
9. If d is the HCF of 55 and 210, find x and y if d = 55x + 210y. Also show
that x, y are not unique.
Solution : By Euclid’s division lemma, we get 55 210 3
210 = 55 × 3 + 45 ...(i) –165
45 55 1
55 = 45 × 1 + 10 ...(ii) –45
45 = 10 × 4 + 5 ...(iii) 10 45 4
10 = 5 × 2 + 0 –40
5 10 2
\ HCF (55, 210) = 5 10
Now, to represent HCF in form of 55x + 210y. 0
(iii) Þ 5 = 45 – 10 × 4
= 45 – [55 – 45 × 1] × 4 [... from (ii) 55 = 45 × 1 + 10 ]
= 45 – 55 × 4 + 45 × 4 Þ 10 = 55 – 45 × 1
= 45 × 5 – 55 × 4
= [210 – 55 × 3] × 5 – 55 × 4 [...from (i) 210 = 55 × 3 + 45 ]
= 210 × 5 – 55 × 15 – 55 × 4 Þ 45 = 210 – 55 × 3
= 210 × 5 – 55 × 19
= 210 × 5 + 55 × (– 19)
\ 5 = 210y + 55x, where x = – 19, y = 5.
For Uniqueness :
We have, 5 = 210 × 5 + 55 × (– 19)
Adding and subtracting 55 × 210, we get
5 = 210 × 5 + 55 × (– 19) + 55 × 210 – 55 × 210
= {210 × 5 + 210 × 55} + {55 × (– 19) + 55 × (– 210)}
= 210 × (5 + 55) + 55 × (– 19 – 210)
= 210 × 60 + 55 × (– 229)
Þ 5 = 210y + 55x, where x = – 229, y = 60.
It shows another linear combination and hence x and y are not unique.
NOTE : It may be noted that a linear equation in two variables has infinitely many
solutions.
Applications of HCF :
10. Find the greatest number that divides 248 and 1032 leaving remainder 8
in each case.
Solution : It is given that on dividing 248 and 1032 by the required number there is a
remainder of 8 in each case. This means that 248 – 8 = 240 and 1032 – 8 = 1024 are completely
divisible by the required number.
Real Numbers 9
\The required greatest number = HCF of numbers 240 and 1024

By Euclid’s lemma, we get
1024 = 240 × 4 + 64
240 = 64 × 3 + 48
64 = 48 × 1 + 16
48 = 16 × 3 + 0
\ HCF (240, 1024) = 16
Thus, the required number = 16.
11. By Euclid’s division algorithm, find the greatest number that divides 398
and 542 leaving remainders 7 and 15 respectively.
Solution : Given that on dividing 398 and 542 by required number, there are remainders
7 and 15 respectively. This means that 398 – 7 = 391 and 542 – 15 = 527 are exactly divisible by
the required number.
\ The Required greatest number = HCF of 391 and 527. 391 527 1
By Euclid’s division lemma, we get –391
527 = 391 × 1 + 136 136 391 2
–272
391 = 136 × 2 + 119 119 136 1
136 = 119 × 1 + 17 –119
119 = 17 × 7 + 0 17 119 7
–119
\ HCF (391, 527) = 17 0
Thus, the required number = 17
12. An army contingent of 616 members is to march behind an army band
of 32 members in a parade. The two groups are to march in the same number of columns.
What is the maximum number of columns in which they can march ? (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : The number of columns should be maximum value which divides 32 and 616.
Hence, the number of columns = HCF (32, 616)
616 = 32 × 19 + 8
32 = 8 × 4 + 0
\ HCF (32, 616) = 8
Hence, the number of columns in which two groups can march = 8.
13. A sweet seller has 420 Kaju Barfis and 130 Badam Barfis. She wants to
stack them in such a way that each stack has the same number and they take up the least area
of the tray. What number of Barfis can be placed in each stack for this purpose ?
Solution : Area of tray will be least if sweet seller stacks maximum number of barfis in
each stack.
10
Since each stack has the same number of barfis.

\ The number of barfis in each stack = HCF (420, 130)
By Euclid’s Division Lemma, we get
420 = 130 × 3 + 30
130 = 30 × 4 + 10
30 = 10 × 3 + 0
\ HCF (420, 130) = 10
Hence the number of barfis in each stack = 10.
14. The length and breadth of a room are 6 m 30 cm, 5 m 85 cm. Find the
largest rod which can measure the two dimensions of the room exactly.
Solution : Measure of largest rod which measures both dimensions of room
= HCF (6 m 30 cm, 5 m 85 cm) {... 1 m = 10 cm}
= HCF (600 cm + 30 cm, 500 cm + 85 cm)
= HCF (630 cm, 585 cm)
585 630 1
\ By Euclid’s division lemma, we get
–585
630 = 585 × 1 + 45 45 585 13
585 = 45 × 13 + 0 –585
\ HCF (630, 585) = 45 0
Hence, required length of rod = 45 cm
15. Three reservoirs contain 595 litres, 850 litres and 680 litres of water
respectively. Find the maximum capacity of the container which can measure the water of
reservoir in exact number of times.
Solution : The value of the maximum capacity of the container must divide 595 l, 850 l and
680 l.
\ Maximum capacity of container = HCF (595, 850, 680)
By Euclid’s division lemma to 850 and 680, we get
850 = 680 × 1 + 170
680 = 170 × 4 + 0
\ HCF of 680 and 850 = 170
Now apply Euclid’s division lemma to 170 and 595.
595 = 170 × 3 + 85
170 = 85 × 2 + 0
\ HCF (170, 595) = 85
Thus, maximum capacity of the container = 85 l
Real Numbers 11
16. Fill in the blanks :

(i) HCF of 12 and 18 is ......... .
(ii) If an integer is divided by 3 then largest possible remainder is ........ .
Solution : (i) Clearly HCF (12, 18) = 6
(ii) If an integer is divided by 3 then remainder can be 0, 1 or 2.
So largest remainder can be 2.
17. Choose the correct answer.
(i) By Euclid’s lemma, if a = bq + r, then
(a) 0 £ r £ b (b) 0 < r £ b
(c) 0 £ r < b (d) 0 < r < b.
(ii) If any number is divided by 3, then which of the following can not be remainder ?
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3.
(iii) If HCF of 65 and 117 is m and m = 65k – 117, then k =
(a) 4 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 3.
Solution : (i) By Euclid’s division lemma,
a = bq + r ; 0 £ r < b
\ Correct answer is (c).
(ii) If any number is divided by 3, then possible remainders are 0, 1 or 2.
\ Correct answer is (d).
(iii) HCF (65, 117) = 13 = m
\ 13 = 65k – 117 Þ k = 2
\ Correct answer is (b).
Exercise 1.1
Find HCF of the following by Euclid’s division algorithm :
1. 658, 1128 2. 336, 432 3. 231, 847
4. 570, 665 5. 273, 1339
Find HCF of the following by Euclid’s division algorithm :
6. 56, 96 and 404 7. 36, 63 and 108 8. 475, 495 and 135
9. Using Euclid’s division algorithm, check which of the following pairs of numbers are
coprime :
(i) 196, 257 (ii) 123, 546 (iii) 426, 576
10. Find HCF of 75 and 243 and express it in the form of 75x + 243y. [Standard]
11. Find HCF of 693 and 891 and express it in the form of 693 l + 891 m. [Standard]
12. If d is HCF of 120 and 156 then express d = 120x + 156y. [Standard]
13. If HCF of 81 and 237 is expressed in the form of 81x + 237 × 13 then find x.
12
14. If HCF of 65 and 117 is expressed in form of 65 m – 117 then find m. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2019)
15. If HCF of 143 and 481 is represented in the form of 143x + 481y then find x and y and also
show that x, y are not unique. [Standard]
16. Find the greatest number which on dividing 1656 and 2037 leaves remainder 6 is each case.
17. Find the greatest possible number that divides exactly 105, 1001 and 2436.
18. What is the largest number which divides 285, 1249 leaving remainder 9 and 7 respectively.
19. Two different containers contain 496 litres, 403 litres of mixtures of milk and water respectively.
What is the largest measure that can measures the both quantities exactly ?
20. A room 4 m 40 cm long, 5 m 25 cm wide and 7 m 35 cm high. Find the largest rod which can
measure the three dimensions of the room exactly ?
21. 144 cookies and 132 pastries packets have to be packed in several smaller identical boxes with
same number of cookies and pastries packets in each box. How many packets of cookies and
pastries will each box contain ?
22. A hall is 17 m 28 cm long and 13 m 20 cm broad. It is to be paved with square tiles of same
size. Find the least possible number of such tiles.
(i) HCF of 24 and 27 is ........... .
(ii) HCF of two coprime numbers is ........... .
(iii) The greatest possible number that divides 104 and 169 is ........... .
24. Choose the correct answer :
(i) HCF of 29 and 48 is
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3.
(ii) If any number is divided by 4, then which of the following can not be remainder ?
(a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 0 (d) 2.
(iii) The largest possible number that divides 280, 1244 leaves remainder 4 and 2 respectively.
(a) 136 (b) 128
(c) 138 (d) 118.
Answers
1. 94 2. 48 3. 77
4. 95 5. 13 6. 4
7. 9 8. 5
9. (i) Coprime (ii) No (iii) No 10. 3, x = 13, y = – 4 11. 99 ; l = 4, m = – 3
12. x = 4, y = – 3 13. x = – 38 14. m=2
15. x = – 10, y =3 16. 3 17. 7
18. 138 19. 31 litres 20. 5 cm
21. 12, 11 22. 3960 23. (i) 3 (ii) 1 (iii) 13
24. (i) (b) (ii) (a) (iii) (c)
Real Numbers 13
1.2. Applications of Euclids Division lemma in finding property of numbers

Positive integers and their squares, cubes etc. consists certain interesting patterns and various
properties which can be proved by using Euclid’s Division lemma.
• If any positive integer is divided by 2, then the remainder be 0 or 1.
• If any positive integer is divided by 3, then the remainder be 0, 1 or 2.
• If any positive integer is divided by 4, then the remainder be 0, 1, 2 or 3.
1. Show that every positive even integer is of the form 2q, and that every
odd integer is of the form 2q + 1, where q is some integer. (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : [In this case, divisor is 2]
Let a be any positive integer and b = 2

By Euclid’s division lemma for a and 2, we get
a = 2q + r ; 0 £ r < 2
i.e. r = 0 or 1
\ a = 2q or 2q + 1
If a = 2q then clearly a is an even integer
Also 1 more than even integer is always an odd integer
\ a = 2q + 1 is an odd integer.
2. Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 4q + 1 or 4q + 3, where
q is some integer. (N.C.E.R.T.) (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012, 13)
Solution : (In this case, divisor is 4)
Let a be any positive integer and b = 4

a = 4q + r ; 0 £ r < 4
i.e., r = 0, 1, 2 or 3
\ a = 4q, 4q + 1, 4q + 2 or 4q + 3
If a = 4q or 4q + 2, it is clearly an even number.
Also 4q + 1 or 4q + 3 are consecutive integers to their respective even integer. So these are
odd numbers.
Thus, any odd integer is of the form 4q + 1 or 4q + 3.
14
3. Using Euclid’s division lemma, show that any positive odd integer is of the
form 6q + 1, 6q + 3 or 6q + 5, where q is some integer. (N.C.E.R.T., A.I.C.B.S.E. 2013)
Solution : In this case, divisor is 6
Let a be positive integer and b = 6.

a = 6q + r ; 0 £ r < 6
i.e., r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5
\ a = 6q, 6q + 1, 6q + 2, 6q + 3, 6q + 4 or 6q + 5
If a = 6q, 6q + 2, 6q + 4, these are clearly even numbers.
Also 6q + 1, 6q + 3 or 6q + 5 are consecutive integers to their respective even integers. So
these are odd numbers.
Thus, any odd integer is of form 6q + 1, 6q + 3 or 6q + 5, where q is any integer.
4. Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that square of any positive integer is
either of the form 3 m or 3 m + 1 for some integer m. (N.C.E.R.T., A.I.C.B.S.E. 2017)
Let a be positive integer and b = 3

a = 3q + r ; 0 £ r < 3
If r = 0 ; a = 3q
On squaring, we get ; a2 = (3q)2 = 9q2 = 3(3q2) = 3m, where m = 3q2 is an integer.
If r = 1, a = 3q + 1
On squaring we get ; a2 = (3q + 1)2 = 9q2 + 6q + 1
= 3(3q2 + 2q) + 1= 3m + 1, where m = 3q2 + 2q is an integer.
If r = 2, a = 3q + 2
On squaring, we get ; a2 = (3q + 2)2 = 9q2 + 12q + 4
= (9q2 + 12q + 3) + 1 = 3(3q2 + 4q + 1) +1
= 3 m + 1, where m = 3q2 + 4q + 1 is an integer.
Þ a2 is of the form 3 m, or 3 m + 1 for some integer m.
Hence, square of any positive integer is either of the form 3m or 3m +1 for some positive
interger m.
5. Show that square of any positive integer is either of form 4m or 4m + 1
for some integer q. (N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem)
Solution : (In this case, divisor is 4.)
Real Numbers 15
Also 4 is divisible by 2, therefore we can take b = 2 for making the calculation easy)
Let a be any positive integer and b = 2.
By Euclid’s division lemma
\ a = 2q + r ; 0 £ r < 2
If r = 0 ; a = 2q
On squaring, we get ; a2 = (2q)2 = 4q2 = 4m, where m = q2 is an integer.
If r = 1 ; a = 2q + 1
On squaring, we get a2 = (2q + 1)2 = 4q2 + 4q + 1
= 4(q2 + q) + 1 = 4m + 1, where, m = q2 + q is an integer.
Hence, square of any positive integer is either of the form 4m or 4m + 1 for some positive
integer m.
6. Show that square of any integer is of the form 5m, 5m + 1 or 5m + 4 for
some integer m.
Let a be positive integer and b = 5
a = 5q + r ; 0 £ r < 5
If r = 0 ; a = 5q
On squaring, we get ; a2 = (5q)2 = 25q2 = 5(5q2) = 5m.
where, m = 5q2 is an integer.
If r = 1 ; a = 5q + 1
= 5(5q2 + 2q) + 1 = 5m + 1, where, m = 5q2 + 2q is an integer.
If r = 2, a = 5q + 2
= 5(5q2 + 4q) + 4 = 5m +4, where, m = 5q2 + 4q is an integer.
If r = 3, a = 5q + 3
= (25q2 + 30q + 5) + 4
= 5(5q2 + 6q + 1) + 4 where, m = 5q2 + 6q + 1 is an integer.
If r = 4 ; a = 5q + 4
On squaring, we get ; a2 = (5q + 4)2 = 25q2 + 40q + 16 = 25q2 + 40q + 15 + 1
= 5(5q2 + 8q + 3) + 1
= 5m + 1
2
where, m = 5q + 8q + 3 is an integer.
Thus, square of any integer is of form 5m, 5m + 1 or 5m + 4, for some integer m.
16
* The above statement can also be stated as “Show that square of any integer is of the
form 5 m, 5 m + 1 or 5 m – 1 for some integer m”.
Sol. In above sol. form 5m + 4 = (5m + 5) – 1 = 5(m + 1) – 1 = 5k – 1
OR
Show that square of any integer cannot be of form 5m + 2 or 5m + 3 for any integer m.
7. Show that cube of any integer is of the form 9m, 9m + 1 or 9m + 8 for

some integer m. (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : In this case divisor is 9. Also 9 is divisible by 3, therefore we can take b = 3 for
making the calculation easy
\ a = 3q + r ; 0 £ r < 3
If r = 0 ; a = 3q
On cubing, we get ; a3 = (3q)3 = 27q3 = 9(3q3) = 9m, where m = 3q3 is an integer.
If r = 1 ; a = 3q + 1
On cubing, we get ; a3 = (3q + 1)3 = 27q3 + 27q2 + 9q + 1
= 9(3q3 + 3q2 + 9) + 1
= 9m + 1, where m = 3q3 + 3q2 + 9 is an integer.
If r = 2 ; a = 3q + 2
On cubing, we get ; a3 = (3q + 2)3 = 27q3 + 54q2 + 36q + 8
= 9(3q3 + 6q2 + 4q) +8
= 9m + 8, where, m = 3q3 + 6q2 + 4q is an integer.
Thus, cube of any integer is of the form 9m, 9m + 1 or 9m + 8, for some integer m.
8. Show that square of any odd integer is of the form 8m + 1, for some
integer m.
Solution : In this case divisor is 8. Also 8 is divisible by 4, therefore we can take b = 4 for
making the calculation easy
\ a = 4q + r ; 0 £ r < 4
we need odd numbers, therefore take r = 1 or 3
If r = 1; a = 4q + 1
= 8(2q2 + q) + 1
= 8m + 1, where, m = 2q2 + q is an integer.
If r = 3; a = 4q + 3
On squaring, we get ; a2 = (4q + 3)2 = 16q2 + 24q + 9 = 16q2 + 24q + 8 + 1
= 8(2q2 + 3q + 1) + 1
= 8m + 1, where, m = 2q2 + 3q + 1 is an integer.
Thus, square of any odd integer is of the form 8m + 1, for some integer m.
Real Numbers 17
9. If a and b are two odd positive integers such that a > b, then prove that
a1b a1b
one of the two numbers and is odd and other is even.
2 2
Solution : Let a = 2m + 1, b = 2n + 1
a1b 2m 1 1 1 2n 1 1
2 =m+n+1
2 2
a1b (2 m 1 1) 2 (2 n 1 1)
3 =m–n
2 2
Case I : If m is odd, n is even
then m + n + 1 is even.
and m – n is odd
Case II : If m and n are odd
then m + n + 1 is odd
and m – n is even
Case III : If m and n are even
then m + n + 1 is odd
and m – n is even
a1b a1b
\ If a and b are odd integers then one of and is odd and other is even.
2 2
(i) Any even integer is of form ........... .
(ii) Product of two consecutive integers is divisible by ............ .
(iii) If n2 is an even integer, then n is ............ .
Solution : (i) Any even integer is of form 2q.
(ii) Product of two consecutive integers is divisible by 2.
(iii) If n2 is an even integer, then n is also an even integer.
(i) If any number is divided by 15 and gives remainder 12, then the remainder if same
number is divided by 5.
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 4.
(ii) If any number is divided by 5 and gives remainder 3, then the remainder if square
the same number is divided by 5.
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 4.
18
(iv) Square of any integer can not be of form

(a) 5q (b) 5q + 2
(c) 5q + 1 (d) 5q + 4.
Solution : (i) Let a = 15q + 12
= 5(3q + 2) + 2
\ If the same number is divided by 5, then remainder is 2.
(ii) Let a = 5q + 3
a2 = 25q2 + 30q + 9 = 5(5q2 + 6q + 1) + 4
\ Required remainder is 4.
(iii) Square of any integer can be of form 5q, 5q + 1 or 5q + 4.
12. For any positive integer n, prove that n3 – n is divisible by 6.

(N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem)
Solution : In this case divisor is 6 [Standard]
Now, factorise n3 – n = n (n2 – 1) = n (n – 1) (n + 1)
Let, a = n and b = 6.
n = 6q + r ; 0 £ r < 6
If r = 0 ; n = 6q
\ n (n – 1) (n + 1) = 6q (6q – 1)(6q + 1)
= 6[q(6q – 1) (6q + 1)]
If r = 1 ; n = 6q + 1
\ n(n – 1)(n + 1) = (6q + 1) [6q + 1) – 1][(6q + 1)+1]
= (6q + 1)·6q·(6q + 2)
= 6[q(6q + 1) (6q + 2)]
If r = 2 ; n = 6q + 2
\ n(n – 1) (n + 1) = (6q + 2) [(6q + 2) – 1][(6q + 2) + 1]
= (6q + 2) (6q + 1) (6q + 3)
= 2(3q + 1) (6q + 1)·3(2q + 1)
= 6[(3q + 1) (6q + 1) (2q + 1)
If r = 3 ; n = 6q + 3
\ n (n – 1) (n + 1) = (6q + 3) [(6q + 3) – 1] [(6q + 3) + 1]
Real Numbers 19
= (6q + 3) (6q + 2) (6q + 4)

= 3(2q + 1)·2(3q + 1) (6q + 4)
= 6 [(2q + 1) (3q + 1) (6q + 4)
If r = 4 ; n = 6q + 4
\ n (n – 1) (n + 1) = (6q + 4) [(6q + 4) – 1] [(6q + 4) + 1]
= 2(3q + 2) (6q + 3) (6q + 5)
= 2(3q + 2)·3(2q + 1) (6q + 5)
= 6[(3q + 2) (2q + 1) (6q + 5)]
If r = 5 ; n = 6q + 5
\ n(n – 1) (n + 1) = (6q + 5) [(6q + 5) – 1] [(6q + 5) + 1]
= (6q + 5) (6q + 4) (6q + 6)
= 6[(6q + 5) (6q + 4) (q + 1)] = 6m
Thus, n (n – 1) (n + 1) = n3 – n is divisible by 6, for some integer m.
* The above statement can also be stated as “Prove that product of three consecutive integers
is divisible by 6”.
13. If p2 is divisible by 3 then prove that p is also divisible by 3, for some

integer p.
Solution : We shall prove this result by contradiction method
Let, if possible p is not divisible by 3.
\ p is of form 3q + 1 or 3q + 2.
If p = 3q + 1
On squaring we get ; p2 = (3q + 1)2
= 9q2 + 6q + 1 = 3(3q2 + 2q) + 1
= 3m + 1 ; where m = 3q2 + 2q
If p = 3q + 2
On squaring we get ; p2 = (3q + 2)2
= 9q2 + 12q + 4 = 3(3q2 + 4q + 1) + 1
= 3m + 1 ; where m = 3q2 + 4q + 1
In both cases, p2 is of the 3m + 1.
i.e., p2 gives some remainder ; when divided by 3. But it is given that p2 is divisible by 3.
Which contradicts our supposition that p is not divisible by 3.
Hence p is divisible by 3.
14. Show that one and only one out of n, n + 2 or n + 4 is divisible by 3 for
positive integer n. (N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem)
Solution : In this case divisor is 3
Let n = 3q + r ; 0 £ r < 3
Þ n = 3q, 3q + 1 or 3q + 2
When n = 3q
20
Case 1 : n + 2 = 3q + 2 (Gives remainder 2 when divided by 3)

n + 4 = 3q + 4 (Gives remainder 4 when divided by 3)
In these cases only n is divisible by 3.
Case 2 : when n= 3q + 1 (Gives remainder 1 when divided by 3)
n + 2 = 3q + 3 = 3(q + 1) (which is divisible by 3)
n + 4 = 3q + 5 = 3(q + 1) + 2(Gives remainder 2 when divided by 3)
In these cases, only n + 2 is divisible by 3.
Case 3 : when n= 3q + 2 (Gives remainder 2 when divided by 3)
n + 2 = 3q + 4 = 3(q + 1) + 1(Gives remainder, 1 when divided by 3)
n + 4 = 3q + 6 = 3(q + 2) (which is divisible by 3)
In these cases, only n + 4 is divisible by 3.
Thus, one and only one out of n, n + 2, n + 4 is divisible by 3, for positive integer n.
15. If any positive integer gives remainder 2 when divided by 3, what will be
the remainder if square of that number is divided by 3 ?
Solution : Given that any positive integer, say a, gives remainder 2 when divided by 3
\ a = 3q + 2, for some positive integer q.
On squaring we get ; a2 = (3q + 2)2
= 9q2 + 12q + 4 = 9q2 + 12q + 3 + 1
= 3(3q2 + 4q + 1) + 1 = 3 m + 1, where m = 3q2 + 4q + 1
Thus a2 gives remainder 1, when divided by 3.
16. If any positive integer gives remainder 21 when divided by 36. What will
be the remainder if the same number is divided by 9 ?
Solution : Given any positive integer, say a, gives remainder 21 when divided by 36.
\ a = 36q + 21, for some positive integer q
Now, write a in the form of divisibility of 9.
Þ a = 9(4q) + 18 + 3
= 9(4q + 2) + 3 = 9m + 3, where m = 4q + 2
Thus, a gives remainder 3 when divided by 9.
Exercise 1.2
1. Show that any even interger is of form 4q or 4q + 2 for some integer q.
2. Show that any even integer is of form 6m, 6m + 2 or 6m + 4 for some integer m.
3. Show that square of any odd integer is of form 6m + 1 or 6m + 3 for some integer m.
4. Show that cube of any positive integer is of form 4m, 4m + 1 or 4m + 3 for some integer m.
5. If n is an odd integer then show that n2 – 1 is divisible by 8.
Real Numbers 21
6. Show that n2 + n is divisible by 2.

[or Show that product of two consecutive integers is divisible by 2]
7. If p2 is an even integer then prove that p is also an even integer.
8. If p2 is an odd integer then prove that p is also an odd integer.
9. Show that square of any odd integer is of form 4m – 3 for some integer m.
10. Prove that one out of three consecutive integer is divisible by 3. [Standard]
11. If any number n is divided by 35, gives the remainder 21, what will be the remainder if n is
divided by 7 ?
12. If any number is divided by 48, it gives the remainder 27. What will be the remainder, if the
same number is divided by 12 ?
13. If any number gives remainder 5 when it is divided by 6, what will be the remainder, if square
of that number is divided by 6 ?
14. For any integer n, show that n (2n2 + 7) is divisible by 3.
15. If any number n gives remainder 4 when it is divided by 9. What will be the remainder if
n3 – 1 is divisible by 3 ?
16. Show that one out of n, n + 3, n + 6, n +9 is divisible by 4, for some integer n. [Standard]
(i) Any odd number is in the form of ........... .
(ii) If p2 is an odd integer, then p is an ........... .
(iii) If any number is divided by 4 and gives remainder 3, then the remainder if cube of the
number is divided by 4 is ........... .
18. Choose the correct answer.
(i) Product of three consecutive integers is divisible by ........... .
(a) 8 (b) 5
(c) 6 (d) 9.
(ii) If any number n is divided by 24 and gives remainder 18, what will be the remainder if n is
divided by 6
(a) 0 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4.
2
(iii) For any integer n, n(2n + 7) is divisible by
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) 5.
Answers
11. 0 12. 3 13. 1 15. 0 17. (i) 2q + 1 (ii) odd integer (iii) 3
18. (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (c)
22
1.3. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMATIC AND PRIME FACTORISATION

We have learnt in earlier classes that any natural number except 1 is either prime or composite.
If a natural number has exactly two factors i.e., 1 and the number itself then it is called a
prime number.
If a natural number has more than two factors then it is called composite number
For example, 2 = 1 × 2, 3 = 1 × 3, 5 = 1 × 5, 7 = 1× 7 and so on are prime numbers and
12 = 2 × 2 × 3, 21 = 3 × 7, 40 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 etc are composite numbers.
In fact, every composite number can be written as product of the prime numbers and this result
can be stated as follows :
“Every composite number can be expressed (factorised) as a product of primes and this
factorisation is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors occur”.
i.e., the prime factorisation of a natural number is unique, except for the order of its factors.
For example, Prime factorisations of 42.
42 42 42
2 21 7 6 3 14
3 7 2 3 2 7
i.e., 42 = 2 × 3 × 7 42 = 7 × 2 × 3 42 = 3 × 2 × 7
In all of these cases, we observe that in prime factorisation of 42, the prime factors appearing
are the same, although order is different. Thus the prime factorisation of 42 is unique except for the
order in which they appear.
Some Results based on Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic :
(i) If n is any natural number and p is a prime number such that p divides n2 then p
divides n.
(ii) If a and b are any natural numbers and p is a prime number such that p divides ab
then p divides a or b or both.
1. Factorise each number as a product of its prime factors :
(i) 140 (ii) 156 (iii) 3825 (iv) 5005 (v) 7429 (N.C.E.R.T.)
Real Numbers 23
Solution : (i) 140 (ii) 156

Using factor tree, we get Using factor tree, we get
140 156
2 70 2 78
2 35 2 39
5 7 3 13
\ 140 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 \ 156 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
= 22 × 5 × 7 = 22 × 3 × 13
(iii) 3825 (iv) 5005
Using factor tree, we get Using factor tree, we get
3825
5005
5 765
5 1001
5 153
13 77
3 51
7 11
3 17
\ 3825 = 5 × 5 × 3 × 3 × 17 \ 5005 = 5 × 13 × 7 × 11
= 32 × 52 × 17 or 5 × 7 × 11 × 13
(v) 7429 Or 2nd Method
Using factor tree, we get We can do by division method also.
7429
17 7429
17 437 19 437
23
19 23
\ 7429 = 17 × 19 × 23 \ 7429 = 17 × 19 × 23.
24
2. Consider the numbers 4n, where n is a natural number. Check whether

there is any value of n for which 4n ends with digit zero. (N.C.E.R.T., C.B.S.E. Sept. 2012)
n
Solution : If the number 4 , for any n were to end with the digit zero, then it would be
divisible by 5.
Þ Prime factorisation of 4n would contain the prime number 5.
{... If a number ends with digit zero, then it is divisible by 5}
But 4n = (22)n = 22n = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × .......... × 2
2n times
4n
Þ contains only 2.
So the uniqueness of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic tells that there are no other
primes in the factorisation of 4n.
So there is no natural number n for which 4n ends with the digit zero.
3. Check whether 6n can end with digit 0 for any natural number n.
(N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : We know that, If a number ends with diget zero, then it is divisible by 5 For 6n
to end with digit 0, it should have 5 as one of its prime factors.
But 6n = (2 × 3)n
which does not include 5 as its prime factor.
\ 6n can’t end with digit 0.
4. Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 are composite numbers. (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 = 13 × 7 × 11 + 13 = 13 × (7 × 11 + 1) = 13 × (77 + 1)
= 13 × 78
So the given number has 13 as factor other than 1 and the number itself.
\ The given number is composite number.
5. Explain why 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite numbers.
(N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5
= 5 × (7 × 6 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 1) = 5 × (1008 + 1) = 5 × 1009
So the given number has 5 as factor other than 1 and the number itself.
\ The given number is composite number.
1.3.1. Applications of Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
In earlier classes, we have used prime factorisation method to find HCF and LCM of positive
integers. In this method, we use the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic in expressing the given
numbers as product of primes. This theorem has wide application in mathematics, some of which
are as ahead.
Real Numbers 25
In finding HCF and LCM of given positive integers :

First of all we find prime factorisation of all given numbers and then we find HCF and LCM
according to the following rules :
HCF = Product of the smallest power of each common prime factor in the numbers.
LCM = Product of the greatest power of each prime factor involved in the numbers.
REMEMBER :
• HCF of two co-prime numbers is 1.
• HCF of a and b is represented by (a, b).
• LCM of two co-prime numbers = Product of co-primes
• HCF is a factor of LCM.
• For any two numbers a and b
HCF (a, b) × LCM (a, b) = a × b
For any three numbers a, b and c
a 3 b 3 c 3 LCM 1 a, b, c 2
HCF (a, b, c) 4
LCM 1 a, b 2 3 LCM 1 b, c 2 3 LCM 1 a, c 2
a 3 b 3 c 3 HCF 1 a, b, c 2
LCM (a, b, c) 4 HCF a, b 3 HCF b, c 3 HCF a, c
1 2 1 2 1 2
Let us discuss these applications through examples.
6. Find the HCF and LCM of 6 and 20 by prime factorisation method.
(N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : We have 6 = 21 × 31
20 = 2 × 2 × 5 = 22 × 51
\ HCF = Product of smallest power of common prime factors (6, 20)
= 21 = 2
LCM (6, 20) = Product of largest power of all prime factors
= 22 × 31 × 51 = 60.
7. Find the LCM and HCF of the following pairs of integers and verify that
LCM × HCF = Product of two numbers :
(i) 26 and 91 (ii) 510 and 92 (iii) 336 and 54. (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : (i) We have 26 = 2 × 13
91 = 7 × 13
26
\ HCF = Product of the smallest power of common prime factors = 13

LCM = Product of the largest power of all prime factors
= 13 × 2 × 7 = 182
Verification : LCM × HCF = 13 × 182 = 2366
Product of two numbers = 26 × 91 = 2366
Hence, LCM × HCF = Product of two numbers.
(ii) We have, 510 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 17
and 92 = 2 × 2 × 23 = 22 × 231
\ HCF = Product of the smallest power of common prime factors
= 21
= 22 × 3 × 5 × 17 × 23 = 23,460
Verification : LCM × HCF = 2× 23 460 = 46 920
Product of two numbers = 510 × 92 = 46 920
(iii) We have 336 = 24 × 31 × 71 and 54 = 21 × 33
\ HCF = Product of the smallest power of common prime factors = 21 × 31
=6
LCM = Product of the largest power of all factors
= 24 × 33 × 71 =3024
Verification : LCM × HCF = 3024 × 6 = 18144
Product of two numbers = 336 × 54 = 18144
8. Find the HCF of 96 and 404 by the prime factorisation method. Hence
find their LCM. (N.C.E.R.T.)
5 1
Solution : We have 96 = 2 × 3 and 404 = 2 × 101 2
\HCF (96, 404) = Product the smallest power of common prime factors = 22 = 4
Product of 96 and 404 96 1 404
Also, LCM (96, 404) 1 HCF (96,404)
2 = 9696
4
9. Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9, find LCM (306, 657). (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : We know that HCF (a, b) × LCM (a, b) = a × b
a1b
Þ LCM (a, b) 2
HCF ( a, b )
306 1 657
\ LCM (306, 657) 2 = 22338.
9
Real Numbers 27
10. Find HCF and LCM of the following integers by applying the prime
factorisation.
(i) 6, 72, 120 (ii) 12, 15, 21 (iii) 8, 9 and 25 (iv) 17, 23 and 29.
(N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : (i) We have 6 = 21 × 31 ; 72 = 23 × 32 ; 120 = 23 × 3 × 51
HCF (6, 72, 120) = Product of the smallest powers of common prime factors
= 21 × 31 = 6
= 23 × 32 × 5 = 360
(ii) We have, 12 = 2 × 3 , 15 = 31 × 51, 21 = 31 × 71
2 1
\ HCF = Product of the smallest power of common prime factors

= 31
= 22 × 31 × 51 × 71 = 420
(iii) We have, 8 = 23, 9 = 32 and 25 = 52
Since these have no common factor
\ HCF = 1
LCM = 23 × 32 × 52 = 1800.
(iv) 17, 23 and 29
Since these are prime numbers
\ HCF = 1 and LCM = 17 × 23 × 29 = 11,339
11. The HCF and LCM of two numbers are 32 and 4284 respectively. If one
of the numbers is 204, find other number.
Solution : We know HCF × LCM = Product of two numbers
1 given, HCF = 32, LCM = 4284 2
3 4
5 One number = 204 6
Þ 32 × 4284 = 204 × other number
32 1 4284
Þ Other number 2 = 672.
204
12. LCM of two coprime numbers is 325. If one number is 13 then find
other.
Solution : We know, HCF of two coprime numbers = 1
1 given LCM = 325, 2
\ LCM of two coprime numbers = Product of two numbers 3 4
5 One number = 13 6
Þ 325 = 13 × Other Number
325
Þ Other Number 1 = 25
13
28
13. Can two positive integers have 12 and 42 as their HCF and LCM
respectively ?
Solution : We know that HCF of two numbers is a factor of LCM of two numbers.
But here 12 is not a factor of 42
Þ 12 and 42 cannot be HCF and LCM of any two positive integers.
14. Find the least number exactly divisible by 12, 15 and 24.
Solution : We know that least number exactly divisible by numbers a, b, c, is L.C.M. (a, b, c)
\ The least number exactly divisible by 12, 15, 24
= LCM (12, 15, 24)
We have, 12 = 22 × 31, 15 = 31 × 51, 24 = 23 × 31
\ LCM = 23 × 31 × 51 = 120
Thus, the least number exactly divisible by 12, 15 and 24 is 120.
15. Find the smallest number which when divided by 6, 8 and 12 leaves same
remainder 2 in each case.
Solution : The smallest number divisible by 6, 8 and 12 = LCM (6, 8, 12)
we have, 6 = 21 × 31, 8 = 23, 12 = 22 × 31
\ LCM (6, 8, 12) = 23 × 31 = 24
According to Question, smallest number when divided by LCM of 6, 8, 12 gives remainder 2
\ Required number = 24 + 2 = 26.
16. Find the largest 4 digit number which is exactly divisible by 12, 15
and 24.
Solution : We know that the largest 4 digit number = 9999
\ The Required number = largest 4 digit divisible by LCM (12, 15, 24)
Wine 12 = 22 × 31, 15 = 31 × 51 and 24 = 23 × 31 120 9999 83
\ LCM (12, 15, 24) = 23 × 31 × 51 = 120. –960
399
Now after dividing 9999 by 120, we get remainder 39. –360
Hence required number= 9999 – 39 = 9960 39
Thus, 9960 is the largest 4-digit number which is divisible by 12, 15 and 24.
Applications of HCF and LCM :
17. There is a circular path arounds a sports field. Sonia takes 18 minutes to
drive one round of the field, while Ravi takes 12 minutes for the same. Suppose they both
start at the same point and at the same time, and go in the same direction. After how many
minutes will they meet again at the starting point ? (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Here, we have to find the time taken by each in completing number of
rounds which is multiple of 18 and 12.
Real Numbers 29
So the required time = LCM (18, 12)

We have 18 = 21 × 32 and 12 = 22 × 31
\ LCM (18, 12) = 22 × 32 = 36.
Thus, they will meet again at the starting point after 36 minutes.
18. On a morning walk, three persons step off together and their steps
measure 40 cm, 42 cm and 45 cm respectively. What is the minimum distance each should
walk so that each can cover the same distance in complete steps.
Solution : The minimum distance each should walk in complete steps = LCM of (40, 42, 45)
We have 40 = 23 × 51, 42 = 2 × 31 × 71 , 45 = 32 × 51
\ LCM = 23 × 32 × 51 × 71 = 2520
Thus, the minimum distance covered in complete steps = 2520 cm
19. Three bells tolls at intervals of 12 minutes, 16 minutes and 24 minutes
respectively. If they begin to toll together at 8 a.m., at what time will they toll together next ?
Solution : Required time = LCM (12, 16, 24)
We have 12 = 22 × 31 , 16 = 24 , 24 = 23 × 31
\ LCM (12, 16, 24) = 24 × 3 = 48
Thus, they toll together after 48 minutes, i.e. 8 : 48 a.m.
20. In a class there are 28 boys and 21 girls. Determine the minimum
number of books that can be distributed among boys or girls.
Solution : The minimum number of books distributed among boys or girls = LCM (28, 21)
We have 28 = 22 × 71 and 21 = 31 × 71
\ LCM (28, 21) = 71 × 22 × 31 = 84
Thus, the minimum number of books that can be distributed among boys or girls is 84.

(i) HCF × LCM = Product of .......... integers
(ii) HCF is ........... of LCM.
(iii) Prime factorisation of 40 is ............ .
Solution : (i) HCF × LCM = Product of two integers
(ii) HCF is factor of LCM
(iii) 40 = 23 × 5
22. Choose the correct option :
(i) If a = x3y2, b = xy3 ; x, y are prime numbers, then HCF (a, b) =
(a) x2y (b) xy
(c) xy 2 (d) None of these
30
(ii) LCM of two coprime numbers is 221. One number is 13, then other is
(a) 17 (b) 19
(c) 21 (d) None of these
(iii) The least number which is divisible by all numbers from 1 to 10 is
(a) 2220 (b) 1520
(c) 2525 (d) 2520.
Solution : (i) HCF (a, b) = xy 2
221
(ii) Other number 1 = 17
13
\ Correct answer is (a).
(iii) LCM (1, 2, .........., 10) = 2520
23. 6 bells commence tolling together and toll at intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

and 12 seconds respectively. In 30 minutes how many times they toll together ?
Solution : The Required Time = LCM (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12)
2 = 21 ; 4 = 22 ; 6 = 21 × 31 ; 8 = 23 ; 10 = 21 × 51 ; 12 = 22 × 31
LCM (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12) = 23 × 31 × 51 = 120
Þ They toll together after 120 seconds i.e. 2 minutes
30
\ In 30 minutes, 6 bells will toll 1 1 = 16 times.
2
24. A circular field has a circurference of 360 km. Three cyclist start
together and can cycle 60 km, 72 km and 90 km an hour around the field. After how many
hours will meet again at starting point ?
Solution : Required time = LCM of time taken by cyclist
360 360 360 2 1 Distance 2

3 LCM 14 , , 5 41 Time 3 5
6 60 72 90 7 6 Speed 7
We have, 6 = 21 × 31 ; 5 = 51 ; 4 = 22
\ Required time = LCM (6, 5, 4) = 22 × 31 × 51 = 60 hours
Hence, they meet after 60 hours at the starting point.
Real Numbers 31
25. A rectangular courtyard is 18 m 72 cm long and 13 m 20 cm broad. It is

to be paved with square tiles of the same size. Find the least possible number of such tiles.
Solution : Size of square tile = HCF (18 m 72 cm, 13 m 20 cm) {... 1 m = 100 cm}
= HCF (1872 cm, 1320 cm)
\ HCF (1872 cm, 1320 cm) = 24 cm
Area of courtyard 1320 1872 1
\ least possible number of tiles 1 1320
Area of square tile 552 1320 2
1104
1872 1 1320 216 552 2
2 = 4290.
24 1 24 432
Remember : HCF and LCM of fractions (simplest form) 120 216 1
120
HCF of numerators 96 120 1
HCF of fractions 1 96
LCM of denominators 96 4
24
96
LCM of numerators
LCM of fractions 1 ×
HCF of denominators
Exercise 1.3
1. Factorise each of the following :
(i) 136 (ii) 729 (iii) 1050 (iv) 864 (v) 2431 (vi) 429 (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2019)
2. Explain why the following numbers are composite numbers :
(i) 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 3 × 2 × 1
(ii) 11 × 9 × 7 × 5 × 3 × 1 + 3 × 1
(iii) 52 × 42 × 32 × 2 × 1 + 2 × 1
(iv) 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 – 4 × 3
(v) 5 × 7 × 11 × 13 – 13
3. Find the missing values of a, b, c, d,e in following factor trees :
(i) 675 (ii) 528 (iii) a
a 225 2 a 5 690
3 b b 132 5 b
3 c c 12 c d
5 d 2 d 3 23
e 3
32
2
(iv) a 3
b
7
4. (i) Check whether 9n can end with digit 0, for natural number. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2015)
n
(ii) Is there any natural number n for which 5 is an even number ?
(iii) Show that 14n cannot end with digit 0 or 5 for any natural number n ? (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2015)
5. Find HCF and LCM of the following and verify HCF × LCM = Product of two numbers.
(i) 34, 867 (ii) 132, 165 (iii) 72, 324 (iv) 121, 286 (v) 120, 144
6. Find LCM of numbers 3 × 52 and 32 × 72. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2014)
7. Find HCF × LCM of the numbers 105 and 120.
8. Find HCF and LCM of the following numbers :
(i) 15, 21, 27, (ii) 16, 48, 72 (iii) 28, 84, 98
9. The HCF and LCM of two numbers are 4 and 2920 respectively. If one of the number is 40.
find other.
10. The product of two numbers is 1600. If their HCF is 20, find their LCM.
11. If LCM of two coprime numbers is 221 and one number is 13. Find the other number.
12. If LCM and HCF of two numbers are 6055 and 173 respectively and one number is 865, find
the other number.
13. (i) If LCM (77, 99) = 693, find HCF (77, 99).
(ii) If HCF (672, 819) = 21, find LCM (672, 819).
(iii) If HCF (135, 285) = 15, find LCM (135, 285).
14. Can two numbers have 18 their HCF and 380 as their LCM ? Give reason.
15. Find the smallest number which is divisible by 24, 36 and 54.
16. Find the smallest number which is divisible by 12, 15, 18 and 24.
17. Find 5 digit greatest number which is divisible by 12, 18 and 54.
18. Given that HCF (150, 100) = 50. Find LCM (150, 100). (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2010)
19. The HCF and LCM of two numbers are 9 and 360 respectively. If one number is 45, find the
other number. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2009)
20. Find the least number which leaves remainder 2 after dividing by 16, 24 and 30.
21. Find the 4 digit smallest number which is divisible by 8, 15 and 24.
22. The traffic lights at three different road crossings change after 72 seconds, 108 seconds and
132 seconds respectively. If they change simultaneously at 7 a.m., At what time they change
again simultaneously ?
23. Kasvi has a camera that takes film that allows 24 exposures, where as Vidhita’a camera allows 36
exposures and Jayant’s camera allows 48 exposures. Three of them want to be able to take the
same number of photographs and complete their rolls of film. How many rolls should each buy ?
Real Numbers 33
24. In a school, there are two sections-A and B of class X. There are 35 students in section A and
42 students in section B. Determine the minimum number of books required for their class
library so that they can be distributed equally among students of section A or section B ?
25. In a school, the duration of a period in junior section is 40 minutes and senior section is
1 hour. If the first bell for each section rings at 9:00 am, when will the two bells ring together
again ? (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012)
26. Two tankers contain 620 litres and 840 litres of diesel respectively. Find the maximum capacity
of a container which can measure the diesel of both the tankers exactly ? (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2015)
27. What is H.C.F. of smallest prime number and the smallest composite number ?
(A.I.C.B.S.E. 2018)
28. Find HCF and LCM of 404 and 96 and verify HCF × LCM = Product of two given numbers.
(A.I.C.B.S.E. 2018)
29. On a morning walk, three persons step out together and their steps measure 30 cm, 36 cm and
40 cm respectively. What is the minimum distance each should walk so that each can cover the
same distance in complete steps ? (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2019)
30. Find the largest number which on dividing 1251, 9377 and 15628 leaves remainders 1, 2 and
3 respectively.
(i) Prime factorisation of 54 is ............ .
(ii) LCM of a2b3c and 3ab2c3 is .......... .
(iii) If HCF of (26, 91) = 13, then LCM of (26, 91) = ........... .
32. Choose the correct answer
(i) If product of two numbers is 300 and their HCF is 5, then their LCM is
(a) 150 (b) 80
(c) 40 (d) 60.
(ii) If LCM of two numbers be 360, then which of the following can not be their HCF ?
(a) 60 (b) 80
(c) 120 (d) 40.
(iii) Which of the following is a prime number ?
(a) 221 (b) 223
(c) 117 (d) 1001.
Answers
1. (i) 23 × 17 (ii) 36 (iii) 2 × 3 × 52 × 7 (iv) 25 × 33 (v) 11 × 13 × 17 (vi) 3 × 11 × 13
3. (i) a = 3, b = 75, c = 25, d = 5 (ii) a = 264, b = 2, c = 11, d = 6, e = 2
(iii) a = 3450, b = 138, c = 2 , d = 69 (iv) a = 42, b = 21
4. (i) No (ii) No
5. (i) HCF = 17, LCM = 1734 (ii) HCF = 11, LCM = 1980 (iii) HCF = 36, LCM = 648
(iv) HCF = 11, LCM = 3146 (v) HCF = 24, LCM = 720.
6. 32 × 52 × 72 7. 12600
34
8. (i) HCF = 3, LCM = 945 (ii) HCF = 8, LCM = 144 (iii) HCF = 14, LCM = 588
9. 292 10. 80 11. 17
12. 1211 13. (i) 11 (ii) 26,208 (iii) 2565
14. No 15. 216 16. 360
17. 99900 18. 300 19. 72
20. 242 21. 1080 22. 7 : 39 : 36 a.m.
23. Kasvi = 6, Vidhita = 4, Jayant = 3
24. 210 25. 11 am 26. 20 litres. 27. 2
29. 360 cm 30. 625 31. (i) 2 × 33 (ii) 3a2b3c3 (iii) 182
32. (i) (d) (ii) (b) (iii) (b)
1.4. REVISITING IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

In class IX, we have learnt about irrational numbers and its properties, representation of
irrational numbers on the number line. But we did not prove that they are irrationals. In this
section, we will prove that 2 , 3 , 5 ..... are irrational numbers.
We know that irrational numbers are those numbers which cannot be expressed in the
p
form of , q ¹ 0, p and q are integers. In other words numbers that are in the form of non-
q
terminating, non-recurring decimals are known as irrational numbers.
For example, 2 , 3 , 3 4 , p etc are irrational numbers.
Before we prove that 2 is irrational, we need the following theorem, whose proof is based
on the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic.
THEOREM 1 : Let p be a prime number. If p divides a2 then p divides a, where a is
positive integer.
Proof : Let the prime factorisation of a = p1 p2 p3 ........... pn. where p1, p2, p3, .........., pn
are primes not necessarily distinct.
\ a2 1 p12 p22 p32 ....... pn2

Given that p divides a2.
Þ p is one of the prime factors of a2 [By Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic]
Now the only prime factors of a2 are p1, p2, .... , pn. So p is one of the factor of p1, p2, ....., pn.
\ p divides a.
Hence, for any positive integer a , prime number p divides a2.
Real Numbers 35
Þ p divides a
In class 9th, we have discussed some properties :

• The sum or difference of a rational and irrational number is irrational.
• The product and quotient of a non-zero rational and irrational number is irrational.
THEOREM 2. Prove that 2 is an irrational number. (N.C.E.R.T.)

Sol. We will prove this by contradiction method.
Let if possible, suppose 2 is a rational number
p
\ 2 1 q
{Where p and q are integers, q ¹ 0, p and q are coprime i.e., HCF (p, q) = 1}
On squaring both sides, we get
p2
2 1 Þ p2 = 2q2 ...(i)
q2
Þ p2 is divisible by 2 i.e., 2/p2
Þ p is divisible by 2 i.e., 2/p ...(ii) [By theorem 1]
Let p = 2m, for some integer m
On putting the value of p in (i), we get
(2m)2 = 2q2
Þ 4m2 = 2q2
Þ q2 = 2m2
Þ q2 is divisible by 2 i.e., 2/q2
Þ q is also divisible by 2 i.e., 2/q ...(iii) [By theorem 1]
From (ii) and (iii), we get
p and q have minimum common prime factor 2 which is contrary to the fact that p and q are
coprime.
\ Our supposition, 2 is rational, is wrong. Hence 2 is irrational.
NOTE : Above statement can be stated as prove that 2 is not the square of a rational number.
1. Prove that 5 is an irrational number.
Or
Prove that x is irrational if x2 = 5. (C.B.S.E. 2009, 2012, 2013)
Solution : If x2 = 5 Þ x 1 5
36
To prove 5 is irrational number.

Let if possible, 5 is a rational number.
p 2 p , q are integers, q 1 0 3
\ 5 1 4 5
q 7 p and q are coprime i .e., HCF( p, q ) 6 1 8
On squaring both sides, we get
p2
5 1
q2
Þ p2 = 5q2 ...(i)
Þ p is divisible by 5 i.e., 5/p2
2
Þ p is divisible by 5 i.e., 5/p ...(ii) [By theorem 1]

Let p = 5m for some integer m.
Put the value of p in (i), we get
(i) Þ (5m2) = 5q2
Þ 25 m2 = 5q2
Þ q2 = 5m2
Þ q2 is divisible by 5 i.e., 5/q2
Þ q is divisible by 5 i.e., 5/q ...(iii) [By theorem 1]
From (ii) and (iii) ; p and q have common factor 5, which contradicts the fact that p and q are
coprime.
\ Our supposition, 5 is rational, is wrong.
Hence , 5 is an irrational number.

Alternate Method :
p2
We have =5
q2
2
Since 22 = 4 and 32 = 9. Also 4 < 5 < 9 Þ 2 2 1 p 1 32
q2
p
Þ 2< q <3
p
thus, q is not an integer.
p2
Now =5
q2
p2
Þ = 5q ...(i)
q
Since, q is an integer, so 5q is also an integer.
Real Numbers 37
p2
(i) Þ is an integer.
q
p
But we have proved q is not an integer which contradicts our supposition.
Hence, 5 is an irrational number.
2. Prove that 4 1 3 is an irrational number.
Solution : Let if possible, 4 1 3 is a rational number
p
\ 41 3 1 {where p and q are integers, q ¹ 0; p, q are coprime}
q
p
Þ 3 1 24 ...(i)
q
p p
Since is a rational number, So 1 4 is also a rational number and 3 is an irrational
q q
number.
(i) Þ Irrational = Rational, which is impossible.
Hence our supposition is wrong.
\ 41 3 is an irrational number.
Alternate Method :
Since 3 is an irrational number and 4 is a rational number.
We know that sum of a rational and irrational is always an irrational number.
Hence, 4 1 3 is an irrational number.
NOTE : Above statement can be stated as “Show that ‘a’ is an irrational number if (a – 4)2 = 3.”
Hint : (a – 4)2 = 3 Þ a 1 4 2 3 Þ a 1 42 3
3. Prove that 7 1 3 5 is an irrational number.

Or
2
2 7 1 x3
Show that x is an irrational number if 4 =5
3 5
2
271x3
Solution : We have 4 5 =5
6 3 7
38
Þ 71 x Þ7–x 1 3 5
1 5
3
Þ x 1 723 5
Let if possible, x is a rational number,
p
\ x 1 {p and q are integers, q ¹ 0; p, q are coprime}
q
p p
i.e., 713 5 1 Þ 3 5 1 72
q q
p
71
Þ q ...(i)
5 2
3
p
71
p q
Since is rational, so is also a rational number.
q 3
and 5 is an irrational number.
\ (i) Þ Irrational number = Rational number
Which is not possible.
\ Our supposition, 7 1 3 5 is rational, is wrong.
Hence, 7 1 3 5 is an irrational number.

Alternate Method
Since 5 is an irrational number and 3 is a rational number.
We know that multiplication of a rational and irrational is always an irrational number.
Since 7 is also a rational number.
We know difference of a rational and irrational is always an irrational number.
Hence, 7 1 3 5 is an irrational number.
5
4. Prove that is an irrational number.
21 3
5 5 21 3
Solution : We have 2 3
21 3 24 3 21 3
5(2 1 3) 5(2 1 3 ) 10 1 5 3
2 2 2
2 2 2 10 1 5 3
2 3 ( 3) 433 1
Real Numbers 39
To prove 10 1 5 3 is an irrational number.
Let if possible 10 1 5 3 is a rational number.
p p
\ 10 1 5 3 1 Þ 5 3 1 2 10
q q
{p, q are integers, q ¹ 0; p, q are coprime}
p
1 10
q
Þ 3 2 ...(i)
5
p
Since q is a rational number.
p
1 10
q
So, is also a rational number and 3 is an irrational number.
5
(i) Þ Irrational number = Rational number, which is not possible.
\ Our supposition, 10 1 5 3 is rational, is wrong.
5
Hence 10 1 5 3 or is an irrational number.
21 3
5. Prove that 7 1 2 is an irrational number.
Solution : Let if possible, 7 1 2 is a rational number.

p
\ 7 1 2 1 {p, q are integers, q ¹ 0; p,q are coprime}
q
Squaring both sides, we get
p2
( 7 1 2) 2 1
q2
p2
Þ ( 7 ) 2 1 ( 2 )2 1 2 7 · 2 1
q2
Þ p2
7 1 2 1 2 14 1
q2
40
p2
Þ 9 1 2 14 1
q2
p2
19
q2
Þ 14 2 ...(i)
2
p2
19
q2
Since 14 is irrational number and is a rational number.
2
\ (i) Þ Irrational number = Rational number, which is not possible.
\ Our supposition is wrong.
Hence, 7 1 2 is an irrational number.
NOTE : Keep in mind that sum of two irrational numbers is not always an irrational
number. For example (4 1 2 ) 1 (3 2 2) =7
Þ Irrational number + Irrational number = Rational number.
3
6. Show that 5 is an irrational number. [Standard]
3
Solution : Let, if possible 5 is a rational number.
p
\ 3
5 1 { p, q are integers q ¹ 0 and H.C.F. (p, q) = 1}
q
p3
Cubing both sides, we get 5 1
q3
Þ p3 = 5q3 ...(i)
Þ p3 is divisible by 5
Þ p is divisible by 5 ...(ii)
Let, p = 5m, for some integer m.
Put the value of p in (i), we have
(i) Þ (5m)3 = 5q3
Þ 125m3 = 5q3
Þ q3 = 25m3 = 5(5m3)
Þ q3 is divisible by 5
Þ q is divisible by 5 ...(iii)
Real Numbers 41
From (ii) and (iii) ; p and q have minimum common prime factor 5.
which contradicts our supposition that HCF (p, q) = 1
3
Hence, 5 is an irrational number.
Alternate Method :
p3
We have 5 1
q3
Since 13 = 1 and 23 = 8 and 1 < 5 < 8
p3 p
Þ11 1 23 Þ 1 < 1 2.
q3 q
p
thus, is not an integer.
q
p3 p3
Now, =5Þ = 5q2 ...(i)
q3 q
Since q is an integer, so 5q2 is also an integer.
p3
(i) Þ is also an integer.
q
p
But we have proved that is not an integer which contradicts our supposition.
q
NOTE : We can prove Non-Perfect cube root, fourth root etc. by any method mentioned
above.
Exercise 1.4
Prove that the following numbers are irrational numbers :
1. 3 (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2019) 2. 7 (Sept. 2010) 3. 11
4. 5 1 2 5. 6 1 3 6. 3 1 2 7
7. 5 1 3 2 8. 7 1 5 9. 2 3 1 3 2
5 6 5 1 3
10. 11. 12.
2 3 51 7 5 2 3
42
13. Show that ‘p’ is an irrational number if p2 = 13.

14. Show that ‘a’ is an irrational number if a2 + 3 = 8
15. Prove that 6 is not the square of a rational number.
16. Prove that x is an irrational number if (x – 3)2 = 7.
17. Prove that 3 1 5 is an irrational number. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012, 2013)

7
18. Prove that 2 is an irrational number. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2010)
3
19. Given that 2 is an irrational number. Prove that 5 1 3 2 is also an irrational number.
(A.I.C.B.S.E. 2018)
(i) Sum of rational and irrational number is ............ .
(ii) Product of rational and irrational numbers is ........... .
(iii) Difference of two irrational numbers is .......... .
Answers
20. (i) Irrational (ii) Irrational (iii) Rational or irrational
1.5. REVISITING RATIONAL NUMBERS AND THEIR DECIMAL EXPANSIONS

In class 9th, we have learnt that rational numbers have either terminating or non-terminating
repeating decimal expansion. In this section, we shall discuss exactly when the decimal expansion
p
of rational number q is terminating and non-terminating recurring.
Let us consider some terminating decimals.
256 128 375 15 15

(i) 25·6 1 1 (ii) 3·75 = 1 1 2
10 5 100 4 2
104 13 13 875 7 7
(iii) 0·104 1 1 1 3 (iv) 0·0875 1 1 1 4
1000 125 5 10000 80 2 25
In the above examples, we have converted real numbers with terminating decimal expansion
p
into rational numbers of the form , q ¹ 0, p and q are integers and p, q have no common factors
q
(except 1) i.e., p, q are coprimes and the denominator is power of 10 i.e., prime factorisation of
denominator has only powers of 2 or powers of 5 or powers of 2 and 5.
Þ In each case, the terminating decimal expansion is first reduced to lowest form and in
lowest form, the prime factorisation of denominator is of form 2m×5n where m, n are non-
negative integers.
Now we state the above result in the form of theorem.
Real Numbers 43
THEOREM : Let x be a rational number whose decimal expansion terminates then x

p
can be expressed in the form , where p and q are coprime and prime factorisation of
q
q is of the form 2m × 5n where m, n are non-negative integers.
p
You must be wandered that if we have a rational number of form , and the prime
q
p
factorisation is of q is of the form 2m × 5n, where m, n are non-negative integers then does
q
have terminating expansion ?
Let us see if there is any obvious reason why this is true.
a
We know that any rational number of the form , where b is a power of 10, will have a
b
p
terminating decimal expansion. So it seems to convert a rational number of the form , where q
q
is of form 2m × 5n, to an equivalent rational number of the form, where b is power of 10.
Let’s consider above examples again
128 128 128 1 21 256

(i) 2 1 2 1 1
2 = 25·6
5 5 5 12 101
15 15 15 1 5 2 375
(ii) 2 2
2 2 2
2 = 3·75
4 2 2 15 10 2
13 13 13 1 23 104
(iii) 2 3 2 3 3
2 = 0·104
125 5 5 12 103
7 7 7 1 53 875
(iv) 2 4 1
2 4 4
2 = 0·0875
80 2 15 2 15 10 4
p
So, these examples show us how we can convert a rational number of the form , where q is
q
a
of the form 2m × 5n, to an equivalent rational number of the form , where b is power of 10
b
without actual division.
Thus, the decimal expansion of a such rational number terminates.
44
Converse of Above Theorem :

p
“Let x 1 be a rational number, such that the prime factorisation of q is of the form
q
2m × 5n, where m, n are non-negative integers. Then x has a decimal expansion which
terminates”
Now, we shall move to the rational numbers whose decimal expansions are non-terminating
and recurring. Consider some examples.
7
(i) = 2·333...........
3
5
(ii) = 0·833 ................
6
1
(iii) = 0·142857 ..............
7
Observe the denominator of above examples, which are not in form of 2m × 5n. For such
numbers we have :
p
THEOREM : Let x 1 be a rational number, such that the prime factorisation of q is not
q
of the form 2m × 5n, where m, n are non-negative integers then x has a decimal expansion
which is non-terminating recurring (repeating).
From the above discussion, we can conclude that the decimal expansion of every rational
number is either terminating or non-terminating recurring (repeating).
1. Without actually performing the long division, state whether the following
rational numbers will have a terminating decimal expansion or a non-terminating repeating
decimal expansion.
13 17 64
(i) (ii) (iii)
3125 8 455
15 29 23
(iv) (v) (vi)
1600 343 2 ·5 2
3
129 6 35
(vii) 2 7 5 (viii) (ix)
2 5 7 15 50
77
(x) (N.C.E.R.T.)
210
Real Numbers 45
13 13
Solution : (i) 1
3125 55
Clearly denominator is of the form 2m × 5n
\ The given rational number has terminating decimal.
17 17
(ii) 1 3
8 2
64 64
(iii) 1
455 5 2 7 2 13
Clearly denominator is not of the form 2m × 5n
\ The given rational number has non-terminating decimal.
15 3 3
(iv) 1 1 6
1600 320 2 2 51
29 29
(v) 1 3
343 7
Clearly denominator is not of the form 2m × 5n
23
(vi)
2 ·52
3

129
(vii) 2 7 5
2 5 7
Clearly denominator is not in the form of 2m × 5n
6 2
(viii) 1
15 5
Clearly denominator is of the form of 2m × 5n
46
35 7 7
(ix) 1 1
50 10 225
Clearly the denominator is of the form of 2m × 5n
77 11 11
(x) 1 1
210 30 22325
Clearly the denomintor is not of the form 2m × 5n
2. Write down the decimal expansions of those rational numbers in
example 1 which have terminating decimal expansion.
13 13 13 1 25 416
Solution : (i) 2 5
2 5 5
2 = 0·00416
3125 5 5 12 105
17 17 17 1 53 2125
(ii) 2 3
2 3 3
2 = 2·125
8 2 2 15 103
15 3 3 3 1 55 9375
(iii) 2 2 6 2 6 6
2 = 0·009375
1600 320 2 15 2 15 106
23 23 1 5 115
(vi) 3 2
2 3 3
2 = 0·115
2 ·5 2 ·5 103
6 2 212 4
(viii) 2 2 2 = 0·4
15 5 512 10
35 7
(ix) 1 = 0·7
50 10
3. The following real numbers have decimal expansions as given below. In
p
each case decide whether they are rational or not. If they are rational, and of the form q ,
what can you say about the prime factors of q ?

(i) 43·123456789 (ii) 0·120120012000............ (iii) 43·123456789
Solution : (i) Since 43·123456789 has terminating decimal expansion so it is a rational
number and its denominator is of form 2m × 5n, where m and n are non-negative integers.
(ii) Since 0·120120012000 ........... has non-terminating and non-recurring decimal expansion.
\ It is an irrational number
(iii) 43·123456789 has non-terminator recurring decimal expansion. So it is a rational number.
\ Its denominator is of the form 2m × 5n, where m and n are non-negative integers.
Real Numbers 47

(i) Which of the following is a terminating decimal ?
17 17
(a) (b)
24 12
17 17
(c) (d) .
28 8
33
(ii) The decimal expansion of will terminate after how many decimal points ?
20
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4.
23
(iii) 1
20
(a) 4·6 (b) 0·46
(c) 1·15 (d) 11·5.
17
Solution : (i) Clearly denominator of is 23.
8
33 33
(ii) 1 2 , the rational number terminates after two decimal points.
20 2 ·5
23 23 5 115
(iii) 1 2 2 1 = 1·15
20 2 25 5 100
To find number of terminating decimal digits without division :

Before discussing this, let’s consider some examples :
7 7 7 1 23 56
(i) 2 3 2 3 3
2 = 0·056 (3 decimal digits)
125 5 5 12 103
11 11 11 1 53 1375
(ii) 2 4 2 4 4
80 2 15 2 15 10 4
48
23 23 23 1 2 4 368
(iii) 2 1 5
2 5 5
6250 2 15 2 15 105
61 61 61 1 57 4765625
(iv) 2 7 2 7 7
128 2 2 15 10 7
It is observed that, rational numbers in simplest form has prime factorisation in denominator of
form 2m × 5n,
Number of Decimal digits = maximum {m, n}
5. Without actual division, find after how many digits decimal will
terminate ?
17 61 17
(i) (ii) (iii)
125 80 6250
128 92
(iv) 3 5 (v)
2 15 2 1 56
3
17 17
Solution : (i) 1 3
125 5
Clearly, in denominator, maximum power of 5 is 3. So the number of terminating decimal
digits are 3.
61 61
(ii) 1 4
80 2 25
digits are 4.
17 17
(iii) 1
2 2 55
6250
digits are 5.
128 16
(iv) 3 5
1
2 15 55
digits are 5.
92 23
(v) 3 6
1
2 15 2 2 56
digits are 6.
Real Numbers 49
Exercise 1.5
1. Without actual division, state whether the following number will have a terminating decimal
expansion or non-terminating repeating decimal expansion :
23 17 123
(i) (ii) (iii)
125 32 120
56 343 132
(iv) (v) (vi)
840 980 2 1 52 1 11
3
135 158 77
(vii) 5 7 (viii) 2 3 (ix)
2 15 17 2 1 5 1 13 5 1 32 1 7
4
1331
(x)
2 1 112
2
2. Write down the decimal expansion of those rational numbers in question 1, which have
terminating decimal expansion.
3. Without actual division, Find after how many digits, decimal will terminate ?
29 11
(i) (ii) (C.B.S.E. 2019, Sample Paper)
8 625
45 123 21
(iii) (iv) (v)
64 6250 140
147 133 2916
(vi) 5 2 2 (vii) 3 6 (viii)
2 15 17 2 1 5 1 19 2 1 5 3 1 34
4
15 400 27
(ix) (x) 7 3 (xi) 3 4 2 (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2019)
1000 2 15 2 ·5 ·3
4. What can you say about the prime factorisation of the denominators of the following rationals :
(i) 24·5678 (ii) 3·1425 (iii) 12·5678
(iv) 23·8689 (v) 2·121221222 ..........
43
5. The decimal expansion of rational number will terminate after how many places of
2 ·53
4
decimal ?
(i) Which of the following is not a terminating decimal ?
23 17
(a) (b)
125 64
123 27
(c) (d) .
120 28
50
400
(ii) The decimal expansion of will terminate after how many decimal points ?
2 1 53
7
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4.
Answers
1. (i) Terminating (ii) Terminating (iii) Terminating
(iv) Non-Terminating repeating (v) Terminating (vi) Terminating
(vii) Non Terminating Repeating (viii) Non-Terminating Repeating
(ix) Non-Terminating Repeating (x) Terminating
2. (i) 0·184 (ii) 0·53125 (iii) 1·025
(v) 0·35 (vi) 0·06 (x) 2·75
3. (i) 3 (ii) 4 (iii) 6
(iv) 5 (v) 2 (vi) 5
(vii) 6 (viii) 3 (ix) 3
(x) 3 (xi) 4
4. (i) m
of form 2 × 5 n (ii) not of form 2m × 5n
(iii) m
not of form 2 × 5 n (iv) of form 2m × 5n
(v) not of form 2m × 5n
5. 4. 6. (i) (d) (ii) (c)
Chapter Test
Fill in the blanks (1 – 2) :
1. HCF × LCM = Product of ....... integers.
2. HCF of smallest prime number and smallest composite number is ............ .
Choose the Correct answer (3 – 5) :
3. If LCM of two numbers be 180, then which of the following can not be their HCF ?
(a) 15 (b) 20
(c) 25 (d) 30.
4. If any number n is divided by 20 and gives remainder 17, then the remainder if n is divided
by 4.
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 0.
5. n2 – 1 is divisible by 8, if n is
(a) an integer (b) rational number
(c) odd integer (d) even integor.
Real Numbers 51
6. Find prime factorisation of 1001.

7. If LCM of two coprime numbers is 136 and one number is 8, then find other.
8. Show that 6n can not end with 0, if n is a natural number.
9. Find the measure of the largest rod which can measure the dimensions 6 m 30 cm and 5 m 85 cm.
10. Find the largest number which on dividing 1251, 9377 and 15628 leaves remainders 1, 2 and 3
respectively.
11. Show that square of any integer is of form 5 m, 5 m + 1 or 5 m + 4 where m is an integer.
12. Prove that 2 is an irrational number.
Answers
1. two 2. 2 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c)
6. 7 × 11 × 13 7. 17 9. 45 cm 10. 625
Summary
1. Euclid’s Division Lemma : If a and b are two integers, a ¹ 0 and there exists unique integers
q and r such that a = bq + r, 0 £ r < b.
2. If a and b are two numbers and let d be their HCF, then d can be expressed as linear
combination of a and b i.e., d = ax + by.
3. Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic : Every composite number can be expressed as a
product of primes and this factorisation is unique, apart from the order in which the prime
factor occurs.
4. HCF × LCM = Product of two numbers.
5. The sum or difference of a rational and irrational number is irrational.
6. The product or quotient of a non-zero rational and irrational number is irrational.
p
7. Let x be rational number whose decimal expansion terminates, then x can be expressed in ,
q
where p and q are co-prime and prime factorisaton of q is of the form 2m × 5n, where m, n are
non-negative integers.
2 POLYNOMIALS
Disphantus of Alexandsia
2.0. INTRODUCTION
In class IX, we have studied about polynomials in one variable and the various terms degree,
zeros of a polynomial. We have learnt that only algebraic expression in which variables are
involved with only non-negative integral exponents are called polynomials.
“An algebraic expression of the type p(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + .......... + anxn, where a0, a1,
a2, .........., an are real numbers and n is a non-negative integer is called a polynomial in x”.
The constants a0, a1, a2, .........., an are called the co-efficients of the polynomial. If all the
co-efficients are integers, then the polynomial is called a polynomial over integers. If the co-
efficients are all rational numbers, then the polynomial is called a polynomial over rationals.
For example, • 2x2 – 5x + 6 is a polynomial over integers, as 2, – 5, 6 are integers.
5 3 1 2 5 1
• x 1 x 2 7 is a polynomial over rationals, as , 1 , 7 are rational numbers.
4 2 4 2
• 5 x3 1 2 x2 2 7 is a polynomial over real numbers as 5, 2 , 1 7 are real numbers.
2.1. Various Terms

Constant : A symbol having a fixed numerical value is called a constant.
Variable : A symbol which takes various numerical values is called a variable.
Term : In a polynomial 5x2 + 3x + 2, the expression 5x2, 3x, 2 are called terms of the
polynomial.
5x2 + 3x + 2
Terms
Leading Term
• Term of highest degree is called leading term of the polynomial.
Degree of a Polynomial : The highest exponent of a variable in one term is called degree of a
polynomial.
52
Polynomials 53
Monic Polynomial : A polynomial whose leading co-efficient is unity (i.e., 1) is called a monic
polynomial. For example, x2 – 3, x3 – 4x2 + 2 are monic polynomials.
2.1.1. Classification of Polynomials
Polynomials are classified in two ways, (i) According to degree (ii) According to terms.
According to degree
• Constant Polynomial : A polynomial of degree 0 is called a constant polynomial.
For example, 5, 1 2 , 2 etc.

3
• Linear Polynomial : A polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear polynomial. It is of the
form p(x) = ax + b, a ¹ 0.
2
For example, 3x – 4, 1 x 2 4, 5 x etc.
3
Geometrically, it is represented by a “straight line”.
• Quadratic Polynomial : A polynomial of degree 2 is called a quadratic polynomial. It is of

the form p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a ¹ 0
For example, 2x2 – 5x + 4, 3x2 – 6x, 5 x 2 1 1 etc. are quadratic polynomial.

Geometrically, it is represented by a “U–shaped Curve–Parabola”.
If a > 0, then quadratic parabola represents upward parabola (È) and
if a < 0, then quadratic parabola represents downwards parabola (Ç).
• Cubic Polynomial : A polynomial of degree 3 is called a cubic polynomial. It is of form
p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a ¹ 0.
For example, 3x3 – 5x2 + 8x – 7, x3 – 6x + 7 are cubic polynomials.
It has no name specifically in geometrically shape. So it is called simply ‘curve’.
• Biquadratic Polynomial : A polynomial of degree 4 is called a biquadratic polynomial. It
is of form ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + c, a ¹ 0.
For example, 2x4 – 3x3 + 11x2 – 5x + 6, 4x4 – 3x2 + 1 are biquadratic polynomials.
• Quintic Polynomial : A polynomial of degree 5 is called a quintic polynomial.
A polynomial having degree higher than 5 is called simply a polynomial.
NOTE : Zero polynomial : The constant polynomial zero is called a zero polynomial.
Its degree is not defined.
As 0 = 0·x6. or 0·x5 or 0·x100
So, its degree cannot be determined.
54
According to terms
• Monomial : A polynomial having one term (either of any degree) is called a monomial.
For example, 5x3, 9x100, – 3 are monomial polynomials.
• Binomial : A polynomial having two terms (either of any degree) is called a binomial.
For example, 2x5 + 3, 4x100 – 8x are binomial polynomials.
• Trinomial : A polynomial having three terms (either of any degree) is called a trinomial.
For example, 2x5 – 3x2 + 5, 10x15 – 2x9 + x6 are trinomial polynomial.
A polynomial having more than 3 terms is called simply a polynomials.
2.1.2. ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL
The value of x for which polynomial becomes zero is called a zero of the polynomial.
(A) Linear Polynomial
Consider a linear polynomial p(x) = ax + b, a ¹ 0. The graph of p(x) = ax + b is a straight
line which crosses the x-axis at exactly one point.
b
For Zero : p(x) = 0 Þ ax + b = 0 Þ x 1 2
a
b
\ 1 is a zero of linear polynomial.
a
Geometrically : The graph of linear polynomial is a straight line.
(B) Quadratic Polynomial
Consider a quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a ¹ 0.
The graph of p(x) = ax2 + bx + c intersects x-axis at atmost two points. It is in the shape of
parabola.
NOTE
• It has exactly two zeroes if its graph intersects x-axis at two distinct points.
• It has one zero if its graph touches/intersects at one point (coincident points).
• It has no zero if its graph does not intersect x-axis.
Polynomials 55
Graph of Quadratic Polynomial

Case (i) : Graph of p(x) = ax2 + bx + c intersects x-axis at two distinct points say x1 and x2.
i.e., It has two zeroes.
Y or p(x) Y or p(x)
X1 x1 0 x2 X X1 x1 0 x2 X
a>0 a<0
Y1 Y1
Fig. 2.1
Case (ii) : In this case, graph of p(x) = ax2 + bx + c intersects/touches the x-axis at exactly
one point or two identical (coincidental) points. So, both points become one point at x1.
Y or p(x) Y or p(x)
a>0
a<0
x1
X1 0 x1 X X1 0 X
Y1 Y1
Fig. 2.2
Case (iii) : Here, graph does not intersect x-axis, so in this case, p(x) has no zero.
Y or p(x)
Y or p(x)
a>0
a<0
X1 0 X X1 0 X
Y1 Y1
Fig.2.3
So, we can observe geometrically that a quadratic polynomial can have either two distinct
zeroes or two equal zeroes (i.e., one zero) or no zero. This also means that a polynomial of degree
2 has atmost two zeroes.
56
(C) Cubic Polynomial

Standard form of a cubic polynomial is p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a ¹ 0. In this case the
graph of p(x) intersects x-axis at atmost 3 points. Let us consider following cubic polynomials and
draw their graphs
(i) y = p(x) = x3 – 4x
Y or p(x)
The table of values of y or p(x) corresponding (–1, 3)
to a few values of x as shown : 3
Zeros of
2
poly.
x 32 31 0 1 2
1
y or p 1 x 2 0 3 0 33 0 (–2, 0) (2, 0)
X1 X
– 2 –1 O 1 2
Plot the points of the table on the graph. We –1
observe from the table that – 2, 0 and 2 are
–2
zeroes of cubic polynomial x3 – 4x.
Zero of –3
Geometrically, it is observed that the graph of polynomial (1, –3)
x3 – 4x intersects x–axis at points – 2, 0 and 2.
Y1
\ Clearly this cubic polynomial has 3 zeroes
Fig.2.4
NOTE : To find zeros of p(x) = x3 – 4x

We have x3 – 4x = 0
Þ x(x2 – 4) = 0
Þ x(x – 2) (x + 2) = 0
Þ x = – 2, 0, 2
Which are zeroes of polynomial.
Fallacy : x3 – 4x = 0
Divide by x
Þ x2 – 4 = 0
Þ (x – 2) (x + 2) = 0
Þ x = – 2, 2
In this part, we have divided the given polynomial by x. This step is wrong as division by
non-zero number is valid. Since we have to find value of x so we do not know its value that
it is zero or non-zero.
So, division by x (variable) is not valid.
Polynomials 57
(ii) y = p(x) = x3
The table of values of y corresponding to different values of x.
x 32 31 0 1 2
y or p 1 x 2 38 31 0 1 8
Plot the points of the table on the graph. We Y

observe that the given cubic polynomial has one 8 (2, 8)
zero at (0, 0).
7
Geometrically, the graph of the cubic
polynomial y = x3 intersects x-axis at (0, 0). 6
\ this cubic polynomial has exactly one zero.
5
(iii) y = p(x) = x3 – 2x2
The table of values of y corresponding to 4
different values of x.
3
x 31 0 1 2 3 2
y or p 1 x 2 33 0 31 0 9
1 (1, 1)
Plot the points of the table on the graph. We
observe that the given cubic polynomial has X1 X
–2 –1 0 1 2
exactly two zeroes at 0 and 2. (–1, –1) –1
Geometrically, the graph of the given Zero of
polynomial
polynomial y = x3 – 2x2 intersects x-axis at two –2
points (0, 0) and (2, 0).
–3
Y or p(x)
–4
3
Zeros of –5
2 polynomial
–6
1
(2, 0)
X1 X –7
– 2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1 –8
(1, –1) (–2, –8)
–2 Y1
(–1, –3) –3 Fig. 2.5

Y1
Fig. 2.6
\ Above cubic polynomial has two zeroes.
58
From the above examples, we see that there are atmost 3 zeroes for any cubic polynomial.
* In general, a polynomial p(x) of degree n, the graph of y = p(x) intersects the x-axis at
at most n points i.e., A polynomial p(x) of degree n has atmost n zeroes.
1. The graphs of y = p(x) are given below, for some polynomials. Find
number of zeroes of p(x) in each case. (N.C.E.R.T.)
Y Y Y
p (x) p(x)
p (x)
X1 X X1 X X1 X
O 0 0
Y1 Y1 Y1
(i) (ii) (iii)
Y Y Y
p (x) p (x)
p (x)
X1 X X1 X X1 X
0 0 0
Y1 Y1 Y1
(iv) (v) (vi)

Fig. 2.7
Solution : (i) Since the graph of p(x) intersects x-axis at two points. So, p(x) has two
zeroes.
(ii) Since the graph of p(x) intersects x-axis at one point. So, p(x) has one zero.
(iii) Since the graph of p(x) intersects x-axis at three points. So, p(x) has three zeroes.
(iv) Since the graph of p(x) does not intersect x-axis. So, p(x) has no zero.
(v) Since the graph of p(x) intersects/ touches x-axis at one point. So, p(x) has one zero.
(vi) Since the graph of p(x) intersects x-axis at three points. So, p(x) has three zeroes.
Polynomials 59
2. Identify the nature of polynomial corresponding to each of the following

graphs :
Y Y
p(x)
X1 X X1 X
p (x)
Y1 Y1
(i) (ii)
Y Y
p (x) p (x)
X1 X X1 X
Y1 Y1
(iii) (iv)
Fig. 2.8
Solution : (i) The graph of p(x) is a straight line. So, p(x) is a linear polynomial.
(ii) The graph of p(x) is a downward parabola. So, p(x) is a quadratic polynomial with
leading co-efficient negative.
(iii) The graph of p(x) is an upward parabola. So, p(x) is a quadratic polynomial with leading
co-efficient positive.
(iv) The graph of p(x) is neither a straight line nor a parabola. So, p(x) is a polynomial of
degree 3 or more than 3.
60
3. The graphs of y = p(x) are given below, for some polynomials p(x). By
looking at the graph, write the zeroes of p(x) in each case :
Y Y Y
p (x)
p (x) p(x)
–1
X1 X X1 X X1 X
–2 –1 0 1 2 –2 –1 0 1 2 0 1 2
Y1 Y1 Y1
(i) (ii) (iii)

Fig. 2.9
Solution : (i) The given graph intersects x-axis at points – 2, 0 and 1.
\ zeroes of given polynomial are – 2, 0 and 1.
(ii) The given graph intersects x-axis at – 2, – 1, 1 and 2.
\ zeroes of given polynomial are – 2, – 1, 1 and 2.
(iii) The given graph intersects x-axis at – 1 and 2.
\ zeroes of given polynomial are – 1 and 2.
Exercise 2.1
1. The graphs of y = p(x) are given below, for some polynomials. Find number of zeroes of p(x).
(N.C.E.R.T.)
Y Y Y
p(x)
p(x)
p(x)
X1 X X1 X X1 X
0 0 0
Y1 Y1 Y1
(i) (ii) (iii)

Polynomials 61
Y Y Y
p(x)
p (x)
X1 X X1 X X1 X
0 0 0
p(x)
Y1 Y1 Y1
(iv) (v) (vi)

Fig. 2.10
2. Identify the nature of polynomial corresponding to each of the following graphs of y = p(x) :
Y Y
p (x)
p(x)
X1 X X1 X
0 0
Y1 Y1
(i) (ii)
Y Y
p(x)
p (x)
X1 X X1 X
0 0
Y1 Y1
(iii) (iv)
Fig. 2.11
62
3. The graphs of y = p(x) are given below for some polynomials p(x). By looking at the graph,
write the zeroes of p(x) in each case :
Y Y
1 1
X1 X X1 X
–2 –1 0 1 2 –2 –1 0 1 2
–1 p (x)
p (x)
–2
Y1 Y1
(i) (ii)
Y Y
p (x)
4 p (x)
2
X1 X X1 X
–4 –2 0 2 4 0 1 2 3
Y1 Y1
(iii) (iv)
2
p (x)
1
X
X1 0 1 2 3 4
Y1
(v)
Polynomials 63

(i) Degree of a quadratic polynomial is ........... .
(ii) The graphical representation of a quadratic polynomial is .......... .
(iii) If a > 0 in p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, then graph of polynomial is an ........... parabola.
(i) Which of the following is not a graph of a quadratic polynomial ?
Y Y
(a) X1 O
X (b) X1 X
O
Y1 Y1
Y Y
(c) X1 O
X (d) X1 O
X
Y1 Y1
(ii) Degree of zero polynomial is

(a) 0 (b) not defined
(c) 1 (d) 2.
(iii) The graph of a quadratic polynomial is
(a) Straight line (b) Histogram
(c) Parabola (d) Bar Graph.
Fig. 2.12
Answers
1. (i) 3 (ii) 4 (iii) 1 (iv) 1 (v) 1 (vi) 2
2. (i) Linear (ii) Quadratic (iii) Cubic or more (iv) Linear
3. (i) – 2, 1 (ii) – 1, 1, 2 (iii) – 4, 2 (iv) 0, 3 (v) 4.
4. (i) 2 (ii) parabola (iii) upward
5. (i) (d) (ii) (b) (iii) (c)
64
2.2. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ZEROES AND COEFFICIENTS OF A POLYNOMIAL
(A) Linear Polynomial

In previous section, we have already seen that zero of a linear polynomial p(x) = ax + b is
given by
1b
p(x) = 0 Þ ax + b = 0 Þ x 2
a
1b 1 Constant term
i.e., zero of a linear polynomial 2 2
a Coefficient of x
1b
i.e., a 2 [a is representation of zero].
a
• Formation of a linear polynomial whose zero is given :
A linear polynomial whose zero a is (x – a).
All linear polynomials whose zero is a are k(x – a), where k is any non-zero real number.
3 1 32
For example, A linear polynomial whose zero is is 4 x 3 5 or (2x – 3).
2 6 27
3
All linear polynomials whose zero is are 2x – 3, 4x – 6, 6x – 9 or k (2x – 3), where k is any
2
non-zero real number.
(B) Quadratic Polynomial
In class 9th, we have learnt about the factorization of polynomials. Consider a quadratic
polynomial p(x) = 2x2 + x – 6
Factorise it ; p(x) = 2x2 + 4x – 3x – 6
= 2x (x + 2) – 3(x + 2)
= (x + 2) (2x – 3)
For zeroes ; p(x) = 0 Þ (x + 2) (2x – 3) = 0
Þ x+2=0 or 2x – 3 = 0
3
Þ x=–2 or
2
Let a and b be zeroes of p(x) = 2x2 + x – 6
3
\ a = – 2 and b 1
2
3 14 2 3 11 3 1 Coefficient of x 2
Now Sum of zeroes = a + b 3 1 2 2 3 2 4
2 2 2 Coefficient of x 2
3 16 Constant term
and Product of zeroes = ab 1 2 2 3 =–3 2 1
2 2 Coefficient of x 2
Polynomials 65
In general : If a and b are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a ¹ 0,
then (x – a) and (x – b) are the factors of p(x).
\ p(x) = k(x – a) (x – b), k is any non-zero real number.
Þ ax2 + bx + c = k (x – a) (x – b) ; k is a constant.
= k [x2 – (a + b)x + ab]
Þ ax2 + bx + c = kx2 – k (a + b) x + k ab
On comparing the coefficients of x2, x and constant terms on both the sides, we get
a = k, b = – k(a + b) and c = kab
Þ b = – a (a + b) and c = a·ab.
1b c
Þ a+b 2 and a b 1
a a
(– Coefficient of x ) Constant term

\ Sum of zeroes 1 and Product of zeroes 1
2
Coefficient of x Coefficient of x 2
• Formation of a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are given :
Standard form of quadratic polynomial is p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a ¹ 0
b c 1b 5 4 c 53
3 a 15 x 2 4 x 4 26 6 a 2
x 2 1 48 9 x 7 8 9
7 a a8 a a
= k [x2 – (a + b)x + (ab)] [From above part]
where k is any non zero real number].
\ p(x) = k [x2 – (Sum of zeroes)x + (Product of zeroes)]
NOTE : If we are asked to write only one member of the family of polynomials, then we
give a particular value to k.
Generally, we prefer k = LCM of denominators of all coefficients.
If zeroes of polynomial are integers, then value of k is considered as 1 and if zeroes of
polynomial are other than integers, then k may have any non zero value.
Formation of a Quadratic Polynomial
1. Form a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are as follows :
1 2
(i) 5, – 6 (ii) – 4, – 7 (iii) , (iv) 4, 3 (v) 2 + 3 , 2 – 3
2 3
66
Solution : We know
(i) p(x) = k [x2 – (Sum of zeroes)x + (Product of zeroes)], k is any non-zero real number.
\ Sum of zeroes = 5 + (– 6) = 5 – 6 = – 1
and Product of zeroes = 5 × (– 6) = – 30
Hence p(x) = k[x2 – (– 1)x + (– 30)]
= k (x2 + x – 30) or x2 + x – 30
(ii) We know, p(x) = k [x2 – (Sum of zeroes)x + (Product of zeroes)]
\ Sum of zeroes = (– 4) + (– 7) = – 11
and Product of zeroes = (– 4) × (– 7) = 28
Hence p(x) = k[x2 – (– 11)x + (28)]
= k (x2 + 11x + 28) or x2 + 11x + 28
(iii) We know, p(x) = k[x2 – (Sum of zeroes)x + (Product of zeroes)]
1 2 314 7
\ Sum of zeroes 1 2 2 2
2 3 6 6
1 2 1
and Product of zeroes 1 2 1
2 3 3
7 1
Hence p(x) 3 k 61 x 2 4 x 5 72
8 6 39
or k (6x2 – 7x + 2) or 6x2 – 7x + 2
(iv) We know, p(x)= k[x2 – (Sum of zeroes) x + (Product of zeroes)]
\ Sum of zeroes 1 4 2 3
and Product of zeroes 1 4 2 3 1 4 3

2
Hence p(x) =k 15 x 3 (4 4 3 ) x 4 4 3 26 or x2 – (4 1 3 )x 1 4 3
(v) We know, p(x)= k[x2 – (Sum of zeroes)x + (Product of zeroes)]
\ Sum of zeroes 3 2 41 2 1
3 4 25 3 2 =4
and 1
Product of zeros 3 2 4 2 1
3 5 26 3 2 =4–3=1
Hence p(x) = k[x2 – 4x + 1] or x2 – 4x + 1
NOTE : If a quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a ¹ 0. (a, b, c are rational
coefficients) has one zero of form p 1 q , then other zero will be p 1 q . This
condition is not applicable if a, b, c are real coefficients (i.e., rational and irrational both).
Polynomials 67
2. Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers as the sum and
product of its zeroes respectively :
1 1 11 1
(i) ,11 (ii) 2, (iii) 0, 5 (iv) , (v) 1, 1 (N.C.E.R.T.)
4 3 4 4
1
Solution : (i) Given, Sum of zeroes 1 and Product of zeroes = – 1
4
\ p(x) = k[x2 – (Sum of zeroes)x + (Product of zeroes)]
1
7 k 3 x 2 8 5
6 x 9 1 8 1 2 4 or 4x2 – x – 1 [Here k = 4]
4
1
(ii) Given, Sum of zeroes 1 2 and Product of zeroes 1
3
14
5 k 38 x 2 6

1 22x 7 3 9
or 3 x 2 1 3 2 x 2 1 [Here k = 3]
(iii) Given, Sum of zeroes = 0 and Product of zeroes 1 5

2
= k 37 x 5 1 0 2 x 6 5 48 1 x 2 2 5 [Here k = 1]
11 1
(iv) Given, Sum of zeroes 2 and Product of zeroes 1
4 4
\ 2
p(x) = k[x – (Sum of zeroes)x + (Product of zeroes)]
2 4 11 5 4 1 53
6 k
x2 1 8 9 x 7 8 9 or 4x2 + x + 1 [Here k = 4]
4 4
(v) Given, Sum of zeroes = 1 and Product of zeroes = 1
= k[x2 – (1) x + 1] = x2 – x + 1 [Here k = 1]
(C) Verifying the Relationship Between zeroes and coefficients
TYPE I. QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL HAVING INTEGRAL COEFFICIENTS :
3. Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the
relationships between the zeroes and coefficients : (N.C.E.R.T.)
(i) x2 – 2x – 8 (ii) 6x2 – 3 – 7x (iii) 4u2 + 8u (iv) t2 – 15.
Solution : (i) Let p(x) = x2 – 2x – 8
= x2 – 4x + 2x – 8 = (x – 4) (x + 2)
68
For zeroes : p(x) = 0 Þ (x – 4) (x + 2) = 0

Þ x–4=0 or x+2=0
Þ x=4 or x=–2
Thus, zeroes of x2 – 2x – 8 are – 2 and 4.
Verification :
3 13 22 3 1 Coefficient of x 2
Now, Sum of zeroes = – 2 + 4 = 2 4 4
1 Coefficient of x 2
18 Constant term
and Product of zeroes = – 2 × 4 = – 8 2 1
(ii) Let p(x) = 6x2 – 3 – 7x = 6x2 – 7x – 3
= 6x2 – 9x + 2x – 3 = (3x + 1) (2x – 3)
For zeroes : p(x) = 0 Þ (3x + 1) (2x – 3) = 0
Þ 3x + 1 = 0 or 2x – 3 = 0
11 3
Þ x 2 or x 1
3 2
11 3
Thus, zeroes of 6x2 – 7x – 3 are and .
3 2
Verification :
11 3 12 2 9 7 3 13 72 1 Coefficient of x
Now, Sum of zeroes 2 3 3 1 4 2
11 3 11 13 Constant term
and Product of zeroes 2 3 2 2 1
3 2 2 6 Coefficient of x 2
(iii) Let p(u) = 4u2 + 8u = 4u (u + 2)
For zeroes : p(u) = 0 Þ 4u (u + 2) = 0
Þ 4u = 0 or u+2=0
Þ u=0 or u=–2
Thus, zeroes of 4u2 + 8u are 0 and – 2.
Verification :
18 1 Coefficient of x
Now, Sum of zeroes = 0 + (– 2) = – 2 2 2
0 Constant term
and Product of zeroes = 0 × (– 2) = 0 1 1
Polynomials 69
1 2 1 2 1t 5 2
2
(iv) Let p(t) = t2 – 15 3 t 2 4 15 3 t 4 15 15
For zeroes : p(t)= 0 1

Þ t 3 15 2 1t 4 15 2 =0
Þ t 1 15 = 0 or t 1 15 = 0
Þ t 1 15 or t 1 2 15
Thus, zeroes of t2 – 15 are 1 15 .

Verification :
1 Coefficient of x
Now, Sum of zeroes 3 15 4 5 15 1 2 =0 2
Coefficient of x 2
Constant term
and Product of zeroes 3 1 2 1
15 4 5 15 2 = – 15 1
Coefficient of x 2
.
TYPE II. QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL HAVING RATIONAL COEFFICIENTS :
4. Find the zeroes of the following polynomials by factorisation method and

verify the relation ship between the zeroes and the coefficients of the polynomials :
2 7 3 2 11 2
(i) 2 x + x+ (ii) 7 y 1 y1 . (N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem)
2 4 3 3
7 3 1
Solution : (i) Let p(x) 1 2 x 2 2 x2 1 (8x2 + 14x + 3)
2 4 4
1 1
1 (8x2 + 12x + 2x + 3) 1 (4x + 1) (2x + 3)
4 4
1
For zeroes : p(x) = 0 Þ (4x + 1) (2x + 3) = 0
4
Þ 4x + 1 = 0 or 2x + 3 = 0
11 13
Þ x 2 or x 2
4 2
2 7 3 11 13
Thus, zeroes of 2 x 1 x1 are and .
2 4 4 2
Verification :
7
11 2 1 3 3 1
Sum of zeroes 4 1 1 1 6 1 7 2 2 1 Coefficient of x
56 7 2 2 2
4 8 2 9 4 4 2 Coefficient of x 2
70
3
2 11 3 2 1 3 3 3 Constant term
Product of zeroes 4 6 756 7 1 1 4 1
8 4 9 8 2 9 8 2 Coefficient of x 2
11 2 1
(ii) Let p(y) 1 7 y 2 2 y2 1 (21y2 – 11y – 2)
3 3 3
1 1
1 (21y2 – 14y + 3y – 2) 1 (3y – 2) (7y + 1)
3 3
1
For zeroes : p(y) = 0 Þ (3y – 2) (7y + 1) = 0
3
Þ 3y – 2 = 0 or 7y + 1 = 0
2 11
Þ y 1 or
3 7
2 11 2 11 2
Thus, zeroes of 7 y 1 y1 are and .
3 3 7 3
Verification :
11 2
3 14 3 5
11 2 1 3 2 14 11 6 3 7 1 Coefficient of x
Sum of zeroes 2 3 3 3 8 2
2
1
11 2 12 3 Constant term
Product of zeroes 2 3 2 2 1 .
TYPE III. QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL HAVING REAL COEFFICIENTS
5. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 4x2 + 5 2 x – 3 and verify

the relationship between the zeroes and coefficients of polynomials.
Solution : Let p(x) 1 4 x 2 2 5 2 x 3 3 1 4 x 2 2 6 2 x 3 2x 3 3
3 2 2x 1 2
2x 4 3 51 1 2 3 1 2 x 4 3 2 1 2 2 x 5 12
2x 4 3
For zeroes : p(x) = 0 Þ 1 2 x 3 3 2 1 2 2 x 4 12 = 0

Þ 2x 1 3 = 0 or 2 2x 11 = 0
13 1
Þ x 2 or x 1
2 2 2
13 1
Thus, zeroes of 4 x 1 5 2 x 2 3 are
2 and .
2 2 2
Polynomials 71
Verification :
13 1 16 21 15
Sum of zeroes 2 3 3 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
15 2 15 2 3 1 Coefficient of x 2
2 3 2 4
13 1 13 Constant term
Product of zeroes 2 3 2 1
6. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 3 x 2 1 8 x 2 4 3 and
verify the relationship between the zeroes and coefficients of the polynomial.
(A.I.C.B.S.E. 2013)
Solution : Let p(x) 1 3 x2 2 8 x 3 4 3 1 3 x2 2 2 x 2 6 x 3 4 3
3 x 1 3x 4 2 4 2 3 2 1 3x 4 2 2 31 3x 4 2 21x 4 2 3 2
For zeroes : p(x) = 0 Þ 1 3x 3 2 21x 3 2 3 2 = 0
Þ 3x 1 2 = 0 or x12 3 =0
2
Þ x 1 or x 1 2 3
3
2
Thus, zeroes of 3 x 2 1 8 x 2 4 3 are and 2 3 .
3
Verification :
2 216 8 3 13 82 3 1 Coefficient of x 2
Sum of zeroes 1 22 3 2 1 4 4
2 4 3 Constant term
Product of zeroes 1 22 3 =4 1 1
TYPE IV. QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL HAVING ALGEBRAIC COEFFICIENTS
7. Find the zeroes of quadratic polynomial acx2 + (c2 – ab)x + bc and verify
the relationship between zeroes and coefficients of the polynomial.
Solution : Let p(x) = acx2 + (c2 – ab)x + bc
= acx2 + c2x – abx + bc = cx (ax + c) – b (ax + c)
= (ax + c) (cx – b)
For zeroes : p(x) = 0 Þ (ax + c) (cx – b) = 0
Þ ax + c = 0 or cx – b = 0
72
1c b
Þ x 2 or x 1
a c
1c b
Thus, zeroes of acx2 + (c2 – ab)x + bc are and .
a c
Verification :
Sum of zeroes 2
1c
3
b 1 c 2 2 ab
4
3 c 2 3 ab 1 2 3 1 Coefficient of x 2
3 4
a c ac ac Coefficient of x 2
Product of zeroes 2 1 c 3 b 2 1 b 4 3 1 bc 2 1 Constant term

a c a ac Coefficient of x 2
Finding Values of Unknown
2
8. If zeroes of the polynomial x2 + 4x + 2a are a and , then find the
1
value of a. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2015, 2016)
2
Solution : Let p(x) = x2 + 4x + 2a and a, are zeros of p(x)
1
Constant term
\ Product of zeroes 1
Coefficient of x 2
2 2a
Þ 1· 1 Þ 2 = 2a Þ a = 1
1 1
9. If sum of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 2x2 – kx + 3 is 2, then
find k.
Solution : Let p(x) = 2x2 – kx + 3
Given sum of zeroes = 2 Þ =2
Coefficient of x 2
3 13 k2
Þ =2 Þk=4
2
10. If the sum and product of the zeroes of the polynomial ax2 – 5x + c is
equal to 10 each, find the values of ‘a’ and ‘c’. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2011)
Solution : Let p(x) = ax2 – 5x + c
Given, Sum of zeroes = Product of zeroes = 10
Now, Sum of zeroes = 10 Þ = 10
Coefficient of x 2
3 13 52 1
Þ = 10 Þa 1
a 2
Polynomials 73
Constant term
and Product of zeroes = 10 Þ = 10
Coefficient of x 2
c c 1
Þ = 10 Þ = 10 Þ c= 1 10 2 5
a 1 2
2
1
Hence a 1 ,c=5
2
11. If one zero of the quadratic polynomial x2 + px + 4 is 2, find other zero
and value of p.
Solution : Let a and b be zeroes of p(x) = x2 + px + 4 such that a = 2
\ Sum of zeroes 4
Coefficient of x 2
Þ a+b=–p Þ2+b=–p ...(i)
Constant term
and Product of zeroes 1
Coefficient of x 2
4
Þ ab 1 Þ 2·b = 4 Þb=2
1
Put value of b in (i), we get
2+2=–p Þp=–4
Hence other zero is 2 and p = – 4.
12. If the zeroes of polynomial x2 – lx + m are – 2 and 3. Find l and m.
Solution : Let a and b are zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = x2 – lx + m such that a = – 2,
b=3
1 Coefficient of x
\ Sum of zeroes 2
Coefficient of x 2
3 13 l2
Þ –2+3 4 Þl=1
1
Constant term
Coefficient of x 2
m
Þ –2×3 1 Þ m = – 6.
1
Hence, l = 1 and m = – 6.
13. If one zero of quadratic polynomial 5x2 – (k + 2)x + 3 is negative of
other, then find k.
Solution : Let a be zero of 5x2 – (k + 2)x + 3, then – a be the other zero.
74
3 1 Coefficient of x 2 5 3 5 1 k 6 2 24
Now, Sum of zeroes 4 Þ a + (– a) 7
2 5
Coefficient of x
k 12
Þ 0 2 Þk+2=0 Þk=–2
5
14. Find ‘a’ if one zero of ax2 + (a – 4) x + 3 is reciprocal of other.
1
Solution : Let a be zero of ax2 + (a – 4)x + 3, then be the other zero.
1
Constant term 1 3 3
\ Product of zeroes 1 Þ 1· 1 Þ1 1 Þa=3
Coefficient of x 2 1 a a
15. Construct a polynomial whose one zero is 3 1 5 and sum of zeroes is 6.
Solution : Let a and b be the zeroes of the required polynomial and let a 1 3 2 5.
Given, Sum of zeroes = 6 Þ a + b = 6
Þ 13 3 2
5 45 =6 Þb 1 6233 5 1 32 5
\ Product of zeroes = ab 3 3 4 1 5 2 13 5 5 2 =9–5=4

Thus, Required polynomial = k[x2
– (Sum of zeroes)x + (Product of zeroes)]
= k [x2 – 6x + 4], k is non-zero real number.
16. Form a quadratic polynomial whose one zero is 5 and product of
zeroes is 4 5 .
Solution : Let a and b are the zeroes of the required polynomial and a 1 5 .
Given, Product of zeroes 1 4 5
Þ a·b 1 4 5 Þ 5 ·1 1 4 5 Þb=4
2
Thus, required polynomial = k[x2 – (a + b)x + ab] = k 37 x 5 1 2
5 64 x6 5 ·4 48
2
= k 73 x 5 4 6 1 2
5 x 6 4 5 84 .
17. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are
13
2 and 2
. Also find the zeroes. (N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem)
Solution : We know that Quadratic polynomial
p(x) = k[x2 – (Sum of zeroes)x + (Product of zeroes)]
32 k
3 k 15 x 2 4 2x 4 = 1 2 x2 3 2 2 x 3 32
7 2 86 2 4 5
Polynomials 75
Now factorise this polynomial by splitting the middle term,

k
p(x) 3 k 1 2 x 2 4 2 2 x 4 3 2 3 1 2 x2 4 2 x 5 3 2 x 5 3 27
2 5 6 2 6
k 3 k 3
5
2 8
2x 1 2
2x 61 7 3 1 2
2 x 6 1 49 5
2 8
1 2x 61 21 2
2 x 7 3 49
For zeroes : p(x) = 0

k
Þ
2
1 2x 31 21 2x 4 3 = 0 2
Þ 2x 11 = 0 or 2x 1 3 = 0
11 3
Þ x 2 or x 1
2 2
11 3
Hence, the zeroes are and .
2 2
(i) It 2 is a zero of x2 – 3x + a, then a = ........... .
(ii) In a cubic polynomial p(x) = x3 – ax2 + bx + c, sum of zeroes = ..........
(iii) If a, b are zeroes of quadratic polynomial, then p(x) = x2 – (..........) x + (..........).
Solution : (i) (2)2 – 3(2) + a = 0 Þ a = 2
(ii) p(x) = x3 – ax2 + bx + c
1( 1 a )
Sum of zeroes 2 =a
1
(iii) x2 – (a + b)x + ab
(i) If 2, 3 are zeroes of ax2 + bx + 6, then a + b =
(a) 5 (b) – 5
(c) – 4 (d) 4.
1
(ii) Find k if one zero kx 2 1 x 2 is reciprocal of other.
3
(a) 3 (b) – 3
11 1
(c) (d) .
3 3
(iii) Form a quadratic polynomial whose one zero is 2 1 3 and product of zeroes is 1.
(a) x2 + 4x – 1 (b) x2– 4x – 1
(c) x2 + 4x + 1 2
(d) x – 4x + 1.
76
1b
Solution : (i) Sum of zeroes 2 =2+3=5 ...(i)
a
c
Product of zeroes 1 =2×3=6 ...(ii)
a
Solving a = 1, b = – 5
\ a+b=1–5=–4
1
(ii) Let 1, be zeroes of given polynomial
1
1 1/3 1
\ 1· 1 Þk 1
1 k 3
(iii) Let a 1 22 3 and ab = 1
1 21 3
Þ b 2 3 2 21 3
24 3 21 3
\ p(x) = x2 – (a + b)x + ab 1 x 2 2 [2 3 3 3 2 2 3 ]x 3 1
= x2 – 4x + 1
Exercise 2.2
1. Form a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are as follows :
1 12 3
(i) – 5, 4 (ii) 2, (iii) 3 , 1 3 (iv) , (v) 3 1 5 , 3 2 5 (vi) 2 , 1 5.
2 3 4
2. Form a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers as the sum and product of its zeroes
respectively.
5 1
(i) 6, – 3 (ii) , – 2 (iii) 3 , (iv) – 2, 5 6 (v) 3, 0.
6 2
12
3. Form a quadratic polynomial p(x) with 3 and as sum and product of its zeroes, respectively.
5
(A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012)
4. For each of the following, find a quadratic polynomial whose sum and product respectively of
the zeroes are as given. Also find the zeroes of these polynomials :
18 4 21 5 1 3 11
(i) , (ii) , (iii) 1 2 3 , 1 9 (iv) , . (N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem)
3 3 8 16 2 5 2
Polynomials 77
5. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are 6 and 9 respectively.
Hence, find the zeroes. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2016)
6. Find the sum and product of the zeroes of the following polynomials :
(i) 5x2 – 4x + 3 (ii) 2x2 – 7x + 8 (iii) 4 x 2 1 5x 2 2 5
(iv) abx2 + (a2 – 3b)x + 2b (v) 5 x2 1 2 x 2 3 5 .
7. Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship between the
zeroes and the coefficients :
(i) 4s2 – 4s + 1 (ii) 3x2 – x – 4 (iii) x2 – 3 (iv) x2 + 7x + 10 (N.C.E.R.T.)
2 3
(v) 4x2 + 3x – 1 (vi) 5t2 + 12t + 7 (vii) v2 + 4 3 v – 15 (viii) y 1 5y 2 5
2
(ix) ax2 + (4a2 – 3b) x – 12ab (x) 3a2x2 + 8abx + 4b2. (N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem)
1 13
8. Show that and are the zeroes of the polynomial 4x2 + 4x – 3 and verify the
2 2
relationship between zeroes and coefficients of the polynomial. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2011)
9. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x 2 1 2 2 x and verify the relationship between
the zeroes and the coefficients. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2015)
10. Find k, if – 5 is a zero of 3x2 + 8x – k.
11. If one zero of the quadratic polynomial is x2 + 3x + k is 2, then find k
12. If 2
2 is a zero of x + px + 8, then find p and other zero.
5
13. If one zero of the polynomial 4x2 – 20x + p is , then find p and other zero.
2
14. Find the value of k so that the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial 3x2 + (2k + 1)x – k + 5 is
equal to the product of zeroes.
15. If the sum and product of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax2 – 8x + c are both equal to
24, find the values of a and c.
16. If the zeroes of polynomial px2 + 2 3 x + q are 1 3 and 3 3 , then find p and q.
14
17. If the zeroes of polynomial ax2 + bx – 4 are and 1. Find a2 + b2.
5
18. Find ‘a’ if one zero of polynomial ax2 + (a – 4) x + 3 is negative of other.
19. Find ‘k’, if one zero of polynomial kx2 + 2x + (3k – 1) is reciprocal of other.
20. Form a quadratic polynomial whose one zero is 7 and product of zeroes is 35.
12 3
21. Form a quadratic polynomial whose one zero is and sum of zeroes is .
3 4
78
22. Form a quadratic polynomial whose one zero is 3 1 5 and product of zeroes is 4.
(i) If the zeroes of x2 + (a + 1)x + b are 2 and – 3, then a2 + b2 = ..........
(ii) If – 2 is a zero of x2 + kx – 6, then k2 + 1 = ...........
(iii) A quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are 0 and – 2 is ......... .
(i) The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 99x + 127 are
(a) both positive (b) both negative
(c) one positive, one negative (d) both equal.
(ii) If one of the zeroes of cubic polynomial x3 + ax2 + bx + c is – 1, then product of other
two zeroes is
(a) b – a + 1 (b) b – a – 1
(c) a – b + 1 (d) a – b – 1.
(iii) A quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are – 3 and 4 is
(a) x2 – x + 12 (b) x2 + x + 12
x2 x
(c) 1 16 (d) 2x2 + 2x – 2y.
2 2
(iv) Find a if one zero of 2x2 + (a – 2)x + 4 is negative of other
(a) 2 (b) – 2
(c) 4 (d) – 4.
2
(v) The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x + kx + k, k ¹ 0
(a) cannot be both positive (b) cannot be both negative
(c) are always unequal (d) are always equal.
Answers
1. (i) x2 + x – 20 (ii) 2x2 – 5x + 2 (iii) x2 – 3 (iv) 12x2 – x – 6 (v) x2 – 6x + 4
2
1
(vi) x 3 5 4 2
2 x45 2
2. (i) – 6x – 3 (ii) 6x2 – 5x – 12 (iii) 2 x 2 1 2 3 x 2 1 (iv) x2 + 2x + 5 6 (v) x2 – 3x
x2
3. 5x2 – 15x – 2
12 5 1
4. (i) 3x2 + 8x + 4 ; – 2, (ii) 16x2 – 42x + 5 ; ,
3 2 8
5 1
(iii) x 2 1 2 3 x 2 9 ; 2 3 3 , 3 (iv) 2 5 x 2 1 3 x 2 5 ; 2 ,
2 5
5. x2 – 6x + 9 ; 3, 3
6. (i)
4 3
, (ii)
7
,4 (iii)
1 5 1 5
, (iv)
1
3 a2 3 3b 2, 2
(v)
2
,3
5 5 2 4 2 ab a 5
Polynomials 79
1 1 4 1 17
7. (i) , (ii) – 1, (iii) 1 3 (iv) – 2, – 5 (v) – 1, (vi) – 1, (vii) 1 5 3 , 3
2 2 3 4 5
5 3b 1 2b 1 2b
(viii) 1 2 5 , (ix) – 4a, (x) , .
2 a a 3a
9. 0, 2 2 10. k = 35 11. k = – 10
12. p 1 2 5 2 13. p 1 25 ; 5 14. k = – 6

2
1
15. a 1 , c=8 16. p = – 1, q = 9 17. 26
3
1
18. a = 4 19. k 1 20. x2 – 12x + 35
2
21. 36x2 – 27x – 34 22. x2 – 6x + 4. 23. (i) 36 (ii) 2 (iii) x2 + 2x
24. (i) (b) (ii) (a) (iii) (c) (iv) (a) (v) (a)
2.3. APPLICATIONS OF RELATIONS BETWEEN ZEROES AND COEFFICIENTS

Some useful results involving (a + b) and ab .
1. (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab Þ a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab
2. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b) Þ a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab(a + b)
3. (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab = (a2 + b2 – 2ab) + 4ab = (a – b)2 + 4ab.
Þ (a – b)2 = (a + b)2 – 4ab or (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab
Finding the value of symmetric expressions
1. If a and b are zeroes of polynomial 2x2 – 4x + 5, then find the values of :
2 1 22 12
(i) a2 + b2 (ii) a3 + b3 (iii)3 (iv) a2b + ab2 (v) 3
1 2 21 22
Solution : Given a and b are zeroes of polynomial 2x2 – 4x + 5
1 Coefficient of x 3 13 42
\ a+b 2 2
4 =2 ...(1)
Coefficient of x 2
Constant term 5
and ab 1 2
1 ...(2)
Coefficient of x 2
(i) we know that a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab
2 5
3 122 4 2 5 =4–5=–1
2
(ii) we know thata3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab (a + b)
3 5
3 122 4 3 5 5 2 = 8 – 15 = – 7
2
80
5
2 1 1 2 2 32 1 3 4 5 2 2 6 2 35 1 2 22 3 2 4
(iii) 3 4 7 5 2 5 31 5 3 2
1 2 31 35 5 5 5
2 2
5
(iv) a2b + ab2 = ab(a + b) 1 22 =5
2
3
22 12 1 3 2 33 1 3 4 5 2 6 335 1 3 4 5 2
(v) 3 4 7
21 22 2 13 2 35
5
1 2 23 3 3 4 42
2 8 1 15 17
5 2 2
5 5 5
24
2
2. If a and b are the zeroes of a polynomial x 2 1 4 3 x 2 3, then find the
value of a + b – ab. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2015)
Solution : Given a and b are zeroes of x 2 1 4 3 x 2 3 .
Then a+b 2
1 Coefficient of x
4
1
3 34 3 2 4 4 3
2
Coefficient of x 1
Constant term 3
and ab 1 2
1 =3
Coefficient of x 1
\ a + b – ab 1 4 3 – 3
3. If a and b are the zeroes of the polynomial x2 – 6x + k, then find the
value of k, such that a2 + b2 = 40. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2015)
Solution : Given a and b are the zeroes of x2 – 6x + k.
3 1 Coefficient of x 2 3 13 62
Then a+b 4 2
4 =6
Coefficient of x 1
Constant term k =k
and ab 1 1
2
Coefficient of x 1
\ a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab
Þ 40 = (6)2 – 2 × k Þ 40 = 36 – 2k
Þ – 2k = 4 Þ k =– 2
4. If a, b are the zeroes of polynomial x2 + kx + 12 such that a – b = 1,
find k.
Solution : Given a and b are the zeroes of x2 + kx + 12.
1 Coefficient of x 1k
Then a+b 2 2 2 =–k
Coefficient of x 1
Polynomials 81
Constant term 12 = 12
and ab 1 2 1
Coefficient of x 1
Now (a – b)2 = (a + b)2 – 4ab
Þ 12 = (– k)2 – 4 × 12 Þ 1 = k2 – 48
Þ k2 = 49 Þ k = ± 7
FINDING A QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL
5. If a and b are the zeroes of 3x2 – 5x + 4, find a quadratic polynomial

whose zeroes are (2a + 1) and (2b + 1).
Solution : Since a, b are zeroes of 3x2 – 5x + 4
3 13 52 5 4
Then a+b 4 4 and ab 1
3 3 3
Let A = 2a + 1, B = 2b + 1 be the zeroes of the required quadratic polynomial
\ Sum of zeroes = A + B = (2a + 1) + (2b + 1)
5 10 1 6 16
= 2(a + b) + 2 1 2 2 32 2 2
3 3 3
and Product of zeroes = A·B = (2a + 1) (2b + 1) = 4ab + 2a + 2b + 1
= 4ab + 2(a + b) + 1
4 5 16 10 16 1 10 1 3 29
1 42 322 311 2 21 2 1
3 3 3 3 3 3
Thus, required family of such quedratic polynomials = k[x2 – (A + B)x + AB]
16 29 2 k
3 k 16 x 2 4 x5 7 = [3x2 – 16x + 29]
8 3 3 9 3
Taking k = 3 ;
Required quadratic polynomial = 3x2 – 16x + 29.
6. If a and b are the zeroes of the polynomial 2x2 – x – 3, then write the
family of quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are a2, b2.
Solution : Given a and b are zeroes of 2x2 – x – 3
3 1 3 12 1 13
Then a+b 4 4 and ab 2
2 2 2
Let A = a2, B = b2 be the zeroes of the required quadratic polynomial.
\ Sum of zeroes = A + B = a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab
1 2 2 1 3 3 1 1 2 3 1 13
4 62 73 1 2 5 6 7
829 8 2 9 4 4
2
2 13 3 9
and Product of zeroes = AB = a2·b2 = (ab)2 4 5 6 4
7 2 8 4
2
Thus, family of quadratic polynomial = k[x – (A + B) x + AB]
13 9 k
3 k 61 x 2 4 x 5 72 1 [4 x 2 2 13 x 3 19] = 4x2 – 13x + 9, where k = 4
8 4 49 4
82
Alternative statement : From a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are squares of the zeroes
of the polynomial 2x2 – x – 3.
7. If a and b are the zeroes of the polynomial 6x2 – 7x + 2, find a quadratic
1 1
polynomial whose zeroes are and . (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2011)
1 1
Solution : Given a and b are zeroes of 6x2 – 7x + 2
3 13 72 7 2 1
Then a+b 4 4 and ab 1 1
6 6 6 3
1 1
Let A 1 and B 1 be the zeroes of the required polynomial.
2 2
7
1 1 123 7
\ Sum of zeroes = A + B 1 2 4 1 6 1
3 4 31 1 2
3
1 1 1 1
and Product of zeroes = AB 1 · 1 1 =3
2 3 23 1
3
2
Thus, Required polynomial = k[x – (A + B)x + AB]
7 k
3 k 16 x 2 4 x 5 3 27 = [ 2 x 2 1 7 x 2 6] = 2x2 – 7x + 6, [Where k = 2]
8 2 9 2
8. If a and b are the zeroes of x2 – x – 2, then form a quadratic polynomial
whose zeroes are
2 1
(i) a + b, ab (ii) a3, b3 (iii)
, .
1 2
Solution : Given a and b are the zeroes of x2 – x – 2,
3 1 3 12 12
Then a+b 4 = 1 and ab 2 =–2 ...(1)
1 1
(i) Let A = a + b, B = ab be the zeroes of the required polynomial.
\ A + B = (a + b) + ab = 1 + (– 2) = – 1 [Using (1)]
and A·B = (a + b)·ab = 1(– 2) = – 2 [Using (1)]
Thus, Required polynomial = k [x2 – (A + B) x + AB] = k [x2 – (– 1)x + (– 2)]
or x2 + x – 2, [where k = 1]
(ii) Let A= a3, B = b3 are the zeroes of the required polynomial.
\ A + B = a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab (a + b)
= (1)3 – 3(– 2)(1) = 1 + 6 = 7 [Using (1)]
and AB = a3b3 = (ab)3 = (– 2)3 = – 8 [Using (1)]
Thus, Required polynomial = k [x2 – (A + B) x + AB] = k[x2 – (7)x + (– 8)]
or x2 – 7x – 8 (where k = 1)
Polynomials 83
1 1
(iii) Let A 2 , B 2 are the zeroes of the required polynomial.
3 3
2 1 1 2 2 32 1 3 4 5 22 6 2 35
\ A+B 3 4 4 7
1 2 31 35
12 3 2 1 3 2 2 14 4 15
5 5 2 [Using (1)]
32 32 2
2 1
and AB 3 · =1
1 2
2 4 15 5 3
Thus, Required polynomial = k [x2 – (A + B) x + AB] 6 k
x 2 1 8 9 x 7 1
2
k
= [2x2 + 5x + 2] = 2x2 + 5x + 1, where k = 2
2
(i) If a, b are zeroes of x2 – px – q, then a2 + b2 = ...........
(a) p2 + q2 (b) p2 + 2q
(c) 2p2 + q2 (d) None of these.
(ii) If 2a + 3b + 7 and 3a – 2b = 4, then quadratic polynomial with zeroes a, b is
(a) x2 – 3x + 2 (b) x2 – 3x – 2
(c) x2 + 3x + 2 (d) x2 + 3x – 2.
(iii) A polynomial whose zeroes are reciprocal of zeroes of 2x2 – x – 6 is
(a) 6x2 + x + 2 (b) 6x2 – x + 2
2
(c) 6x – x – 2 (d) 6x2 + x – 2.
(iv) If one zero of ax2 + bx + c is double of other, then
(a) 2b2 = 3ac (b) 4b2 = 9ac
(c) 2b2 = 9ac (d) 3b2 = 2ac.
Solution : (i) Given f(x) = x2 – px – q
1( 1 p )
\ a+b 2 = p and ab = – q
1
So a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab = (p)2 – 2(– q) = p2 + 2q
(ii) Given 2a + 3b = 7 and 3a – 2b = 4
Solving both equations, a = 2, b = 1
\ Polynomial p(x) = x2 – (a + b)x + ab = x2 – (2 + 1)x + 2 × 1 = x2 – 3x + 2
\ Correct answer is (a).
84
(iii) Given polynomial p(x) = 2x2 – x – 6

1 16
Let a, b be zeroes of p(x), then a + b 1 , ab 2 =–3
2 2
1 1
Now, , be zeroes of required polynomial
1 2
1 1 234 1/2 11
\ Sum 5 3 5 5 5
4 2 42 13 6
1 1 1 1
and Product 1 · 1 1
2 3 23 43
2 1 1 12 1 1
So, Required polynomial is x 3 5 4 6x4 ·
97 8
7 8
1 1
1 x2 2 x3 or 6x2 + x – 2
6 3
(iv) Let a, 2a be zeroes of polynomial ax2 + bx + c
1b
then sum of zeores 2 = a + 2a = 3a
a
c
and Product of zeroes 1 = a·2a = 2a2
a
Solving both 2b2 = 9ac
10. If one zero of polynomial ax2 + bx + c is treble the other, then prove
that 3b2 = 16ac. [Standard]
Solution : Let one zero of polynomial ax2 + bx + c be a, then other zero will be 3a.
1b
\ Sum of zeroes 2
a
1b 1b 1b
Þ a + 3a 2 Þ 4a 2 Þa 2 ...(1)
a a 4a
and Product of zeroes 1 c

a
c c
Þ a·3a 1 Þ 3a2 1
a a
Polynomials 85
2
2 1b 3 1 c 3·b 2 c
Þ 34 5 Þ 2
1 [Using (1)]
6 4a 7 a 16 a a
Þ 3b2 = 16ac.
Hence the result.
11. If the zeroes of the polynomial ax2 + bx + c are in ratio 2 : 5, then

prove that 10b2 = 49ac. [Standard]
Solution : Let zeroes of ax2 + bx + c be 2a and 5a.
1b
\ Sum of zeroes 2
a
1b 1b 1b
Þ 2a + 5a 2 Þ 7a 2 Þa 2 ...(i)
a a 7a
c
a
c c
Þ 2a·5a 1 Þ 10 a2 1
a a
2
2 1b 3 1 c 10 b 2 c
Þ 10 4 5 Þ 2
1 [Using (i)]
6 7a 7 a 49 a a
Þ 10b2 = 49 ac.
Hence the result.
NOTE : If the zeroes of polynomial ax2 + bx + c are in m : n, then
(mb) (nb) = [(m + n) a] [(m + n)c]
2
b2 1m 3 n2
i.e., mnb2 = (m + n)2 ac or 4
ac mn
12. Find a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are cube of the zeroes of the
polynomial 3x2 – x – 4.
Solution : Let a and b be the zeroes of 3x2 – x – 4.
3 1 3 12 1 14
Then, a+b 4 4 and ab 2 ...(i)
3 3 3
We have to form a polynomial whose zeroes are cube of a and b i.e., a3, b3.
Let A = a3, B = b3 be zeroes of the required polynomial.
86
\ A + B = a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab (a + b)
1 3 2 14 32 1 3
4 26 37 1 3 5 6 76 7 [Using (i)]
839 8 3 98 3 9
1 4 1 1 36 37
2 1 2 2
27 3 27 27
3
2 14 3 1 64
and AB = a3·b3 = (ab)3 4 5 6 4 [Using (i)]
7 3 8 27
Thus, Required polynomial = k[x2 – (A + B)x + AB]
2 37 4 1 64 53 k
6 k
x2 1 x78 9 1 [27 x 2 2 37 x 2 64] = 27x2 – 37x – 64, (where k = 27)
27 27 27
13. Find the condition such that one zero of ax2 + bx + c is square of the
other. [Standard]
2 2
Solution : Let one zero of ax + bx + c be a, then other will be a .
1b
\ Sum of zeroes 2 Þ a + a2 2 1 b ...(i)
a a
c c
and Product of zeroes 1 Þ a·a2 1
a a
c
Þ a3 1 ...(ii)
a
1b
Now (i) Þ a(1 + a) 2
a
Cubing both sides, we get
3
2 1b 3 1 b3
a3 (1 + a)3 4 5 6 Þ = a3 [1 + a3 + 3a(1 + a)]
7 a 8 a3
1 b3 c 2 c 4 1b 53
Þ 6
1 7 a 7 3·8 a 9 [Using (i) and (ii)]
a 3 a
c 1 c 3b 2 c 3 a 1 c 2 3b 4
3 681 4 a 5 a 79 5 a 68 79
a a
2 b3 c ( a 1 c 2 3b )
Þ 3
3 Þ – b3 = a2c + ac2 – 3abc
a a2
Þ b3 + a2c + ac2 – 3abc = 0.
Polynomials 87
14. If a and b are the zeros of a quadratic polynomial such that 3a – 2b = 8

and 2a + 3b = 14, then form the family of polynomials.
Solution : Given, 3a – 2b = 8 ...(i)
2a + 3b = 14 ...(ii)
Multiply (i) by 2 and (ii) by 3, and subtract, we get
(6a – 4b) – (6a + 9b) = 16 – 42
Þ 6a – 4b – 6a – 9b = – 26 Þ – 13b = – 26
Þ b = 2, Put the value of b in (i), we get
3a – 2(2) = 8 Þ 3a – 4 = 8 Þ 3a = 8 + 4 = 12
Þ a=4
Hence zeroes are a = 4 and b = 2.
Thus, Required polynomial = k[x2 – (a + b)x + ab] = k[x2 – (4 + 2)x + 4 × 2]
= k(x2 – 6x + 8)
15. If a, b are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 – p(x + 2) – c,

then prove that (a + 2)(b + 2) – 4 + c = 0.
Solution : Let f(x) = x2 – p(x + 2) – c = x2 – px – (2p + c)
Given a and b are zeroes of f(x)
3 13 p2 3 12 p 4 c2
Then, a+b 4 = p and ab 5 = – (2p + c) ...(i)
1 1
Now (a + 2) (b + 2) – 4 + c = ab + 2(a + b) + 4 – 4 + c
= – (2p + c) + 2(p) + 0 + c [Using (i)]
= – 2p – c + 2p + c = 0 = R.H.S.
Hence the result.
Exercise 2.3
1. If a and b are zeroes of 2x2 – 5x – 6, then find the values of :
1 1 1 1
(i) a2 + b2 (ii) a3 + b3 (iii) a2b + ab2 (iv) 1 2 4 34 (v) 1
3 4 22 1 3 23 1 2
2 1
(vi) a4b3 + a3b4(vii) 3 (viii) a4 + b4 (ix) a–3 + b–3 (x) a – b.
1 2
88
m n
2. If m and n are the zeroes of the polynomial 3x2 + 11x – 4, then find the value of 1 .
n m
(A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012)
3. If a and b are the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = x2 – 6x + k, then find k such that
a2 + b2 = 40. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2015)
4. If a and b are zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = x2 – x – k, such that a – b = 9, then find k.
(A.I.C.B.S.E. 2013)
5. If a and b are zeroes of the polynomial x2 – 6x + a and 3a – 2b = 23, then find a.
6. If a and b are zeroes of the polynomial x2 – 3kx + k2, find k2 if a2 + b2 = 28.
7. If a and b are zeroes of the polynomial x2 – px + q, then find the values of
2 1
(i) a2 + b2 (ii) a3 + b3 (iii) 3 4 2 21 .
1 2
8. If a and b are zeroes of the polynomial 2x2 – 3x + 5, then form a polynomial whose zeroes are :
1 1 3 21 1 21 1 1
(i) 3a, 3b (ii) 2a + 1, 2b + 1 (iii) , (iv) a + b, ab (v) 3 4 1 , 1 4 1 (vi) 2 , 2
1 2 1 2
9. Find a polynomial whose zeroes are double of zeroes of x2 – x – 6.
10. Find a polynomial whose zeroes are reciprocal of zeroes of 4x2 + 3x – 2.
11. If a and b are zeroes of the polynomial x2 + 4x + 3, find the polynomial whose zeroes are
2 1
13 ,1 3
1 2 . (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2013)
12. If a and b are zeroes of polynomial f(x) = 3x2 + 2x + 1, find the polynomial whose zeroes
112 112
are and . (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2015)
132 1 32
13. If a and b are the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = 2x2 + 5x + k, satisfying the relation,
21
a2 + b2 + ab 1 , find k. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012)
4
14. If one zero of the polynomial ax2 + bx + c is double of other, then prove that 2b2 = 9ac.
15. If the zeroes of the polynomial x2 + ax + b are in 2 : 3, then prove that 6a2 = 25b. [Standard]
16. If a and b are zeroes of a quadratic polynomial such that a + b = 8 and a – b = 2, then find
the polynomial.
17. If a and b are the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial such that 4a + 3b = 10 and 3a – 5b = – 7,
then find the polynomial.
18. If the zeroes of the polynomial ax2 + bx + c are in 3 : 5, then prove that 15b2 = 64 ac.
[Standard]
Polynomials 89

(i) If the zeroes of polynomial ax2 + bx + c are in the ratio 2 : 3, then
(a) 5b2 = 36ac (b) 6b2 = 25ac
(c) 9b2 = 16ac (d) 3b2 = 25ac.
(ii) If a, b are zeroes of 3x2 + x – 2, then a2 + b2 = .............
11 13
(a) (b)
9 9
25 26
(c) (d) .
9 9
(iii) Form a polynomial whose zeroes are double of zeroes of 3x2 – x – 4
(a) 9x2 – 2x – 16 (b) 3x2 + 2x – 16
(c) 3x2 – 2x – 16 (d) 9x2 + 2x – 16.
(iv) If a, b are zeroes of x2 + 6x – k and a2 + b2 = 40, then k =
(a) – 4 (b) 4
(c) – 2 (d) 2.
(v) If a, b are zeroes of a quadratic polynomial such that 3a + 2b = 13 and 2a – b = 4, then
polynomial is
(a) x2 – 5x + 6 (b) x2 + 5x + 6
2
(c) x + 5x – 6 (d) x2 – 5x – 6.
Answers
49 305 1 15 67 15 1 135 1 49 2113 1 305

1. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix)
4 8 2 6 19 2 12 16 216
73
(x)
2
1 145
2. 3. k = – 2 4. k = 20 5. a = – 7 6. 4
12
p2 1 2 q 2 1 2 q
7. (i) p2 – 2q (ii) p3 – 3pq (iii)
q
8. (i) 2x2 – 9x + 45 (ii) x2 – 5x + 14 (iii) 5x2 – 3x + 2 (iv) 4x2 – 16x + 15 (v) 2x2 – 3x + 5
(vi) 25x2 + 11x + 4
9. x2 – 2x – 24 10. 2x2 – 3x – 4
11. 3x2 – 16x + 16 12. x2 – 2x + 3 13. k = 2
16. x2 – 8x + 15 17. x2 – 3x + 2 19. (i) (b) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (d) (v) (a)
90
2.4. RELATION BETWEEN THE ZEROES OF A CUBIC POLYNOMIAL AND ITS

COEFFICIENTS
Let a, b and g be the zeroes of a cubic polynomial p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a ¹ 0, then by
factor theorem, (x – a), (x – b) and (x – g) are factors of p(x).
Þ p(x) = k(x – a) (x – b) (x – g), k is any non-zero real number.
Þ ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = k[x2 – ax – bx + ab] (x – g) = k[x3 – ax2 – bx2 + abx – gx2
+ agx + bgx – abg]
= k[x3 – (a + b + g)x2 + (ab + bg + ga)x – (abg)]
= kx3 – k(a + b + g)x2 + k(ab + bg + ga)x – k(abg)
On comparing coefficients of x3, x2, x and constant term, we get
a=k
1b 1b
b = – k(a + b + g) Þa+b+g 2 2
k a
c c
c = k(ab +bg + ga) Þ ab +bg + ga 1 1
k a
1d 1d
d = – k(abg) Þ abg 2 2
k a
Thus, Sum of zeroes taken one at a time (S1) = a + b + g 2

1b
4
1
3 Coefficient of x 2 2
a Coefficient of x 3
Sum of products of zeroes taken two at a time (S2) = ab + bg + ga
c 1 Coefficient of x
1
1d 1 Constant term
Product of zeroes (S3) = abg 2 2
• Formation of a cubic polynomial if zeroes are given :
1 3 b 2 c d
p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a ¹ 0 3 a 5 x 4 x 4 x 4 26
7 a a a8
2 4 1b5 2 4 c5 4 1 d 53
6 a
x3 1 8 9 x 7 x18
a a a 9
\ p(x) = k[x3 – (a + b + g)x2 + (ab + bg + ga)x – (abg)]

= k[x3 – S1x2 + S2x – S3] [where a = k]
Where S1 = a + b + g, S2 = ab + bg + ga, S3 = abg
Polynomials 91
Symmetric functions of a, b, g :
• (a + b + g)2 = a2 + b2 + g2 + 2(ab + bg + ga)
Þ a2 + b2 + g2 = (a + b + g)2 – 2 (ab + bg + ga)
1 1 1 12 3 24 3 41 12 3 24 3 41
• 1 1 5 or
2 3 4 412 124
• FORMING A CUBIC POLYNOMIAL
1. Form a cubic polynomial whose zeroes are as follows :
11 2
(i) – 2, 1, 3 (ii) , 1, (iii) – 3, 2 1 3.
2 3
Solution : (i) Let a = – 2, b = 1, g = 3 be zeroes of the required polynomial.
Then, S1 = a + b + g = – 2 + 1 + 3 = 2
S2 = ab + bg + ga = (– 2 × 1) + (1 × 3) + (3 × – 2)
=–2+3–6=–5
S3 = abg = – 2 × 1 × 3 = – 6
Thus, Required polynomial = k[x3 – S1x2 + S2x – S3] = k[x3 – 2x2 + (– 5)x – (– 6)]
= x3 – 2x2 – 5x + 6, [where k = 1]
11
(ii) Let a 2 , b = 1, g 1 2 be the zeroes of the required polynomial.
2 3
11 2 13 2 6 2 4 7
Then, S1 = a + b + g 2 313 3 3
2 3 6 6
2 11 3 2 22 11 3
S2 = ab + bg + ga 4 7 5 1 8 6 27 1 5 38 6 7 5 8
9 2
9 3
93 2
11 2 1 13 2 4 1 2 11
2 3 1 3 3
2 3 3 6 6
11 2 11
S3 = abg 2 313 2
2 3 3
Thus, Required polynomial = k[x3 – S1x2 + S2x – S3]
2 7 2 4 11 5 4 1 1 53 k
6 k
x3 1 x 78 9x 18 9 1 [6 x 3 2 7 x 2 2 x 3 2]
6 6 3 6
= 6x3 – 7x2 – x + 2 [where k = 6]
92
(iii) Let a = – 3, b 1 2 2 3,g 1 22 3 be the zeroes of the required polynomial.
Then, S1 = a + b + g 3 4 3 5 2 5 1 2 1
3 5 24 3 2 =1
S2 = ab + bg + ga
1
3 43 2 5 2 1
3 5 25 3 2 12 4 2 1
3 5 24 2
3 1 4 32
1 2 6 2 3 3 3 4 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 6 3 3 3 = – 11
1
S3 = abg 3 1 4 3 2 2 5 3 2 12 4 3 2
1
=–3 432 3 42 3 33 =–3 2
Thus, Required polynomial = k[x3 – S1x2 + S2x – S3] = k[x3 – 1x2 + (– 11)x – (– 3)]
= x3 – x2 – 11x + 3. [where k = 1]
2. Form a cubic polynomial whose sum of zeroes is (– 3), sum of products of

zeroes taken two at a time is 5 and product of zeroes is – 2.
Solution : Given, sum of zeroes (S1) = – 3
Sum of products of zeroes taken two at a time (S2) = 5
and Product of zeroes (S3) = – 2
Thus, Required polynomial = k[x3 – S1x2 + S2x – S3]
= k[x3 – (– 3)x + 5x – (– 2)] = k [x3 + 3x + 5x + 2]
or x3 + 3x + 5x + 2 [where k = 1]
* Verification of relationship between the zeroes and coefficients of cubic polynomial
11
3. Verify that 3, – 1, are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial
3
p(x) = 3x3 – 5x2 – 11x – 3, and then verify the relationship between the zeroes and the
coefficients. (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Given, p(x) = 3x3 – 5x2 – 11x – 3
Then, p(3) = 3(3)3 – 5(3)2 – 11(3) – 3 = 81 – 45 – 33 – 3 = 0
p(– 1) = 3(– 1)3 – 5(– 1)2 – 11(– 1) – 3 = – 3 – 5 + 11 – 3 = 0
3 2
2 11 3 2 11 3 2 11 3 2 11 3
p4 5 4 3 5 6 1 5 5 6 1 11 5 613
6 3 7 7 3 8 7 3 8 7 3 8
11 5 11 1 1 1 5 2 33 1 27 0
2 1 3 13 3 3 =0
9 9 3 9 9
11
\ 3, – 1 and are the zeroes of 3x3 – 5x2 – 11x – 3.
3
Polynomials 93
11
So, we take a = 3, b = – 1 and g 2 .
3
Now, On comparing the given polynomial p(x) with ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, we get a = 3,
b = – 5, c = – 11, d = – 3.
Verification :
31 5 4 9 3 3 3 1 4 5 4 3 1 3 52 4 3 b
S1 = a + b + g 6 3 7 1 3 1 2 7 48 9

3 3 3 3 a
4 31 5 4 31 5 1 1 11 c
S2 = ab + bg + ga 6 3 1 3 12 7 1 3 12·8
9 7 8
9 · 3 2 1 3 3 11 2 2
3 3 3 3 a
4 31 5 1 3 32 3d
S3 = abg 6 3 7 1 3 1 2 7 8 9 =1 4 3 4

3 3 a
Hence, the relationship is verified.
4. Given that zeroes of the cubic polynomial x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 10 are of the

form a, a + b, a + 2b for some real numbers a and b, find the values of a and b as well as the
zeroes of the given polynomial [Standard] (N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem)
Solution : Given a, a + b, a + 2b are zeroes of x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 10
Coeff. of x 2 3 1 3 62
Then, S1= Sum of zeroes 1 2 3
4 =6
Coeff. of x 1
Þ a + (a + b) + (a + 2b) = 6 Þ 3a + 3b = 6
Þ a+b=2 Þa=2–b ...(i)
1 (Constant of term )
and S3 = Product of zeroes 2 = – 10
Coeff. of x 3
Þ a(a + b) (a + 2b) = – 10
Þ (2 – b)·2· (2 + b) = – 10 [Using (i)]
Þ 2(4 – b2) = – 10 Þ 4 – b2 =–5
Þ b2 =9 Þb=±3
Case I : If b = 3, then a = 2 – 3 = – 1 [Using (i)]
Thus, zeroes of the given polynomial are – 1, – 1+ 3, – 1 + 2(3) i.e., – 1, 2, 5
Case II : If b = – 3, then a = 2 – (– 3) = 5
Thus, zeroes of the given polynomial are 5, 5 + (– 3), 5 + 2(– 3) i.e., 5, 2, – 1
94
5. Find the zeroes of polynomial 5x3 – 41x2 + 83x – 15, if one zero is
reciprocal of other. [Standard]
1
Solution : Let a, , b be zeroes of p(x) = 5x3 – 41x2 + 83x – 15
1
1 (Constant of term ) 3 1 3 15 2
Then, Product of zeroes 2 3
4 =3
Coeff. of x 5
Þ 1 Þb=3
1· ·2 = 3 ...(i)
1
Coeff. of x 2 3 1 3 41 2 41 1 41
and Sum of zeroes 1 2 4 1 Þ 12 23 1
Coeff. of x 3
5 5 1 5
1 41
Þ 12 23 1 [Using (i)]
1 5
12 2 1 41 41 1 15 26
Þ 1 23 2 1
1 5 5 5
Þ 2 2
5a + 5 = 26a Þ 5a – 26a + 5 = 0
Þ 5a2 – 25a – a + 5 = 0 Þ 5a (a – 5) – (a – 5) = 0
Þ (5a – 1) (a – 5) = 0
1
Þ a=5 or a =
5
1
Hence, zeroes of p(x) are 5, and 3.
5
6. If the product of two zeroes of polynomial p(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – 5x – 6 is 3,
then find its third zero.
Solution : Let a, b, g be zeroes of p(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – 5x – 6.
Such that ab = 3 ...(i)
1 Constant of term 3 13 62
\Product of zeroes 2 4 =3
Coeff. of x 3 2
Þ abg = 3 Þ (3)g = 3 Þg=1 [Using (i)]
Hence, third zero of p(x) is 1.
7. In the cubic polynomial p(x) = 8x3 + kx2 – 18x + 9, one zero is negative
of other, then find the zeroes and k. [Standard]
3 2
Solution : Let a, – a, b be the zeroes of p(x) = 8x + kx – 18x + 9.
1k 1k
Then S1 = a + (– a) + b 2 Þb 2 ...(i)
8 8
1 18
S2 = a (– a) + (– a)b + a·b 2
8
Polynomials 95
18 9
Þ – a2 – ab + ab 1 2 1 2
8 4
9 3
Þ – a2 1 2 Þ a2 1 9 Þa 1 2 ...(ii)
4 4 2
19 19
S3 = a (– a)·b 2 Þ – a2·b 2
8 8
1 24
9 3·2 1 k 3 2 1 9
Þ 54 5 [Using (i) and (ii)]
64 76 8 7 8
Þ k = – 4, Put in (i)
3 13 42 1
(i) Þ b 4 4
8 2
3 3 1
Hence k = – 4 and zeroes of p(x) are ,1 ,
2 2 2
8. If a, b, g are the zeroes of p(x) = 7x3 – 21x2 + 24x + 5, then find the
value of
(i) a–1 + b–1 + g–1 (ii) a2 + b2 + g2.
Solution : Given a, b, g are zeroes of p(x) = 7x3 – 21x2 + 24x + 5
1 Coeff. of x 2 3 1 3 21 2
Then, S1 = a + b + g 2 3
4 =3
Coeff. of x 7
1 Coeff. of x 24
S2 = ab + bg + ga 2 3 1
Coeff. of x 7
and S3 = abg 2 1 Constant term 2

15
Coeff. of x 3 7
24
1 1 1 12 3 24 3 41 7 1 24
(i) a–1 + b–1 + g–1 1 2 2 5 1 2
3 4 5 412 5 5
2
7
(ii) a2 + b2 + g2 = (a + b + g)2 – 2 (ab + bg + ga)
2 24 48 63 1 48 15
3 1 32 4 2 5 1 92 2 1
7 7 7 7
Exercise 2.4
1. Form a cubic polynomial whose zeroes are
1 7
(i) 3, – 2, 4 (ii) – 1, ,3 (iii) 2,1 2, .
2 2
96
2. Form a cubic polynomial whose sum of zeroes, sum of products of zeroes taken two at a time
and product of zeroes are given respectively :
1 13 4
(i) – 2, 3, 5 (ii) 0, – 6, 5 (iii) , , .
2 2 3
3. Verify that indicated values are zeroes of their respective polynomials. Also verify their
relationship between the zeroes and their coefficients :
(i) x3 – 7x + 6 ; –3, 1, 2
12 2
(ii) 27x3 + 42x2 – 28 x – 8, , –2,
9 3
(iii) x3 – 2x2 – 29x – 42 ; – 2, –3, 7
4. Find the zeroes of 2x3 – 7x2 – 4x + 14 if sum of two zeroes is 0. [Standard]
5. Find zeroes of polynomial x3– 12x2 + 39x – 28, if its zeroes are a – b, a, a + b. [Standard]
6. If the zeroes of the polynomial x3 – 3x2 + x + 1 are a – b, a, a + b, find a and b. [Standard]
7. If the sum of two zeroes of x3 – px2 + qx – r is zero, then show that pq = r. [Standard]
8. If a, b, g are the zeroes of x3 – 3x2 + 7x – 6, then find the value of
1 1 1
(i) 1 1 (ii) (ab)–1 + (bg)–1 + (ga)–1
2 3 4
Answers
1. (i) x3 – 5x2 – 2x + 24 (ii) 2x3 – 5x2 – 4x + 3 (iii) 2x3 – 7x2 – 4x + 14
2. (i) x3 + 2x2 + 3x – 5 (ii) x3 – 6x – 5 (iii) 6x3 – 3x2 – 9x – 8
7 7 1
4. 1 2, 5. 1, 4, 7 6. a = 1, b 1 2 2 8. (i) (ii)
2 6 2
2.5. DIVISION ALGORITHM FOR POLYNOMIALS

In last chapter, we have learnt division algorithm for integers. In this section, we shall learn
division algorithm for polynomials in same way.
If f(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x) ¹ 0, then there exists unique polynomials
q(x) and r(x) such that
f(x) = g(x)·q(x) + r(x) ; Here r(x) = 0 or degree {r (x)} < degree {g(x)}
Here, q(x) is called quotient and r(x) is called remainder.
· f(x) is divisible by g(x) Û r(x) = 0
Û g(x) is a factor of f(x).
Polynomials 97
1. Divide the polynomial f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + 10x – 8 by the polynomial
g(x) = x + 5. Also find the quotient and remainder.
Solution : Note : We stop the division process when either 2x2–13x+75
the remainder is zero or its degree is less than the degree of x+5 2x3–3x2+10x–8
division. 2x3+10x2
– –
So, Here quotient = 2x2 – 13x + 75 –13x2+10x–8
and remainder = – 383. –13x2–65x
+ +
75x–8
75x+375
– –
–383
2. Divide x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5 by the polynomial x2 + 1 – x. Also find quotient

and remainder. (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Writing in descending powers of x, we get x2+x–3
x2–x+1 x4+0x3–3x2+4x+5
f (x) = x4 + 0x3 – 3x2 + 4x + 5 and g(x) = x2 – x + 1
x4–x3+x2
Here degree of remainder r(x) < degree of divisor g(x) – + –
x3–4x2+4x+5
\ Quotient = x2 + x – 3
x3–x2+x
Remainder, r(x) = 8 – + –
–3x2+3x+5
–3x2+3x–3
+ – +
8
3. Check whether t2 – 3 is a factor of 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12. (N.C.E.R.T)

Solution : 2t2 +3t+4
t2–3 2t4+3t3–2t2–9t–12
Clearly, remainder = 0
2t4 –6t2
\ t2 – 3 is a factor of 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12. – +
3t3+4t2–9t–12
3t3 –9t
– +
4t2 –12
4t2 –12
– +
0
98
4. On dividing x3 – 3x2 + x + 2 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and the

remainder were x – 2 and –2x + 4 respectively. Find g(x). (N.C.E.R.T)
Solution : Let f(x) = x3 – 3x2 + x + 2, q(x) = x – 2 and r(x) = –2x + 4
\ By Division Algorithm
x2–x+1
f(x) = g(x)·q(x) + r(x)
x–2 x3–3x2+3x–2
Þ x3 – 3x2 + x + 2 = g(x)·(x – 2) + (– 2x + 4) x3–2x2
– +
Þ x3 – 3x2 + x + 2 + 2x – 4 = (x – 2)·g(x)
–x2+3x–2
Þ (x – 2)·g(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 2 –x2+2x
+ –
x3 1 3 x 2 2 3 x 1 2 x–2
Þ g(x) 3
x12 x–2
– +
Let us divide x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 2 by x – 2 0
We get x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 2 = (x – 2) (x2 – x + 1)
( x 1 2)( x 2 1 x 2 1)
\ g(x) 3 = x2 – x + 1
x12
5. If the remainder on division ofx3 + 2x2 + kx + 3 byx – 3 is 21, find the quotient
and the value of k. Hence, find the zeroes of the cubic polynomial x3 + 2x2 + kx – 18.
Solution : Let p(x) = x3 + 2x2 + kx + 3
Then p (3) = (3)3 + 2(3)2 + k (3) + (3) = 21 [By Remainder theorem]
Þ 27 + 18 + 3k + 3 = 21 x2+5x+6
Þ 3k = – 27 Þ k = – 9 x–3 x3+2x2–9x+3
x3–3x2
Hence p(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 9x + 3 –+
Now, 5x2–9x+3
5x2–15x
So, x3 + 2x2 – 9x + 3 = (x – 3) (x2 + 5x + 6) + 21 – +
Þ x3 + 2x2 – 9x – 18 = (x – 3) (x2 + 5x + 6) 6x+3
6x–18
= (x – 3) (x + 2) (x + 3) –+
So, the zeroes of x3 + 2x2 + kx – 18 are 3, –2, –3. 21
6. If the polynomial x4 – 6x3 + 16x2 – 25x + 10 is divided by another

polynomial x2 – 2x + k, the remainder comes out to be x + a. Find k and a.
[Standard] (N.C.E.R.T)
Solution : Let p(x) = x4 – 6x3 + 16x2 – 25x + 10, g(x) = x2 – 2x + k and r (x) = x + a.
Polynomials 99
x2–4x+(8–k)
x2–2x+k x4–6x3+16x2–25x+10
x4–2x3+kx2
– + –
–4x3 +(16–k)x2–25x+10
–4x3 + 8x2 – 4kx
+ – +
(8–k)x2+(4k–25)x+10
(8–k)x2+(2k–16)x+(8k–k2)
– – –
(2k–9) x+(k2–8k+10)
\ Remainder r(x) = (2k – 9)x + (k2 – 8k + 10)

But given r(x) = x + a
Þ (2k – 9)x + (k2 – 8k + 10) = x + a
Equating coefficients of x and constant term :
2k – 9 = 1 Þ 2k = 10 Þ k = 5
and k2 – 8 k + 10 = a
Þ 52 – 8 (5) + 10 = a Þ a = – 5
Finding Zeroes of a Given Polynomial Using Division Algorithm
7. If 2 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 17x + 30, then find other
zeroes.
Solution : Given that 2 is a zero of p(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 17x + 30
2x2+x–15
i.e.,(x – 2) is a factor of p(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 17x + 30
x–2 2x3–3x2–17x+30
Let us divide p(x) by (x – 2)
2x3–4x2
Þ 2x3 – 3x2 – 17x + 30 = (x – 2) (2x2 + x – 15) – +
x2–17x+30
Thus, the other zeroes can be obtained by solving 2x2 + x – 15 = 0 x2 – 2x
Þ 2x2 + 6x – 5x – 15 = 0 Þ 2x (x + 3) – 5(x + 3) = 0 – +
Þ (2x – 5) (x + 3) = 0 –15x+30
–15x+30
+ –
5
Þ x = –3, 0
2
5
Hence, the other zeroes are –3 and .
2
100
8. Given that 2 is a zero of the cubic polynomial 6 x 3 1 2 x 2 2 10 x 2 4 2 ,

find its other two zeroes. (N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem)
Solution : Given that 2 is a zero of p(x) = 6 x 3 1 2 x 2 2 10 x 2 4 2
i.e. x 1 2 is a factor of p(x).
1
Let us divide p(x) by x 3 2 2
Þ 6 x3 1 2 x 2 2 10 x 2 4 2 3 x 4 1 2 2 1 6 x2 3 7 2x 3 4 2
Thus, the other zeroes can be obtained by solving 6 x 2 1 7 2 x 1 4 = 0
Þ 6 x2 1 4 2 x 1 3 2 x 1 4 = 0 6x2+7 2x+4
x– 2 6x3+ 2x2–10x–4 2
Þ 1 2 1
2x 3 2x 3 4 3 3 2x 3 4 =0 2 6x3–6 2x2
– +
7 2x2–10x–4 2
Þ 1 2x 31 2 13 2
2x 3 4 = 0
7 2x2–14x
– +
Þ x 2 11 , 14 4x–4 2
2 3 2 4x–4 2
– +
11 14 0
Hence, the other zeroes are , .
2 3 2
9. If two zeroes of a polynomial x3 + 5x2 + 7x + 3, are – 1 and – 3, then

find third zero. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2016)
Solution : Given that – 1 and – 3 are zeroes of p (x) = x3 + 5x2 + 7x + 3
Þ(x + 1) and (x + 3) are both factors of p(x) x+1
Let us divide p(x) by (x + 1) (x + 3) = x2 + 4x + 3 x2+4x+3 x3+5x2+7x+3
x3+4x2+3x
We get x3 + 5x2 + 7x + 3 = (x + 1) (x2 + 4x + 3) – – –
Þ third zero will be obtained by x + 1 = 0 Þ x = – 1. x2–4x+3
x2–4x+3
– + –
0
10. Obtain all other zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = x4 + 6x3 +x2– 24x –20,
if two of its zeroes are +2 and –5. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2014, 2015)
Solution : Given that 2 and –5 are zeroes of p(x).
Þ (x – 2) and (x + 5) are both factors of p(x).
Polynomials 101
Þ (x – 2) (x + 5) = x2 + 3x – 10 is a factor of p(x).
x2+3x+2
Let us divide p(x) by x2 + 3x – 10, we get x2+3x–10 x4+6x3+x2–24x–20
x4 + 6x3 + x2 – 24 x – 20 = (x2 + 3x – 10) (x2 + 3x + 2) x4+3x3–10x2
– – +
Thus, other zeroes can be obtained by solving 3x3+11x2–24x
x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 3x3+9x2 –30x
– – +
i.e., (x + 1) (x + 2) = 0
2x2+6x–20
Þ x = – 1, – 2 2x2+6x–20
– – +
Hence, all zeroes are – 1, – 2, 2, – 5. 0
11. Obtain all zeroes of 3x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 – 10x – 5 if two of its zeroes are
5
1 . (N.C.E.R.T)
3
5
Solution : Given x 1 2 are zeroes of p(x) = 3x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 – 10x – 5
3
1 5 2 1 5 2 x2+2x+1
Þ4 x 3 5 and 4 x 3
3 7
5
3 7 are both factors of p(x). 3x2–5 3x4+6x3–2x2–10x–5
6 6
3x4 –5x2
– +
1 5 21 5 2 2 5 6x3+3x2–10x–5
Þ5 x 3 65x 4
3 87
6 1 x 2
3 8
7 3 6x3 –10x
– +
or (3x2 – 5) is a factor of p(x).
3x3 –5
Let us divide p(x) by (3x2 – 5), we get
3x3 –5
3x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 –10x – 5 = (3x2 – 5) (x2 + 2x + 1) – +
Thus other zeroes will be x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 0
Þ (x + 1)2 =0 Þ x = – 1, – 1
5
Hence, zeroes of p(x) are – 1, – 1, 1
3
12. If two zeroes of the polynomial x4 – 6x3 – 26x2 + 138x – 35 are 2 1 3 ,

find other zeroes. (N.C.E.R.T)
Solution : Given x = 2 1 3 are zeroes of p(x) = x4 – 6x3 – 26x2 + 138x – 35
Since x= 21 3, 21 3
102
\ polynomial with zeroes 2 1 3 and 2 1 3 is
1
5 x 2 6 38 2 7 2 1
3 7 26 2 1
3 49 x 7 2 7 3 2 12 6 3 2 {x2 – Sx + P = 0)
= x2 – 4x + 1 x2–2x–35
Þ x2 – 4x + 1 is a factor of p(x). x2–4x+1 x4–6x3–26x2+138x–35
x4–4x3+x2
Let us divide p(x) by x2 – 4x + 1, we get – + –
x4 – 6x3 – 26x2 + 138 x – 35 –2x3–27x2+138x–35
–2x3+ 8x2 –2x
= (x2 – 4x + 1) (x2 –2x – 35) + – +
2
–35x +140x–35
Thus, other zeroes of p(x) will be
–35x2+140x–35
x2 – 2x – 35 = 0 Þ x2 – 7x + 5x – 35 = 0 + – +
0
(x – 7) (x + 5) = 0
Þ x = –5, 7
Hence, other zeroes of p(x) are – 5 and 7.
13. Find k so that x2 + 2x + k is a factor of 2x4 + x3 – 14x2 + 5x + 6. Also

find other zeroes. (N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem)
Solution : Given x2 + 2x + k is a factor of p(x) = 2x4 + x3 – 14x2 + 5x + 6
Since x2 + 2x + k is a factor of p(x) 2x2–3x–(2k+8)
\ remainder, r(x) = 0 x2+2x+k 2x4+x3–14x2+5x+6
2
Þ (7k + 21) x + (2k + 8k + 6) = 0 2x4+4x3+2kx2
– – –
Comparing the coefficients of –3x3–(2k+14)x2+5x+6
x and constant term, we get –3x3 – 6x2 –3kx
+ + +
7k + 21 = 0
–(2k+8)x2 +(3k+5)x+6
Þ k=–3
–(2k+8)x2 –(4k+16)x–k(2k+8)
and 2k2 + 8k + 6 = 0 + + +
2(k2 + 4k + 3) = 0 (7k+21)x+(2k2+8k+6)
Þ k2 + 3k + k + 3 = 0
Þ (k + 1) (k + 3) = 0
Þ k = – 1, – 3
\ Common value of k from both equations is the required value so k = – 3.
\ quotient = 2x2 – 3x – 2(– 3) – 8 = 2x2 – 3x – 2
Þ p(x) = 2x4 + x3 –14x2 + 5x + 6 = [x2 + 2x – 3] [2x2 – 3x – 2]
= [(x + 3) (x – 1)] [(x – 2) (2x + 1)]
11
Hence, zeroes of p(x) are – 3, 1, 2, .
2
Polynomials 103
14. Rehman’s mother has given him money to buy some boxes from the
market at the rate of x2 + 2x – 3. The total amount of money given by his mother is
represented by 4x4 + 2x3 – 2x2 + x – 1. Out of this money, he donated some amount to a
child who was studying in the light of a street lamp. Find how much amount of money he
must have so that he is able to buy exact and maximum number of boxes from the market ?
What can you inculcate in yours life from above situation ? (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2015)
Solution : Let p(x) = Total money = 4x4 + 2x3 – 2x2 + x – 1,
g(x) = rate of each box = x2 + 2x – 3
4x2–6x+22
and q(x) = number of boxes. x2+2x–3 4x4+2x3–2x2+x–1
Let us divide p(x) by g(x). 4x4+8x3–12x2
– – +
\Maximum number of boxes = 4x2 – 6x + 22 –6x3+10x2+x–1
–6x3–12x2+18x
Required money = Total money – Donation = p(x) – r(x) + + –
2
22x –17x–1
= (4x4 + 2x3 –2x2 + x – 1) – (– 61x + 65)
22x2+44x–66
= 4x4 + 2x3 – 2x2 + 62x – 66 – – +
–61x+65
Values : Kindness, helpfulness, promoting education etc.
15. Mr. Paras has asked his friends to do carpooling for commuting to office
because their offices are located in the same market of the city. For this, they calculated the total
expenses of the fuel and other charges which together is represented by x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6, if
there are x + 1 members, who are sharing, find the share of each member. Why Mr. Paras has
taken such initiative ?
x2+5x+6
Solution : Let p(x) = Total expenses = x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6
x+1 x +6x2+11x+6
3
and g(x) = Number of members = x + 1 x3+x2
– –
q(x) = Share of each member 5x2+11x+6
2
We get p(x) = (x + 1) (x + 5x + 6) 5x2+ 5x
– –
Let us divide p(x) by g(x). 6x+6
2 6x+6
Hence, share to each member = x + 5x + 6 – –
Mr. Paras has taken such initiative because : 0
(i) To save fossil fuels.
(ii) To control pollution.
104
Exercise 2.5
1. Divide the polynomial p(x) by the polynomial g(x) and find the quotient and the remainder in
each of the followings :
(i) p(x) = x3 –3x2 + 5x – 3, g(x) = x2 – 2 (N.C.E.R.T.)
4 3 2 2
(ii) p(x) = 10x + 17x – 62x + 30x – 13, g(x) = 2x + 7x –1
(iii) p(x) = x4 – 5x3 + 8x2 – 15x + 10, g(x) = x2 + 3 – 5x
(iv) p(x) = 15x3 – 20x2 – 13x + 12, g(x) = 2 + 2 x + x2
(v) p(x) = x4 – 5x + 6, g(x) = 2 – x2 (N.C.E.R.T.)
2. Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial by dividing the second
polynomial by the first polynomial :
(i) x2 + 3x + 1, 3x4 + 5x3 – 7x2 + 2x +2 (N.C.E.R.T.)
3 2
(ii) x – 2, x – 6x + 11x – 6
(iii) 3 – 2x + x2, 3x4 – 11x3 + 21x2 – 19 x + 6
(iv) x3 – 3x + 1, x5 – 4x3 + x2 + 3x + 1 (N.C.E.R.T.)
3. On dividing x3 – 5x2 + 6x + 4 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and the remainder were x – 3
and 4 respectively. Find g(x). (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2016)
3 2
4. On dividing a polynomial 3x + 4x + 5x –13 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and the
remainder were (3x + 10) and (16x – 43) respectively. Find g(x). (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2011)
5. On dividing x4 – x3 – 3x2 + 3x + 2 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and the remainder
x2 – x – 2 and 2x respectively. Find g(x). (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2015)
3 2
6. If 2 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = x – 13x + 32x – 20, then find other zeroes.
3
7. If is a zero of polynomial 2x3 + 7x2 – 3x – 18, then find other zeroes.
2
8. Given that x 1 5 is a factor of the cubic polynomial x 3 1 6 5 x 2 2 55 x 1 30 5 , find all

the zeroes of the polynomial. (N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem)
9. If the polynomial f(x) = 3x4 + 3x3 – 11x2 – 5x + 10 is completely divisible by 3x2 – 5, find all
of its zeroes. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2011)
4 3 2
10. Find all zeroes of polynomial p(x) = 2x + 7x – 19x – 14x + 30 if two of its zeroes are
1 2.
11. Obtain all zeroes of the polynomial 4x4 + x3 – 72x2 – 18x, if two of its zeroes are 3 2 and
13 2 . (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2015)
2
12. Find all zeroes of 3x4 – 15x3 + 14x2 + 20x – 24 if two of its zeroes are 1 .
3
13. Find all zeroes of 3x4 – 19x3 + 14x2 + 20x – 16, if two of its zeroes are 3 1 5 .
14. Obtain all zeroes of the polynomial 9x4 – 6x3 – 35x2 + 24x – 4, if two of its zeroes are 2 and
– 2. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2015)
4 3 2 2
15. If the polynomial 6x – 8x + 17x – 19x + 7 is divided by 3x – 4x + 1 and the remainder is
ax + b. Find a and b.
Polynomials 105
16. Find all zeroes of polynomial 2x4– 9x3 + 5x2 + 3x – 1 if two of its zeroes are 2 1 3 and
21 3. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2018)
17. Check by dividing whether g(x) = x – 3x + 1 is a factor of p(x) = x – 4x3 + x2 + 3x + 1.
3 5
18. Obtaining all zeroes of polymomial x4 + 4x3 – 2x2 – 20x – 15 if two of its zeroes are 1 5 .
(C.B.S.E. Sample Paper 2019)
Answers
1. (i) q(x) = x – 3, r(x) = 7x – 9 (ii) q(x) = 5x2 – 9x + 3, r(x) = – 10
2
(iii) q(x) = x + 5, r(x) = 10x – 5 (iv) q(x) = 15x – 50, r(x) = 57x + 112
(v) q(x) = – x2 – 2, r(x) = – 5x + 10
2. (i) Yes (ii) Yes (iii) Yes (iv) No 3. g(x) = x2 – 2x
2
4. g(x) = x – 2x + 3 2
5. g(x) = x – 1 6. 1, 10
5
7. – 2, – 3 8. 5,2 5,3 5 9. – 2, 1, 1
3
3 11 2
10. – 5, ,1 2 11. 0, ,2 3 2 12. 2, 3, 1
2 4 3
4 1 1
13. 1 1, ,3 2 5 14. , ,1 2 15. a = 1, b = 2.
3 3 3
1
16. 1, 1 18. – 1, – 3
2
Chapter Test
Fill in the blanks (1 – 2) :
1. Graph of a quadratic polynomial is ........... .
2. In ax2 + bx + c if a < 0, then graph of quadratic polynomial is ......... parabola.
Choose the correct answer (3 – 5)
3. If (x – 1) is a factor of x3 – 2x2 + 3x + k, then k2 =
(a) – 2 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 4.
4. If a, b are zeroes of 3x2 + x + 2, then a2 + b2 =
11 13
(a) (b)
9 9
17 1 11
(c) (d) .
9 9
106
5. If zeroes of quadratic polynomial x2 + (a + 1)x + b are 2 and – 3, then find values of a and b.
(a) – 7, – 1 (b) 5, – 1
(c) 2, – 6 (d) 0, – 6.
6. Form a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are – 3 and 4.
7. If a, b are zeroes of 3x2 + 2x – 4, then find a2 + b2 – ab.
8. If a, b are zeroes of 2x2 – x – 3, then write the quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are a2, b2.
9. If one zero of ax2 + bx + c is double of other, then prove that 2b2 = 9ac.
10. Find zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 3 x 2 1 8 x 2 4 3 and verify the relationship between
the zeroes and coefficients of the polynomial.
11
11. Verify 3, – 1, are zeroes of the cubic polynomial 3x3 – 5x2 – 11x – 3 and then verify the
3
relationship between zeroes and the coefficients
12. Find all zeroes of 2x4 – 9x3 + 5x2 + 3x – 1 if two of its zeroes are 2 1 3.
Answers
1. parabola 2. downward 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d)
6. x2 – x – 12 7.
40
8. 4x2 – 13x + 9 10. 2 2 12. 1 1 , 1
9 3, 2
3
Summary
1. Quadratic polynomial p(x) = x2 – (sum of zeroes)x + Product of zeroes.
1b c
2. If a, b are zeroes of p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, then a + b 2 , ab 1
a a
3. Cubic Polynomial = x3 – (Sum of zeroes taken one at a time)x2 + (Sum of products of zeroes
taken two at a time)x + (Product of zeroes).
4. If a, b, g are zeroes of p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, then
1b c 1d
a+b+g 2 , ab + bg + ga 1 and abg 2 .
a a a
5. If f(x) and g(x) are any polynomials with g(x) ¹ 0, then there exists unique polynomials q(x)
and r(x) such that f(x) = g(x)·q(x) + r(x).
Here r(x) = 0 or deg. {r(x)} < deg. {g(x)}
LINEAR EQUATIONS IN
3 TWO VARIABLES
William Rowan Hamilton
1805 1865
3.0. INTRODUCTION
In the previous classes, we have learnt about the method of solving linear equations in one
variable and their applications in solving word problems. An equation is of form ax + b = 0, a ¹ 0
is called a linear equation in one variable x.
In class IX, we have studied linear equations in two variables which are of the form
ax + by + c = 0 where a ¹ 0, b ¹ 0. Usually, the condition a and b are not both zero is written as
a2 + b2 ¹ 0. Note that one of a or b may be zero.
For example 2x + 3y = 6, 5 u 1 2 v 2 7, 3 a 1 5 b 2 3 2 are linear equations in two
5 7
variables. Also, the equations 4x + 0y = 3, i.e., 4x = 3, 0 x 1 2 y 2 5 i.e. 1 2 y 2 5 can be
considered as linear equations in two variables.
3.1. SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
A pair of linear equations in two similar variables is said to form a system of simultaneous
linear equations.
For example 2x + 5y = 7 and 3x – 2y = 3 ; 3u + 5v – 1 = 0 and 6u – 2v + 3 = 0 are
examples of simultaneous linear equations.
\ the general form of a pair of linear equations in two variables x and y is

a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0.
In particular, equations of the form a1x + b1y = 0 and a2x + b2y = 0 are called homogeneous
linear equations in two variables. For example 5x – 3y = 0 and 2x + 5y = 0 are homogeneous
equations in two variables.
In this chapter, we shall learn to solve two simultaneous linear equations in two variables by
graphical method as well as by different algebraic methods (elimination method, substitution
method and cross-product method). We shall also learn to apply the concept of linear equations in
two variables in different word problems.
3.1.1. SOLUTION OF SYSTEM OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
A pair of values of x and y satisfying both equations is called a solution of the system.
“A system of simultaneous equations may or may not have a solution. This system has
either a unique solution or infinitely many solutions or no solution”.
107
108
Consistent Solution : A system of simultaneous linear equations is said to be consistent if it

has atleast one solution i.e., unique solution (independent solution) or infinitely many solutions
(dependent solution).
Inconsistent Solution : A system of simultaneous linear equations is said to be inconsistent
if it has no solution.
Every linear equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions.
For example, For 2x + 3y = 5, if we take x = 1 and y = 1,
We find L.H.S. = 2(1) + 3(1) = 2 + 3 = 5 = R.H.S.
\ x = 1 and y = 1 is a solution of this linear equation.
While x = 2 and y = 3, then
L.H.S. = 2(2) + 3(3) = 4 + 9 = 13 ¹ R.H.S.
\ x = 2, y = 3 is not a solution of this linear equation.
Linear equations in two variables represents a straight line geometrically. It means that the
point (1, 1) lies on the line representing the equation 2x + 3y = 5 and the point (2, 3) does
not lie on it.
So, every solution of the equation is a point on the line representing it.
3.1.2. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

In class IX, we have learnt the graphical (geometrical) representation of a linear equation in
two variables is a straight line such that every point on the line represents a solution of the equation
and vice-versa.
Can you suggest now how a pair of linear equations in two variables will look like,
geometrically.
There will be two straight lines, both to be considered together. We know that given two lines
in a plane, only one of the following three possibilities can happen :
(i) The two lines will intersect at one point.
(ii) The two lines will not intersect i.e., they are parallel.
(iii) The two lines overlap each other i.e., they are coincident.
Y Y Y
X1 X X1 X X1 X
O O O
Y1 Y1 Y1
(i) (ii) (iii)
Fig. 3.1.
Let us consider some examples on formulation algebraically and graphically representation of a
pair of linear equations in two variables.
Linear Equations In Two Variables 109
3.1.3. METHODS OF SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

A pair of simultaneous linear equations in two variables can be solved by
(A) Graphical method
(B) Algebraic method.
First we shall discuss the graphical method to solve a pair of simultaneous linear equations.
(A). Graphical Method
Draw graph (straight line) for each of the given linear equation as discussed in last section. The
following three cases may arise :
Y
Case I. If the lines intersect at a point, then the given

Solution
pair has a consistent unique solution and the co-ordinates (x, y)
of the common point (point of intersection) gives the X1 X
O
unique solution.
Y1
(i)
Y
Case II. If the lines overlap each other i.e., X1 X

coincident, then the given pair has consistent infinitely O
common points of both lines. So, it has infinitely many
solutions.
Y1
(ii)
Y
X1 X
O
Case III. If the lines are parallel, i.e., no point

common, then the given pair is inconsistent with no
solution Y1
(iii)
Fig. 3.2.
110
1. Check whether the pair of equations 2x + y – 6 = 0 and 4x – 2y – 4 = 0
is consistent. If so, solve them graphically. (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Given equations are
2x + y – 6 = 0 and 4x – 2y – 4 = 0
Table of values Table of values
x 0 3 x 0 1
y 6 0 y 12 0
( x, y ) (0, 6) (3, 0) ( x, y ) (0, 1 2) (1, 0)
Plot the points A(0, 6) and B(3, 0) and draw Y

the line AB. Similarly, plot the points C(0, – 2)
and D(1, 0) and draw the line CD. 6 A (0, 6)
The lines AB and CD intersect at the point 5
P(2, 2) shown in the figure 3.3.
4
Thus, the given pair of linear equations has
unique solution x = 2 and y = 2. 3
2 P (2, 2)
1
B (3, 0)
X1 X
0 1 2 3
–1 D (1, 0)
–2 C (0, –2)
Y1
Fig. 3.3.
2. Check whether the pair of equations x + 3y = 6 and 2x – 3y = 12 is

consistent. If so, solve them graphically. (N.C.E.R.T.)
x + 3y = 6 and 2x – 3y = 12
x 0 6 x 0 6
y 2 0 y 14 0
( x, y ) (0, 2) (6, 0) ( x, y ) (0, 1 4) (6, 0)
Plot the points A(0, 2) and B(6, 0) and draw the line
Y
AB.
Similarly, plot the points C(0 – 4) and B(6, 0) and
draw the line CB. The lines AB and CB intersect at A (0, 2)
2
B(6, 0) as shown in the figure 3.4. D
X1 X
Thus, the given pair of linear equations has unique 0 2 4 6
solution x = 6 and y = 0. –2 B (6, 0)
–4 C (0, –4)
Y1
Fig. 3.4.
3. Represent the following pair of linear equations graphically and hence

comment on the condition of consistency of this pair x – 5y = 6 and 2x – 10y = 12.
(A.I.C.B.S.E. 2011)
x – 5y = 6 and 2x – 10y = 12
x 6 1 x 6 1
y 0 11 y 0 11
( x, y ) (6, 0) (1, 1 1) ( x, y ) (6, 0) (1, 1 1)
Plot the points (6, 0) and (1, – 1) and draw respective lines from these points.
From graph, we observe that both lines overlap each other i.e., they are coincident.
So, the given system has infinitely many solutions.
(6, 0)
X1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 X
–1
(1, –1)
Y1
Fig. 3.5.
112
4. Solve the system of linear equations graphically : 3x – 4y = 12 and 6x – 8y = 12.

3x – 4y = 12 and 6x – 8y = 12
x 0 4 x 0 2
y 13 0 y 1 1·5 0
( x, y ) (0, 1 3) (4, 0) ( x, y ) (0, 1 1·5) (2, 0)
Plot the points A(0, – 3) and B(4, 0) and draw the Y

line AB.
Similarly plot the points C(0, – 1·5) and D(2, 0) and
draw the line CD. D (2, 0) B(4, 0)
X1 0 1 2 3 4 X
From graph, we observe that both lines are parallel to
–1
each other. So, the given system has no solution. –1·5)
C(0,
–2
–3 A(0, –3)
Y1
Fig. 3.6.
Points and Region Bounded by Lines and Axes
5. Solve the following system of linear equations : x – y = 1 and 2x + y = 8.

Also find the points where the lines meet x-axis and y-axis respectively.
x–y=1 and 2x + y = 8
x 0 1 x 2 4
y 11 0 y 4 0
( x, y ) (0, 1 1) (1, 0) ( x, y ) (2, 4) (4, 0)
Plot the points A(0, – 1) and B(1, 0) and draw the Y

line AB. Similarly, plot the points C(2, 4) and D(4, 0) 8
and draw the line CD.
7
We observe that the lines AB and CD intersect at
6
P(3, 2).
5
Hence x = 3, y = 2 is a soluion of given system.
4 C (2, 4)
(i) The line x – y = 1 meets x-axis at (1, 0) and
y-axis at (0, – 1) 3
(ii) The line 2x + y = 8 meets x-axis at (4, 0) and 2 P (3, 2)
y-axis at (0, 8).
1
B (1, 0) D(4, 0)
X1 X
0 1 2 3 4
–1
A (0, –1)
Y1
Fig. 3.7.
6. Draw the graphs of the equations x – y + 1 = 0 and 3x + 2y – 12 = 0.
Determine the co-ordinate of the vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and the x-axis
and shade the triangular region. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2019) (N.C.E.R.T.)
x–y+1=0 and 3x + 2y – 12 = 0
Tables of values Table of values
x 0 11 x 0 4
y 1 0 y 6 0
( x, y ) (0,1) ( 11, 0) ( x, y ) (0, 6) (4, 0)
Plot the points A(0, 1) and B(– 1, 0) and
Y
draw the line AB.
Similarly, plot the points C(0, 6) and D(4, 0) 6 C (0, 6)
and draw the line CD.
5
We can observe from the graph, the vertices
4
of the triangle formed by the given lines and the
x-axis are the points (2, 3), (4, 0) and (– 1, 0) 3 (2, 3)
2
A (0, 1)
1
D(4, 0)
X1
B(–1, 0) –1 0 1 2 3 4 X
Y1
Fig. 3.8.
114
7. Draw the graph of the pair of equations 2x + y = 4 and 2x – y = 4.

Write the vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and the y-axis (x = 0). Also find the
area of this triangle. (N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem)
2x + y = 4 and 2x – y = 4
x 0 2 x 0 2
y 4 0 y 14 0
( x, y ) (0, 4) (2, 0) ( x, y ) (0, 1 4) (2, 0)
Plot the points A(0, 4) and B(2, 0) and draw the line
AB. Plot the points C(0, – 4) and B(2, 0) and draw the Y
line CB.
4 A (0, 4)
From graph, we can observe that DABC is the required
triangle formed by given lines and y-axis. 3
2
1
Now, ar (DABC) 1 2 AC 2 OB
2 1
B (2, 0)
X1 X
1 0
1 2 8 2 2 = 8 sq. units 1 2
2 –1
–2
–3
–4 C (–4, 0)
Y1
Fig. 3.9.
8. Draw the graphs of 4x + 2y = 12 and 2x – y + 2 = 0. Shade the region
bounded by these lines and the x-axis. Find the area of the shaded region. Also find the ratio
of area of the triangle formed by the lines with x-axis to that of with y-axis.
4x + 2y = 12 and 2x – y + 2 = 0
x 0 3 x 0 11
y 6 0 y 2 0
( x, y ) (0, 6) (3, 0) ( x, y ) (0, 2) ( 1 1, 0)
Plot the above points A(0, 6), B (3, 0), C (0, 2) and D (– 1, 0) and draw the lines joining
them. We get the graph of above equations.
We can observe that they intersect at P(1, 4).
DPBD is the required region bounded by given lines and x-axis.
1 1
ar(DPBD) 1 2 PM 2 BD 1 2 4 2 4 = 8 sq. units
2 2
1 1
and ar(DPAC) 1 2 PL 2 AC 1 2 1 2 4 = 2 sq. units
2 2
ar( 1PBD) 8 4
\ 1 1 i.e., 4 : 1
ar( 1PAC) 2 1
6 A (0, 6)
4 P (1, 4)
3
C (0, 2)
2
1
D (–1, 0) M B (3, 0)
X1 X
–1 0 1 2 3
Y1
Fig. 3.10.
9. Aftab tells his daughter, “Seven years ago, I was seven times as old as
you were then. Also three years from now, I shall be three times as old as you will be.”
Represent this situation algebraically and graphically. [Standard] (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Let the present age of Aftab be x years and age of his daughter be y years.
7 years ago : Age of Aftab = (x – 7) years
Age of his daughter = (y – 7) years
According to statement :
Aftab’s age 7 years ago = 7 × (daugher’s age 7 years ago)
Þ x – 7 = 7(y – 7)
Þ x – 7 = 7y – 49 Þ x – 7y = – 42
After 3 years : Aftab’s age = (x + 3) years
Daughter’s age = (y + 3) years
116
Aftab’s age after 3 years = 3 × (Daughter’s age after 3 years)
Þ x + 3 = 3(y + 3)
Þ x + 3 = 3y + 9 Þ x – 3y = 6
Thus, the algebraic representation is
x – 7y = –42 ...(i)
and x – 3y = 6 ...(ii)
For Graphical Solution : We find atleast two points (solutions) for each equation.
(i) Þ 7y = x + 42 (ii) Þ 3y = x – 6
Table of values for (i) is Table of values for (ii) is
x 0 7 x 0 6
y 6 7 y 12 0
( x, y ) (0, 6) (7, 7) ( x, y ) (0, 12) (6, 0)
To draw the graph of equation (i), plot the points A (0, 6) and B (7, 7) on a graph paper. Draw
a straight line passing through these points.
To draw the graph of equation (ii), plot the points C (0, – 2) and D (6, 0) on a graph paper.
Draw a straight line passing through these points.
Y
Daughter Age (y)
, 12)
15 E (42
10 B(7, 7)
A(0, 6)
5
X1 X
C(0, –2) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
–5 D(6, 0)
Aftab Age (x)
Y1
Fig. 3.11.
We observe that the two lines representing the equations (i) and (ii) intersect at a point
E(42, 12).
10. The cost of 2 kg of apples and 1 kg of grapes on a day was found to be

` 160. After a month, the cost of 4 kg of apples and 2 kg of grapes is ` 300. Represent the
situation algebraically and geometrically.
Solution : Let cost of 1 kg of apples be ` x and cost of 1 kg of grapes be `y.
(Cost of 2 kg of apples) + (Cost of 1 kg of grapes) = ` 160.
i.e., 2x + y = 160 ...(i)
and (Cost of 4 kg of apples) + (Cost of 2 kg of grapes) = ` 300
i.e., 4x + 2y = 300 ...(ii)
Thus, equations (i) and (ii) are algebraic representation of given statement.
(i) Þ 2x = 160 – y (ii) Þ 4x = 300 – 2y
x 80 0 x 0 75
y 0 160 y 150 0
( x, y ) (80, 0) (0,160) ( x, y ) (0,150) (75, 0)
To draw the graph of equation (i), plot the points A (80, 0) and B (0, 160) on a graph paper.
To draw the graph of equation (ii), plot the points C (0, 150) and D (75, 0) on a graph paper.
160 B(0, 160)

C(0, 150)
140
Cost of grapes (y)
120
100
80
60
40
20
D(75, 0) A(80, 0)
X1 X
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Y1 Cost of apples(x)
Fig. 3.12.
We observe that the two lines representing equations (i) and (ii) are parallel to each other.
118
11. The coach of a cricket team buys 3 bats and 6 balls for ` 3900. Later she
buys another bat and 2 more balls of the same kind for ` 1300. Represent this situation
algebraically and geometrically. (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Let the cost of a bat be ` x and that of a ball be ` y.
(Cost of 3 bats) + (Cost of 6 balls) = ` 3900
i.e., 3x + 6y = 3900 ...(i)
and (Cost of a bat) + (Cost of 2 balls) = ` 1300
i.e., x + 2y = 1300 ...(ii)
Thus, equations (i) and (ii) are algebraic representation of given statement.
(i) Þ 3x = 3900 – 6y (ii) Þ x = 1300 – 2y
x 0 1300 x 0 1300
y 650 0 y 650 0
( x, y ) (0, 650) (1300, 0) ( x, y ) (0, 650) (1300, 0)
To draw the graph of equation (i), plot the points A (0, 650) and B (1300,0) on a graph paper.
To draw the graph of equation (ii), plot the points A (0, 650) and B (1300, 0) on a graph
paper. Draw a straight line passing through these points.
1400
B(1300, 0)
1200
Cost of a ball (y)
1000
800
600
400
200
A(650, 0)
X1 X
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Y1 Cost of a bat (x)
Fig. 3.13.
We observe that the two lines overlap each other i.e., lines are coincident.
Exercise 3.1
1. Solve the following system of equations graphically :
(i) x + y = 4, 2x – 3y = 3 (ii) 3x – y = 2, x + 2y = 10
(iii) 3x + 2y = 3, 6x + 4y = 15 (iv) x + 2y = 3, 2x + 4y = 6
(v) 2x + 3y = 4, x – y = – 3 (vi) 4x – 3y = 14, x – 2y = 6
(vii) – 3x – 2y = 4, – 5x + 2y = 12 (viii) 5x + 3y = 7, 10x + 6y = 10
2. Solve the system of linear equations 2x – 3y = 3 and 4x + y = 13 graphically and shade the
region bounded by the above lines and y-axis.
3. Solve the following pair of equations graphically : 2x + 3y = 12, x – y – 1 = 0. Shade the
region between the two lines represented by above equations and x-axis. Also find its area.
(A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012)
4. Solve the system of linear equations 3x – y = 3 and x – 2y = – 4 graphically. Find the vertices
of the triangle bounded by the lines and y = 0.
5. Solve x + 2y = 13 and 2x – y = 1 graphically and find the area of the triangle bounded by
these lines and y-axis.
6. Solve the following system of linear equations graphically 3x + 2y = 12 and x – y + 1 = 0.
Find the area of the triangle formed by these lines and x = 0.
7. Solve graphically the pair of linear equations x + 3y = 6 and 3x – 5y = 18. Find the value of
m if 2x + 3y = m.
8. Solve geometrically 2x + 3y = 13, 4x – y = 5. Also find m if 3x – my = 2.
9. Solve geometrically – 6x + 5y – 2 = 0 and – 5x + 6y – 9 = 0. Find the points where the lines
meet y-axis.
10. Solve graphically 3x – 4y – 10 = 0 and 4x + 3y = 5. Also find the points where the lines meet
x-axis.
3
11. Solve graphically 7x – 2y = 3, 11 x 1 y 2 8 and find the points where the lines meet the
2
equation x = 0.
12. The cost of 3 kg of potatoes and 6 kg of tomatoes is ` 90 whereas cost of 2 kg of potatoes and
4 kg of tomatoes is ` 50. Represent the situation algebraically and graphically.
13. The sum of two numbers is 40. The larger number is 5 less than twice the smaller number.
Represent the statement algebraically and graphically. [Standard] (N.C.E.R.T.)
14. Twenty years ago, the age of father was four times the age of his daughter. After four years,
the age of father will be double that of his daughter. Give algebraic and geometrical representation
of this statement.
15. Two straight paths are represented by the equations x – 3y = 2 and – 2x + 6y = 5. Check
whether the path cross each other or not. (N.C.E.R.T.)
16. Rovila went to a stationery shop and purchased 2 penciles and 3 erasers for ` 9. Her friend
Sonali saw the new variety of pencils and erasers with Rovila and she also bought 4 pencils and
6 erasers of the same kind for ` 18. Represent the situation algebraically and graphically.
120

(i) The graphical representation of system of linear or equations if it has no solution is ......... .
(ii) The condition of system of linear equation has unique solution is .......... .
(iii) Equaton of type ax + by = 0 passes through ........... .
(iv) If two lines overlap each other then it has ............ solution(s).
(v) Equation of x-axis is ........... .
18. Choose the correct answer
(i) The pair of equations x = 2 and x = – 5 has
(a) one solution (b) two solutions
(c) infinitely solution (d) no solution.
(ii) The pair of equations 2x = 6 and 3y = 12 graphically represents the line which are
(a) parallel (b) intersecting at (3, 4)
(c) coincident (d) intersecting at (4, 3).
(iii) When lines l1 and l2 are coincident then the graphical solution of linear equation have
(a) infinitely solutions (b) unique solution
(c) no solution (d) two solutions.
(iv) The condition which has no solution is
a1 b a1 b c
(a) 1 1 (b) 1 1 2 1
a2 b2 a2 b2 c2
a1 b c a1 b c
(c) 1 1 1 1 (d) 1 1 1 1 .
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
(v) If graph of two lines meet at (3, – 2) and 2x + my = 6 then m =
(a) – 2 (b) – 1
(c) 0 (d) 3.
Answers
1. (i) (3, 1) (ii) (2, 4) (iii) No solution (iv) Infinitely many solutions
(v) (– 1, 2) (vi) (2, – 2) (vii) (– 2, 1) (viii) No solution.
2. (3, 1) 3. (3, 2) : 7.5 sq. units
45
4. (2, 3) : (1, 0), (– 4, 0), (2, 3) 5. (3, 5) : sq. units
4
6. (2, 3) : 5 sq. units 7. (6, 0) : m = 12
4 1 22 1 32
8. (2, 3) ; m 1 9. (3, 4) : 3 0, 4 , 3 0, 4
3 5 56 5 26
1 10 , 0 2 , 1 5 , 0 2 2 13 3 2 1 16 3
10. (2, 31); 4 5 4 5 11. (1, 2); 4 0, 5 , 4 0, 5
6 3 7 64 7 6 2 7 6 3 7
12. 3x + 6y = 90, 2x + 4y = 50 13. x + y = 40, y = 2x – 5

14. 4x – y = 60, 2x – y = – 4 15. Never cross each other
16. 2x + 3y = 9, 4x + 16y = 18
a1 b
17. (i) Parallel lines (ii) 1 1 (iii) origin (iv) infinitely (v) y = 0
a2 b2
18. (i) (d) (ii) (b) (iii) (a) (iv) (b) (v) (c)
3.2. ALGEBRAIC METHODS OF SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

In the previous section, we have learnt graphical method of solving simultaneous linear
equations in two variables. But always graphical method is not convenient to find out the solution
11 2
particularly when solution is in fraction (like x 2 ,y 2 ). Then such a point cannot give the
3 7
accurate answer on the graph paper. To over come these difficulties and to get an accurate answer,
we have algebraic methods of solving simultaneous equations in two variables are :
(1) Elimination method by substitution.
(2) Elimination method by equating the coefficients.
(3) Cross-Multiplication method.
(i) Elimination Methods by Substitution
Procedure :
(i) Solve one of the given equations for one of the variables, whichever is convenient.
(ii) Substitute the value so obtained in the other equation.
(iii) Solve the resulting equation.
(iv) Substitute the value of this variable in any one of the given equation and find the value of
other variable.
Type I : Linear Equations with Integral Coefficients
1. Solve the pair of linear equations x + y = 14 and x – y = 4 by the

substitution method. (N.C.E.R.T.)
x + y = 14 ...(i)
and x–y=4 ...(ii)
We pick either of the equations and write one variable in terms of other. Let us consider
equation (i)
x + y = 14 Þ x = 14 – y ...(iii)
122
Substituting the value of x in (ii), we get

(ii) (14 – y) – y = 4 Þ 14 – 2y = 4
Þ – 2y = – 10 Þy=5
Substituting this value of y in equation (iii), we get
x = 14 – 5 = 9
Hence x = 9 and y = 5 is the required solution.
NOTE : We can verify our answer by replacing these values in any of the given equation
and we get both sides equal.
(i) Þ 9 + 5 = 14 Þ 14 = 14
2. Solve the pair of linear equations 3x + 4y = 15 and 2x – 3y = – 7 by the

substitution method.
3x + 4y = 15 ...(i)
2x – 3y = – 7 ...(ii)
Let us consider equation (ii),
(ii) Þ 2x – 3y = – 7
3y 1 7
Þ x 2 ...(iii)
2
Substituting the value of x in (i), we get
3y 1 7 3 3(3 y 1 7) 2 8 y
3 25 6 4 4 y = 15 Þ = 15
7 2 8 2
Þ 9y – 21 + 8y = 30
Þ 17y = 51 Þy=3
Substituting the value of y in (iii), we get
3(3) 1 7 917
x 2 2 21
2 2
Hence x = 1, y = 3 is the required solution.
3. Solve the following pair of linear equations by substitution method :
7x – 15y = 2 and x + 2y = 3 (N.C.E.R.T.)
7x – 15y = 2 ...(i)
and x + 2y = 3 ...(ii)
Let us consider equation (ii), we get
x = 3 – 2y ...(iii)

(i) Þ 7(3 – 2y) – 15y = 2 Þ 21 – 14y – 15y = 2
19
Þ – 29y = – 19 Þ y 1
29
Substituting the value of y in (iii), we get
19 3 3 38 87 1 38 49
x 4 3 1 2 25 6 4 1 4 4
7 29 8 1 29 29 29
49
Hence x 1 and y 1 19 is the required solution.
29 29
4. Solve the following system of equations :
(i) 4x + 6y = 8, 2x + 3y = 4 (ii) 5x – 2y = 3, 15x – 6y = 6
Solution : (i) Given equation are
4x + 6y = 8 ...(i)
and 2x + 3y = 4 ...(ii)
Considering equation (i),
8 1 6y
(i) Þ 4x = 8 – 6y Þx 2
4
Substituting the value of x in equation (ii), we get
2(8 1 6 y ) 4(4 1 3 y )
2 3y = 4 Þ 2 3y = 4 Þ 4 – 3y + 3y = 4
4 4
Þ 4=4
We observe that no variable remains and this result is true.
So the given system has infinitely many solutions.
(ii) Given equations are
5x – 2y = 3 ...(i)
and 15x – 6y = 6 ...(ii)
Consider equation (i)
3 1 2y
5x = 3 + 2y Þ x 2
5
Substituting the value of x in equation (ii), we get
2 3 1 2y 3
(ii) Þ 15 5 6 4 6y = 6 Þ 3(3 + 2y) – 6y = 6
7 5 8
Þ 9 + 6y – 6y = 6 Þ 9 = 6
We abserve that no variable remains and 9 = 6 is not possible.
So, the given system has no solution.
124
Type II. Linear Equations with Rational Coefficients

5. Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution Method :
3x 5y x y 13
1 2 1 2 and 1 2 (N.C.E.R.T.)
2 3 3 2 6
3x 5y
1 =–2 ...(i)
2 3
x y 13
and 1 = ...(ii)
3 2 6
Firstly, convert rational coefficients into integers by multiplying with LCM to both sides, we
get
(i) Þ 1 3x
2
3
5y
3
4 32 56 2 [As LCM of 2, 3 = 6]
3x 5y
Þ 162 16 =–2×6 Þ 9x – 10y = – 12
2 3
1 12 2 10 y
Þ x 3 ...(iii)
9
and (ii) Þ
x
31 3
y
2
4
13
6
56 2 [As LCM of (3, 2, 6) = 6]
Þ 2x + 3y = 13
3 1 12 2 10 y 4
Þ 25 6 2 3 y = 13 [Using (iii)]
7 9 8
1 24 2 20 y 2 27 y
Þ = 13 Þ – 24 + 47y = 117
9
Þ 47y = 141 Þ y = 3
Substituting the value of y in equation (iii), we get
1 12 2 10(3) 1 12 2 30 18
x 3 3 3 3 2
9 9 9
6. Solve the pair of linear equations 0·2x + 0·3y = 1·3 and 0·4x + 0·5y = 2·3
by the substitution method. (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Given equations are 0·2x + 0·3 y = 1·3
2x 3y 13
Þ 1 1
10 10 10
Þ 2x + 3y = 13 ...(i)
and 0·4x + 0·5y = 2·3
4 5 23
Þ x1 y 1
10 10 10
Þ 4x + 5y = 23 ...(ii)
From equation (i);
2x + 3y = 13
13 1 2 x
Þ y = ...(iii)
3
Substituting the value of y in equation (ii), we get
13 1 2 x 3 = 23
(ii) Þ 4 x 4 5 25 6
7 3 8
5(13 1 2 x )
Þ 4x 2 3 3 2 3 = 23 × 3
3
Þ 12x + 65 – 10x = 69 Þ 2x = 4 Þ x=2
Substituting the value of x in equation (iii), we get
y 2 13 1 2(2) 2 13 1 4 2 3
3 3
x y
7. Find the possible solution of the pair of equations 1 2 1 3 0 and
10 5
x y
1 2 15 .Hence, find l if y = lx + 5. (N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem)
8 6
x y
Solution : Given equation is 1 21 = 0
10 5
Multiplying this equation with LCM of denominators 10 and 5 = 10, we get
x y
1 10 2 1 10 3 1 1 10 = 0
10 5
Þ x + 2y – 10 = 0 ...(i)
x y
and 1 = 15
8 6
Multiplying with LCM of denominators 8 and 6 = 24, we get
x y
1 24 2 1 24 = 15 × 24 Þ 3x + 4y = 360
8 6
126
360 1 4 y
Þ x = ...(ii)
3
Substituting the value of x in equation (i), we get
360 1 4 y
(i) Þ 2 2 y 1 10 = 0
3
Multiplying with LCM of denominator i.e., 3, we get
360 1 4 y
2 3 3 2 y 2 3 1 10 2 3 = 0
3
Þ 360 – 4y + 6y – 30 = 0
Þ 2y = – 330 Þ y = – 165
Substituting the value of y in equation (ii), we get
360 1 4( 1 165) 360 2 660 1020
x 3 3 3 3 340
3 3 3
Hence x = 340, y = – 165 is the required solution.
Now given y = lx + 5
Þ – 165 = 340l + 5 Þ 340l = –170
1 170 11
Þ l 2 2
340 2
8. Solve the following pair of equations by substitution method :
x21 y11 x13 y11

2 3 6 and 1 2 6. [Standard]
2 3 3 4
x 21 y 11
2 =6
2 3
Multiplying this equation by LCM of 2 and 3 i.e., 6, we get
3 x 21456 2 3 y 11456=6×6
6 7 6 7
8 2 9 8 3 9
Þ 3(x + 1) + 2(y – 1) = 36
Þ 3x + 2y = 35 ...(i)
x13 y 11
and 1 =6
3 4
Multiplying this equation by LCM of 3 and 4 i.e., 12, we get
2 x 1 3 3 4 12 1 2 y 1 1 3 4 12 = 6 × 12
5 6 5 6
7 3 8 7 4 8
Þ 4(x + 3) + 3(y + 1) = 72
Þ 4x + 3y = 57
Þ y 2 57 1 4 x ...(ii)
3
Substituting the value of y in (i), we get
(57 1 4 x )
3x 2 2 = 35
3
9 x 1 2(57 2 4 x )
Þ = 35
3
Þ 9x + 114 – 8x = 105
Þ x =–9
y 3 57 1 4( 19) 3 57 2 36 3 93 3 31
3 3 3
Hence x = – 9, y = 31 is a solution of given system.
Type III. Linear Equations with Algebraic Coefficients
9. Solve the following pair of linear equations by substitution method :
x y
ax + by = a2 + b2, 1 2 2
a b
ax + by = a2 + b2 ...(i)
x y
and 1 =2
a b
bx 1 ay
Þ =2
ab
Þ bx + ay = 2ab ...(ii)
Consider equation (i), we get
ax = (a2 + b2) – by
a 2 1 b 2 2 by
Þ x 3 ...(iii)
a
1 a 2 3 b 2 4 by 2 b ( a 2 1 b 2 2 by ) 1 a 2 y
(ii) Þ b 5 6 3 ay = 2ab Þ = 2ab
7 a 8 a
Þ a2b + b3 – b2y + a2y = 2a2b
128
Þ y(a2 – b2) = 2a2b – a2b – b3

= a2b – b3 = b(a2 – b2)
Þ y =b
a2 1 b2 2 b( b ) a2 1 b2 2 b2 a2
x 3 3 3 3 a
a a a
Hence x = a, y = b is the required solution.
10. Solve the pair of linear equations : ax + by = 2a – b; x – y = 3.
ax + by = 2a – b ...(i)
and x–y =3 ...(ii)
Consider equation (ii), we get x=3+y ...(iii)
Substituting the value of x in equation (i), we get
(ii) Þ a(3 + y) + by = 2a – b
Þ 3a + ay + by = 2a – b
Þ (a + b)y = 2a – b – 3a = – (a + b) Þ y = – 1
x = 3 + (– 1) = 2
Exercise 3.2
Solve the following pair of equations by substitution method :
1. x + y = 7, 2x – y = 5 2. 2x + 3y = – 8, x – y = 1
3. 3x – 4y = 10, 4x + 3y = 5 4. 5y – 6x – 2 = 0, 6y – 5x – 9 = 0
5. 5x + 8y = 9, 2x + 3y = 4 6. 3x + 5y = 7, 11x – 13y = 9
7. 4x – 3y = 18, 3x + y = 7 8. 3x + 2y = 11, 2x – y = – 2
9. 5x + 3y + 1 = 0, 4x + 3y – 1 = 0 10. 7x – 3y = 6, 4x – y = 7
x y x y x y 5x y
11. 1 2 14, 1 2 15 12. 1 2 4, 1 2 4
10 5 8 6 3 4 6 8
3x 2y 5x 4y 7 x 21 y 11 x 11 y 21
13. 1 2 5, 3 2 14. 2 3 8, 2 3 9
2 3 4 9 6 2 3 3 2
[Standard]
15. 0·3x + 0·2y = 0·8, 0·2x + 0·3y = 0·2 16. 1·2x – 0·5y = 2·2, 2·3x + 1·4y = – 0·5
b a
17. x1 y 2 a 2 1 b 2 , x + y = 2ab 18. x + y = a – b, ax – by = a2 + b2
a b
2 1
19. Solve 2 x 1 y 2 and 3x + 2y = 0. Find k if y = kx + 3.
3 6
20. Find the possible solution of the following :

(i) 2x – 5y = 3 ; 6x – 15y = 9
(ii) 4x + y = 2 ; 8x + 2y = 2
21. Solve : 3x – 5y = 4, 2y + 7 = 9x (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2019)
Answers
1. x = 4, y = 3 2. x = – 1, y = – 2 3. x = 2, y = – 1
4. x = 3, y = 4 5. x = 5, y = – 2 6. 68 25
x 1 ,y 1
47 47
7. x = 3, y =–2 8. x = 1, y = 4 9. x = – 2, y = 3
10. x = 3, y =5 11. x = 80, y = 30 12. x = 3, y = 12
13. x = 2, y =3 14. x = 7, y = 13 15. x = 4, y = – 2
16. x = 1, y =–2 17. x = ab, y = ab 18. x = a, y = – b
1 11 1 39
19. x 2 ,y 2 ;k 2
6 4 2
9 15
20. (i) Infinitely many solutions 21. x 2 ,y 2
13 13
(ii) No solution.
3.3. ELIMINATION METHODS BY EQUATING THE COEFFICIENTS

Now let us consider another method of eliminating (i.e., removing) one variable. This is
sometimes more convenient than the substitution method.
In this method, we eliminate one of the two variables to obtain an equation in one variable.
Putting the value of this variable in any of the given equations then, value of other variable will be
found.
Algorithm
(i) Consider the two equations.
(ii) Multiply the given equations by a number so as to make the coefficients of one of the
variables are numerically same.
For this, we multiply with LCM of numbers.
• Add if the coefficients have opposite sign.
• Subtract if the coefficients have same sign.
(iii) The resulting equation will be in one variable and can be solved easily
(iv) Substitute the value of the variable in any one of the given equations and find value of
other variable.
130
Type I. Equations with Integral Coefficients
1. Solve the following pair by the elimination method :

3x + 4y = 10 and 2x – 2y = 2 (N.C.E.R.T.)
3x + 4y = 10 ...(i)
and 2x – 2y = 2 Þ x–y=1 ...(ii) [Divide by 2]
Let us eliminate x from the given equations. The coefficients of x in the given equations are
3 and 1 respectively. The LCM of 3 and 1 is 3. So, we make the coefficient of x equal to 3 in both
equations.
Multiplying (ii) by 3, we get
3x – 3y = 3 ...(iii)
Subtracting (iii) from (i), we get
(3x + 4y) – (3x – 3y) = 10 – 3
Þ 7y = 7 Þ y=1
Substituting the value of y in (ii), we get
(ii) Þ x–1 =1 Þ x=2
Hence, x = 2, y =1 is the required solution.
2. Solve 3x + 2y = 8 and 2x + 3y = 2 by the elimination method.
3x + 2y = 8 ...(i)
and 2x + 3y = 2 ...(ii)
Let us eliminate x from the given equations. The coefficients of x in the given equations are
3 and 2 respectively. The L.C.M. of 3 and 2 is 6.
So, we make the coefficient of x equals to 6 in both equations.
Multiplying (i) by 2 and (ii) by 3, we get
6x + 4y = 16 ...(iii)
6x + 9y = 6 ...(iv)
Subtracting (iii) from (iv), we get
(6x + 9y) – (6x + 4y) = 6 – 16
Þ 5y = – 10
Þ y =–2
(i) Þ 3x + 2(– 2) = 8 Þ 3x – 4 = 8
Þ 3x = 12 Þ x = 4
3. Solve 7(y + 3) = 14 + 2(x + 2) and 4(y – 2) + 3(x – 3) = 2 by the

elimination method. Also find m if 5x – my = 3.
7(y + 3) = 14 + 2(x + 2)
Þ 7y + 21 = 14 + 2x + 4
Þ 2x – 7y = 3 ...(i)
and 4(y – 2) + 3(x – 3) = 2
Þ 4y – 8 + 3x – 9 = 2
Þ 3x + 4y = 19 ...(ii)
Multiplying (i) by 3 and (ii) by 2, we get
(i) Þ 6x – 21y = 9 ...(iii)
(ii) Þ 6x + 8y = 38 ...(iv)
(6x + 8y) – (6x – 21y) = 38 – 9
Þ 29y = 29 Þy=1
(i) Þ 2x – 7(1) = 3 Þ 2x – 7 = 3 Þx=5
Now given 5x – my = 3
Þ 5(5) – m(1) = 3 Þ 25 – m = 3 Þ m = 22
Type II. Equations with Rational Coefficients
x y 5x y
4. Solve the 1 2 4 and 1 2 4 by elimination method.
3 4 6 8
First convert rational coefficients into integral coefficients. (N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem)
x y
Solution : Given equations are 1 =4
3 4
4x 1 3y
Þ = 4 Þ 4x + 3y = 48 ...(i)
12
5x y
and 1 =4
6 8
20 x 1 3 y
Þ = 4 Þ 20x – 3y = 96 ...(ii)
24
Since coefficients of y are same with opposite signs. So adding (iii) and (iv), we get
(4x + 3y) + (20x – 3y) = 48 + 96
Þ 24x = 144 Þx=6
132

4(6) + 3y = 48 Þ 24 + 3y = 48
Þ 3y = 24 Þy=8
x 7
5. Solve 1 y 2 0·8 and 1 10 by the elimination method.
2 y
x 2
2
x x 1 2y
1 y 1 8 Þ 1
8
2 10 2 10
Þ 5x +10y = 8 ...(i)
7 7 y
and = 10 Þ 1 x2
y 10 2
x1
2
2x 1 y 7
Þ 1 Þ 10x + 5y = 7 ...(ii)
2 10
To equate the coefficients of x in both equations, multiply (i) by 2 and then subtract from (ii),
we get
(10x + 5y) – 2(5x + 10y) = 7 – 16
Þ 10x + 5y – 10x – 20y = – 9 Þ – 15y = – 9
19 3
Þ y 2 2
1 15 5
Substituting the value of y in (ii), we get
3
(ii) Þ 10 x 3 5 14 25 = 7
657
Þ 10x + 3 = 7 Þ 10x = 4
4 2
Þ x 1 1
10 5
2 3
Hence x 1 and y 1 is the required solution.
5 5
x y x y 17
6. Solve 1 2 1 1 and 1 2 by elimination method.
2 3 5 4 10
x y
1 =–1 Þ 3x – 2y = – 6 ...(i)
2 3
x y 17
and 1 2 Þ 4x – 5y = – 14 ...(ii)
5 4 10
To equate the coefficients of x, multiply (i) by 4 and (ii) by 3 then subtract, we get
4(3x – 2y) – 3(4x – 5y) = 4(– 6) – 3(– 14)
Þ 12x – 8y – 12x + 15y = – 24 + 42
18
Þ 7y = 18 Þy 1
7
18 2 21 x 1 36
(i) Þ 3 x 3 2 14 5 =–6 Þ =–6
6 7 7 7
Þ 21x – 36 = – 42
Þ 21x = – 42 + 36 = – 6
16 12
Þ x 2 or
21 7
12 18
Hence x 2 and y 1 is the required solution.
7 7
Type III. Equations with Algebraic Coefficients
7. Solve ax + by = 2ab ; bx – ay = b2 – a2 by elimination method.
ax + by = 2ab ...(i)
and bx – ay = b2 – a2 ...(ii)
To equate the coefficients of y, multiply (i) by a and (ii) by b and then add, we get
a(ax + by) + b(bx – ay) = 2a2b + b(b2 – a2)
Þ a2x + aby + b2x – aby = 2a2b + b3 – a2b
b ( a2 1 b2 )
Þ (a2 + b2)x = a2b + b3 = b(a2 + b2) Þ x 2
a2 1 b2
Þ x =b
(i) Þ a(b) + by = 2ab
Þ by = 2ab – ab = ab
Þ y =a
Hence x = b, y = a is the required solution.
134
x y b a
8. Solve 1 2 a 1 b and x 1 y 2 2 ab by elimination method.
a b a b
x y
1 =a+b ...(i)
a b
b a
and x1 y = 2ab ...(ii)
a b
To equate the coefficients of x, multiply (i) by b and subtract from (ii), we get
1 b x 3 a y2 4 b 1 x 3 y 2
5 6 5 6 = 2ab – b(a + b)
7a b 8 7a b8
b a b
Þ x1 y2 x 2 y = 2ab – ab – b2
a b a
1 a 3 12 y 2a1b3y
Þ 4 5 = ab – b2 Þ 4 5 = b(a – b)
6b 7 6 b 7
Þ y = b2
x b2 x
1b =a+b
(i) Þ 1 =a+b Þ
a b a
x
Þ =a+b–b=a Þ x = a2
a
Hence x = a2, y = b2 is the required solution.
NOTE : Students can solve this example in this way also :

x y
(i) Þ 1 =a+b
a b
bx 1 ay
Þ =a+b
ab
Þ bx + ay = ab(a + b) ...(iii)
b a
(ii) Þ x1 y = 2ab
a b
b2 x 1 a2 y
Þ 2 2 ab Þ b2x + a2y = 2ab(a + b) ...(iv)
ab
Multiplying (iii) by b and subtracting from (iv), and solve we get x = a2, y = b2
9. Solve the following system by elimination method :

(a – b)x + (a + b)y = a2 – 2ab – b2, (a + b)(x + y) = a2 + b2
(a – b)x + (a + b)y = a2 – 2ab – b2 ...(i)
and (a + b)(x + y) = a2 + b2
Þ (a + b)x + (a + b)y = a2 + b2 ...(ii)
Since coefficients of y in both equations are same.
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
(a + b)x – (a – b)x = (a2 + b2) – (a2 – 2ab – b2)
Þ x(a + b – a + b) = a2 + b2 – a2 + 2ab + b2
Þ 2bx = 2b2 + 2ab
Þ x =b+a or (a + b)
(i) Þ (a – b)(a + b) + (a + b)y = a2 – 2ab – b2
Þ a2 – b2 + (a + b)y = a2 – 2ab – b2
Þ (a + b)y = a2 – 2ab – b2 – a2 + b2
Þ (a + b)y = – 2ab
1 2ab
Þ y 2
a3b
1 2ab
Hence x = a + b, y 2 is the required solution.
a3b
Type IV. Equations of the form ax + by = c and bx + ay = d where a ¹ b
[i.e., coefficients of x and y in equations are interchanged]
® Obtain the two equations
a x+(b)y=c
and
b x+(a)y=d
®Add and subtract both equations, we get
(a + b) x + (b + a) y = c + d
c1d
Þ x+y 2 ...(i)
a1b
and (a – b)x + (b – a)y = c – d
Þ x–y 2 c1d ...(ii)

a3b
Now again adding and subtracting (i) and (ii) for getting the values of x and y.
136
10. Solve 101x + 99y = 499 and 99x + 101y = 501.

101x + 99y = 499 ...(i)
and 99x + 101y = 501 ...(ii)
Since coefficients of x and y are interchanged. So to get in simple equations,
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
(101x + 99y) + (99x + 101y) = 499 + 501
Þ 200x + 200y = 1000
Þ x+y =5 ...(iii) [Divide both sides by 200]
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
(101x + 99y) – (99x + 101y) = 499 – 501
Þ 2x – 2y = – 2
Þ x–y =–1 ...(iv) [Divide both sides by 2]
Since coefficients of y are same with opposite sign.
Now, again adding (iii) and (iv), we get
(x + y) + (x – y) = 5 + (– 1)
Þ 2x = 4
Þ x =2
Substituting the value of x in (iii), we get
2+y =5 Þ y=3
Hence x = 2, y = 3 is the required solition.
11. Solve 152x – 378y = – 74 and – 378x + 152y = – 604. (N.C.E.R.T.)
152x – 378y = – 74 ...(i)
and – 378x + 152y = – 604 ...(ii)
Since coefficients of x and y are interchanged.
So, adding (i) and (ii), we get
(152x – 378y) + (– 378x + 152y) = – 74 – 604
Þ – 226x – 226y = – 678
Þ x+y =3 ...(iii) [Divide both sides by – 226]
(152x– 378y) – (– 378x + 152y) = – 74 – (– 604)
Þ 530x – 530y = 530
Þ x–y =1 ...(iv) [Divide both sides by 530]
Again, adding (iii) and (iv), we get
(x + y) + (x – y) = 3 + 1
Þ 2x = 4
Þ x =2
Subsituting the value of x in (iii), we get
2+y =3
Þ y =1
3.3.1. Homogeneous Equations
Homogenous equations are those equations in which degree of each term is same. It is of form
a1x + b1y = 0 and a2x + b2y = 0.
Here constant term is 0. The homogeneous system of linear equations is always consistent. It
has two solutions : One is called unique solution or zero solution or trivial solution i.e., x = 0,
y = 0, other has infinitely many solutions.
a1 b
• If 1 1 , then it has unique solution, x = 0, y = 0.
a2 b2
a1 b
• If 1 1 , then it has infinitely many solutions.
a2 b2
12. Solve the pair of equations : 2x 1 3 y 2 0 and 3x 1 8y 2 0.

(N.C.E.R.T.)
2x 1 3y = 0 ...(i)
and 3x 1 8y = 0 ...(ii)
Multiplying (i) by 3 and (ii) by 2 , we get
6 x 1 3y = 0 ...(iii)
6 x 1 4y = 0 ...(iv)
Subtracting (iv) from (iii), we get
( 6 x 1 3y) 2 ( 6 x 2 4 y) = 0
Þ 7y = 0 Þ y = 0
(i) Þ 2x 1 3 (0) = 0
Þ 2x = 0 Þ x = 0
138
Exercise 3.3
Solve the following equations by elimination method :
1. 2x + 3y = 7 and 3x + 4y = 10 2. 3x – 5y – 4 = 0 and 9x – 2y = 7
3. 11x – 5y = – 61 and 3x – 20y = 2 4. 4x + 9y = 5 and 5x – 3y = 1
11 31 x 12 1
5. 3x 1 2y 2 and 1 7 x 2 5 y 3 6. 1 y 2 and 7x + 4y = 2
3 3 2 7 2
x y x 2y y
7. x – y = 3 and 1 2 6 (N.C.E.R.T.) 8. 1 2 3 1 and x 1 2 3
3 2 2 3 3
x y x y x y x y 13
9. 1 2 3 and 1 2 5 10. 1 2 2 and 1 2
7 6 2 3 2 3 3 2 6
11. 0·4x + 0·3y = 1·7 and 0·7x – 0·2y = 0·8 12. 21x + 47y = 110 and 47x + 21y = 162
13. 22x + 25y = 304 and 25x + 22y = 307 14. 65x – 33y = 97 and 33x – 65y = 1
15. 6ax + 6by = 3a + 2b and 6bx – 6ay = 3b – 2a
y
16. ax + by = c and a2x + b2y = c2 17. x 1 2 a 1 b and ax + by = a3 + b3
a b
x 21 y 11 x 21 y 11
18. 2 3 8 and 1 3 9 [Standard]
2 3 3 2
19. The expression ax + by has value 2 if x = 2 and y = 1. It has value 10, if x = 1 and y = – 1
find a and b. [Standard]
20. Solve the following pair of equations by elimination method :
(i) 5x – 3y = 0, 2x + 5y = 0
(ii) 5 x 1 3 y 2 0, 3 x 1 2y 2 0
1
(iii) 7 x 1 5 y 2 0, 2 x 1 y 2 0.
2
Answers
9 5
1. x = 2, y = 1 2. x 1 ,y 1 2 3. x = – 6, y = – 1
13 13
8 7 17 170 1 1
4. x 1 ,y 1 5. x 2 ,y 2 6. x 1 ,y 1
19 19 87 87 7 4
7. x = 9, y = 6 8. x = 2, y = – 3 9. x = 14, y = 6
10. x = 2, y = 3 11. x = 2, y = 3 12. x = 3, y = 1
1 1
13. x = 7, y = 6 14. x = 2, y = 1 15. x 1 ,y 1
2 3
c(b 1 c ) c(c 1 a )
16. x 2 ,y 2 17. x = a2, y = b2
a( b 1 a ) b( b 1 a )
18. x = 7, y = 13 19. a = 4, b = – 6
20. (i) x = 0, y = 0 (ii) x = 0, y = 0 (iii) x = 0, y = 0
3.4. CROSS MULTIPLICATION METHOD (GENERAL SOLUTION)

Let us solve the system of equations
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...(i)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ...(ii)
a1 b
where 1 1 i.e., (a1b2 – a2b1) ¹ 0.
a2 b2
Multiplying (i) by a2 and (ii) by a1, we get

(i) Þ a1a2x + a2b1y + a2c1 = 0 ...(iii)
(ii) Þ a1a2x + a1b2y + a1c2 = 0 ...(iv)
(a1b2 – a2b1)y + (a1c2 – a2c1) = 0
Þ (a1b2 – a2b1)y = – (a1c2 – a2c1)
1y 1
or 1 ...(v)
a1 c2 1 a2 c1 a1 b2 2 a2 b1
Similarly multiplying (i) by b2 and (ii) by b1, we get

(i) Þ a1b2x + b1b2y + b2c1 = 0 ...(vi)
(ii) Þ a2b1x + b1b2y + b1c2 = 0 ...(vii)
Subtracting eqn. (vii) from eqn. (vi), we get
(a1b2 – a2b1)x + (b2c1 – b1c2) = 0
Þ x(a1b2 – a2b1) = – (b2c1 – b1c2)
x 1
Þ 1 ...(viii)
b1 c2 1 b2 c1 a1 b2 2 a2 b2
Combining (v) and (viii), we get
x 1y 1
2 2
b1 c2 1 b2 c1 a1 c2 1 a 2 c1 a1 b2 1 a 2 b1
140
ALGORITHM :
• Consider the two equations.
• Shift all terms on LHS in both equations.
i.e., a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
• Write coefficients of x,y and constant term in the following way :
x 1y 1
2 2
Coefficients of y Coefficients of x Coefficients of x and y
and constant term and constant term
b1 c1 a1 c1 a1 b1
b2 c2 a2 c2 a2 b2
• The arrows between two numbers indicate that the numbers are to be multiplied.
• Multiply the numbers with downward arrows and from their product subtract the
product of the numbers with upward arrow.
x 1y 1
2 2
b1 c2 1 b2 c1 a1 c2 1 a2 c1 a1 b2 1 a2 b1
From 1st and 3rd, we get
x 1 b1 c2 1 b2 c1
1 Þ x 2
b1 c2 1 b2 c1 a1 b2 2 a2 b1 a1 b2 1 a2 b1
From 2nd and 3rd, we get
1y 1 a2 c1 1 a1 c2
1 Þ y 2
a1 c2 1 a2 c1 a1 b2 2 a2 b1 a1 b2 1 a2 b1
NOTE : If we consider the equations
a1x + b1y = c1
a2x + b2y = c2
Then by cross multiplication, we get
x –y –1
= = {In place of 1, we write – 1}
b1 c1 a1 c1 a1 b1
b2 c2 a2 c2 a2 b2
x 1y 11
Þ 2 2
b1 c2 1 b2 c1 a1 c2 1 a2 c1 a1 b2 1 a2 b1
Type I. Equations with Integral Coefficients
1. Solve the following pair of equations by cross multiplication method :

8x + 5y = 9 and 3x + 2y = 4 (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Rewrite equations as
8x + 5y – 9 = 0
and 3x + 2y – 4 = 0
By cross multiplication, we get
x –y 1
= =
5 –9 8 –9 8 5
2 –4 3 –4 3 2
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
(5 1 24) 2 (2 1 29) (8 3 14) 1 (3 3 19) (8 3 2) 1 (3 3 5)
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
( 1 20) 1 ( 1 18) ( 1 32) 1 ( 1 27) 16 1 15
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
12 15 1
x 1
\ 1 Þx=–2
12 1
1y 1
and 1 Þy=5
15 1
Hence x = – 2, y = 5 is the required solution.
2. Solve the following pair by cross multiplication method :
3x – 4y = 10, 4x + 3y = 5.
3x – 4y – 10 = 0
and 4x + 3y – 5 = 0
By cross multiplication method,
x –y 1
= =
–4 –10 3 –10 3 –4
3 –5 4 –5 4 3
142
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
( 1 4 2 15) 1 ( 1 10 2 3) (3 3 15) 1 (4 3 110) (3 3 3) 1 ( 1 4 3 4)
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
(20) 1 ( 1 30) ( 1 15) 1 ( 1 40) 9 1 ( 1 16)
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
50 25 25
x 1 50
\ 1 Þ x 1 1 2
50 25 25
1y 1 1 25
and 1 Þ y 2 2 11
25 25 25
3. Solve x – 3y = 3x – 1 = 2x – y by cross multiplication method.
Solution : Given system is
x – 3y = 3x – 1 = 2x – y
From Ist and 2nd, we get
x – 3y = 3x – 1
Þ 2x + 3y – 1 = 0 ...(i)
From 2nd and 3rd, we get
3x – 1 = 2x – y
Þ x+y–1 =0 ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), By cross multiplication method
x –y 1
= =
3 –1 2 –1 2 3
1 –1 1 –1 1 1
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
(3 1 21) 2 (1 1 21) (2 3 11) 1 (1 3 11) (2 3 1) 1 (3 3 1)
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
13 21 12 31 213
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
12 11 11
x 1
\ 1 Þx=2
12 21
1y 1
and 1 Þy=–1
11 21
4. Solve the following pair by cross multiplication method :
4x – 3y – 21 = 0 and 5x + 2y – 9 = 0
4x – 3y – 21 = 0 and 5x + 2y – 9 = 0
By cross multiplication method, we get
x –y 1
= =
–3 –21 4 –21 4 –3
2 –9 5 –9 5 2
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
( 1 3 2 19) 1 (2 2 121) (4 3 19) 1 (5 3 121) (4 3 2) 1 (5 3 13)
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
27 1 ( 1 42) ( 1 36) 1 ( 1 105) (8) 1 ( 1 15)
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
69 69 23
x 1 69
\ 1 Þ x 1 1 3
69 23 23
1y 1 1 69
and 1 Þ y 2 2 13
69 23 23
Type II. Equations with Rational Coefficients
y 8 x 3y 15
5. Solve 4 x 1 2 and 2 3 by cross multiplication method.
3 3 2 4 2
y 8
4x 1 1
3 3
12 x 1 y 8
Þ 1
3 3
Þ 12x + y = 8 or 12x + y – 8 = 0 ...(i)
x 3y 15 2x 1 3y 15
and 1 2 Þ 2
2 4 2 4 2
144
Þ 2x + 3y = – 10 or 2x + 3y + 10 = 0 ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii) By cross multiplication method, we get
x –y 1
= =
1 –8 12 –8 12 1
3 10 2 10 2 3
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
(1 1 10) 2 (3 1 28) (12 3 10) 1 (2 3 18) (12 3 3) 1 (1 3 2)
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
10 1 ( 1 24) (120) 1 ( 1 16) 36 1 2
x 1 y 1
Þ 2 2
34 136 34
x 1 34
\ 1 Þ x 1 11
34 34 34
1y 1 1 136
and 1 Þ y 2 2 14
136 34 34
Hence x = 1, y = – 4 is the requred solution.
x y x y 19
6. Solve the pair of linear equations : 1 2 4 and 1 2 .
6 15 3 12 4
x y 5x 1 2y
1 =4 Þ =4
6 15 30
Þ 5x + 2y = 120 or 5x + 2y – 120 = 0 ...(i)
x y 19 4x 1 y 19
and 1 1 Þ 1
3 12 4 12 4
Þ 4x – y = 57 or 4x – y – 57 = 0 ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii) By cross multiplication method, we get
x –y 1
= =
2 –120 5 –120 5 2
–1 –57 4 –57 4 –1
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
(2 1 257) 2 ( 2 1 1 2120) (5 3 157) 1 (4 3 1120) (5 3 11) 1 (2 3 4)
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
( 1 114) 1 (120) ( 1 285) 1 ( 1 480) ( 1 5) 1 (8)
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
1 234 195 1 13
x 1 1 234
\ 1 Þ x 2 2 18
1 234 2 13 1 13
1y 1 1 195
and 1 Þ y 2 2 15
195 2 13 1 13
7. Solve the following pair :
4x 1 3 2y 1 3 3x 2 2 5y 1 6
2 3 2 and 2 3 5.
5 3 4 3
4x 1 3 2y 1 3 3(4 x 1 3) 2 5(2 y 1 3)
2 =2 Þ =2
5 3 15
Þ 12x – 9 + 10y – 15 = 30 Þ 12x + 10y = 54
or 6x + 5y – 27 = 0 ...(i) [Divide both sides by 2]
3x 2 2 5y 1 6 3(3 x 1 2) 1 4(5 y 2 6)
and 2 =5 Þ =5
4 3 12
Þ 9x + 6 + 20y – 24 = 60 Þ 9x + 20y – 78 = 0 ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii) By cross multiplication, we get
x –y 1
= =
5 –27 6 –27 6 5
20 –78 9 –78 9 20
x 1y 1
Þ (5 1 278) 2 (20 1 227) 2 (6 3 178) 1 (9 3 127) 2 (6 3 20) 1 (5 3 9)
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
( 1 390) 1 ( 1 540) ( 1 468) 1 ( 1 243) 120 1 45
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
150 1225 75
x 1 150
\ 1 Þ x 1 1 2
150 75 75
1y 1 225
and 1 Þ y 1 1 3
1225 75 75
146
Type III. Equations with Algebraic Coefficients :

x y x y
8. Solve
1 2 a 2 1 b 2 and 2 1 2 2 a 1 b by cross multiplication
a b a b
method. [Standard]
x y bx 1 ay
1 = a2 + b2 Þ = (a2 + b2)
a b ab
Þ bx + ay – (a3b + ab3) = 0 ...(i)
x y b2 x 1 a2 y
and 1 =a+b Þ = (a + b)
a2 b2 a2 b2
Þ b2x + a2y – (a3b2 + a2b3) = 0 ...(ii)
By cross multiplication method :
x –y 1
= =
a –(a3b+ab3) b –(a3b+ab3) b a
a2 –(a3b2+a2b3) b2 –(a3b2+a2b3) b2 a2
x
Þ
{ a 1 2 ( a b 3 a b )} 2 { a 2 1 2 ( a 3 b 3 ab 3 )}
3 2 2 3
1y 1
2 2
{ b 3 1 ( a b 4 a b )} 1 { b 2 3 1 ( a 3 b 4 ab 3 )}
3 2 2 3
( b 3 a2 ) 1 ( a 3 b2 )
x 1y 1
Þ 3 2 3 2 3
2 3 3 2 3 2
2
1 a [ ab 2 b 1 a b 1 b ] 1 b [ a 3 a b 1 a 1 ab ] a b 1 ab 2
2
x 1y 1
Þ 3 2 2
2 3 2 2
2
1 a ( ab 1 a b ) 1 b ( a b 1 ab ) ab ( a 1 b )
x 1y 1
Þ 4
2 4
2
1 a b( b 1 a ) 1 ab ( a 1 b ) ab ( a 1 b )
x 1 a4 b( a 1 b )
\ 4
1 Þ x 2 2 a3
1 a b( b 1 a ) ab ( a 2 b ) ab ( a 1 b )
y 1 ab 4 ( a 1 b )
and 4
1 Þ y 2 2 b3
ab ( a 1 b ) ab ( a 2 b ) ab ( a 1 b )
9. Solve the following pair of linear equations :

2(ax – by) + (a + 4b) = 0 and 2(bx + ay) + (b – 4a) = 0 [Standard]
2ax – 2by + (a + 4b) = 0 and 2bx + 2ay + (b – 4a) = 0
By cross multiplication method :
x –y 1
= =
–2b a+4b 2a a+4b 2a –2b
2a b – 4a 2b b – 4a 2b 2a
x –y 1
= =
{–2b×(b-4a)} {2a×(b – 4a)} (2a×2a)–
–{2a×(a+4b)} –{2b×(a+4b)} (2b×–2b)
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
2 2
2 2
1 2 b 2 8 ab 1 2 a 1 8 ab 2 ab 1 8 a 1 2 ab 1 8 b 4 a 3 4 b2
2
x 1y 1
Þ 2 2
2 2 2
2
1 2( a 2 b ) 1 8( a 3 b ) 4( a 3 b 2 )
2
x 1 1 2( a 2 2 b 2 ) 11
\ 2 2
1 2 2 Þ x 3 3
1 2( a 2 b ) 4( a 2 b ) 2
4( a 2 b ) 2 2
1y 1 8( a 2 1 b 2 )
and 2 2
1 2 2 Þ y 2 2 2
1 8( a 2 b ) 4( a 2 b ) 4( a 2 1 b 2 )
11
Hence x 2 and y = 2 is the required solution.
2
Exercise 3.4
Solve the following pair of linear equations by cross multiplication method :
1. 2x + 3y = 7, 6x – 5y = 11 2. 6x – y = 3, 7x + 4y = 9
3
3. 7x – 2y = 3, 11 x 1 y 2 8 4. 3x – 4y = 10, 4x + 3y = 5
2
x
5. 2x – 3y + 1 = 0, 3x + 4y – 5 = 0 6. 1 y 2 0·8, 2x + y = 1·4
2
x 3x 3x 1 7 2y 1 8 51 x 3 1 2y
7. 1 y 2 6, 1 13 y 8. 1 2 1 1, 1 21
6 4 2 3 3 7
[Standard]
148
2 8 2x 7
9. x1 y 2 , 1 y 2 10. 4 x 2 x 1 y 3 17, 2 y 2 x 1 5 y 2 2 3 2
3 3 5 5 8 3
11. 2x + 3y = 5x – 4y = 8 12. 5x + 3y + 7 = 2x – 3y – 5 = 3x + 4y + 8
4x 1 3 2y 1 3 3x 2 2 5y 1 6
13. 2 3 2, 2 3 5 [Standard]
5 3 4 3
( a 1 b )2
14. ax + by = 1, bx + ay 2 31 [Standard]
a2 1 b2
x y b a
15. 1 2 0; x1 y 2 b1a
a b a b
16. ax + by = c, bx + ay = 1 + c.
Answers
17 5 21 33
1. x 1 ,y 1 2. x 1 ,y 1 3. x = 1, y = 2
7 7 31 31
11 13 2 3
4. x = 2, y = – 1 5. x 1 ,y 1 6. x 1 ,y 1
17 17 5 5
26 15
7. x = 12, y = 8 8. x = – 1, y = – 2 9. x 2 ,y 2
11 11
56 24 12 19
10. x = 4, y = – 4 11. x 1 ,y 1 12. x 2 ,y 2
23 23 5 5
a b
13. x 1 2, y 1 3 14. x 1 2 2
,y 1
a 2b a 2 b2
2
ac 1 bc 1 b ac 1 bc 2 a
15. x = a, y = b 16. x 3 2 2
,y 3
a 1b a2 1 b2
3.5. CONDITIONS FOR CONSISTENCY OR SOLVABILITY ALGEBRAICALLY

Consider the equations
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...(i)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ...(ii)
By cross multiplication method, we get
b1 c2 1 b2 c1 a c 1 a1 c2
x 2 , y 2 2 1
a1 b2 1 a2 b1 a1 b2 1 a2 b1
Now the following cases arise :
a1 b
Case I. When a1b2 – a2b1 ¹ 0 i.e., 1 1 , then the system has a unique solution
a2 b2
(independent solution)
a1 b
Case II. When a1b2 – a2b1 = 0 i.e., 1 1 = k(say)
a2 b2
Þ a1 = ka2 and b1 = kb2
Substituting these values in (i) and (ii), we get
1 c1
k(a2x + b2y) + c1 = 0 Þ a2x + b2y 2 ...(iii)
k
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 Þ a2x + b2y = – c2 ...(iv)
From (iii) and (iv), we get
1 c1
= – c2 Þ c1 = kc2
k
Thus, we have a1 = ka2, b1 = kb2 and c1 = kc2.
Substituting these values in (i), we get
k(a2x + b2y + c2) = 0
Þ a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
This equation is same as equation (i). So, every solution of one of these equations is a solution
of the other and vice-versa.
Thus, in this case, the system has infinitely many solutions.
a1 b c
Hence, if 1 1 1 1 1 k , then the given system has infinitely many solutions
a2 b2 c2
(dependent solutions).
a1 b c
Case III. If 1 1 1 k and 1 1 k
a2 b2 c2
a1 b c
i.e., 1 1 2 1 , then the given system of equations has no solution i.e, inconsistent.
a2 b2 c2
For equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
150
Serial No. Algebraically Graphically Solution

a1 b
1. 1 1 Intersecting lines Unique solution (consistent)
a2 b2
a1 b c
2. 1 1 1 1 Coincident lines Infinitely many solutions (consistent)
a2 b2 c2
a1 b c
3. 1 1 2 1 Parallel lines No solution (inconsistent)
a2 b2 c2
1. Which of the following pairs of linear equations has unique solution, no
solution, infinitely many solutions. (N.C.E.R.T.)
(i) x – 3y – 3 = 0, 3x – 9y – 2 = 0 (ii) 2x + y = 5, 3x + 2y = 8
(iii) 3x – 5y = 20, 6x – 10y = 40 (iv) x – 3y – 7 = 0, 3x – 3y – 15 = 0
Solution : (i) Given equations are x – 3y – 3 = 0 and 3x – 9y – 2 = 0.
Compare both equations with a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 respectively, we
get
a1 = 1, b1 = – 3, c1 = – 3 ; a2 = 3, b2 = – 9, c2 = – 2
a1 1 b1 13 1 c 13 3
Now 1 ; 2 2 ; 1 2 2
a2 3 b2 19 3 c2 12 2
a1 b1 c
Þ 1 2 1
a2 b2 c2
Hence, the given system has no solution.
(ii) Given equations are 2x + y – 5 = 0 and 3x + 2y – 8 = 0.
Compare both equations with a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 respectively,
we get
a1 = 2, b1 = 1, c1 = – 5 ; a2 = 3, b2 = 2, c2 = – 8
a1 2 b1 1 a1 b
Now 1 ; 1 Þ 1 1
a2 3 b2 2 a2 b2
Hence, the given system has unique solution.
(iii) Given equations are 3x – 5y – 20 = 0 and 6x – 10y – 40 = 0.
Compare these equations with a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 respectively,
we get
a1 = 3, b1 = – 5, c1 = – 20 ; a2 = 6, b2 = – 10, c2 = – 40
a1 3 1 b1 15 1
Now 1 1 ; 2 2
a2 6 2 b2 1 10 2
c1 1 20 1 a1 b1 c
and 2 1 Þ 1 1 1
c2 1 40 2 a2 b2 c2
Hence, the given system has infinitely many solutions.
(iv) Given equations are x – 3y – 7 = 0 and 3x – 3y – 15 = 0.
Compare these equations with a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 respectively,
we get
a1 = 1, b1 = – 3, c1 = – 7 ; a2 = 3, b2 = – 3, c2 = – 15
a1 1 b1 13 a1 b
Now 1 ; 2 21 Þ 1 1
a2 3 b2 13 a2 b2
Hence, the given system has unique solution.
2. For which values of p does the pair of equations has unique solution
4x + py + 8 = 0 and 2x + 2y + 2 = 0. (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Here a1 = 4, b1 = p ; a2 = 2, b2 = 2
Given that pair has a unique solution
a1 b1
\ 1
a2 b2
4 p
Þ 1 Þ p¹4
2 2
Hence, for all values of p, except 4, the given pair of equations have a unique solution.
3. For what value of ‘a’ will the following pair of linear equations have no
solution ?
3x + y = 1 ; (2a – 1)x + (a – 1)y = (2a + 1)
Solution : Given equations are 3x + y – 1 = 0 and (2a – 1)x + (a – 1)y – (2a + 1) = 0
Here a1 = 3, b1 = 1, c = – 1, a2 = (2a – 1), b2 = (a – 1), c2 = – (2a + 1).
a1 b c
We know that the system of equations has no of solution if 1 1 2 1
a2 b2 c2
3 1 11
Þ 2 3
2a 1 1 a 11 1 (2 a 4 1)
3 1 1 1
i.e., 1 and 1
2a 1 1 a 21 a 11 2a 2 1
3 1
Now, 1 Þ 3a – 3 = 2a – 1 Þ a=2
2a 1 1 a 21
152
1 1 1 1
Clearly for a = 2, we have 1 i.e., 1 or 1 1 1 (True)
a 11 2a 2 1 2 21 2(2) 3 1 5
Hence, the given system has no solution for a = 2.
4. For what value of k, the following system has infinitely many solutions :
(k – 1)x + 3y = 7 and (k + 1)x + 6y = 5k – 1.
Solution : Compare given equations with a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2y + c2 = 0
Here a1 = k – 1, b1 = 3, c1 = – 7, a2 = k + 1, b2 = 6, c2 = – (5k – 1)
For infinitely many solutions :
a1 b1 c
1 1 1
a2 b2 c2
k 11 3 17 7
Þ 2 2 2
k 21 6 1 (5 k 1 1) 5k 1 1
k 11 3 1 3 1 7
Þ 1 = and = 1
k 21 6 2 6 2 5k 2 1
k 11 1
Now, 1 Þ 2k – 2 = k + 1 Þ k = 3
k 21 2
1 7
and 1 Þ 5k – 1 = 14 Þ k=3
2 5k 2 1
Hence for infinitaly many solutions ; k = 3
5. Find the values of m for which the following system has coincident lines or
dependent solution x + (m + 1)y = 5 and (m + 1)x + 9y = 8m – 1.
Solution : The given system has coincident lines.
Þ There are infinitely many solutions.
Here a1 = 1, b1 = m + 1, c1 = – 5, a2 = (m + 1), b2 = 9, c2 = – (8m – 1)
For infinitely many solutions ;
a1 b1 c 1 m 11 25 5
1 1 1 Þ 3 3 3
a2 b2 c2 m 11 9 2 (8 m 2 1) 8m 2 1
1 m 11 1 5
Þ 2 and 1
m 11 9 m 21 8m 3 1
1 m 11
Now 2
m 11 9
Þ (m + 1)2 = 9 Þ m+1=±3 Þ m = 2, – 4
1 5
and 1 Þ 8m – 1 = 5m + 5 Þ 3m = 6 Þm=2
m 11 8m 2 1
Hence, m = 2 is the common solution.
So, m = 2 is the required value.
6. For what values of k will the following pair of linear equations have
infinitely many solutions ?
kx + 3y – (k – 3) = 0 and 12x + ky – k = 0. (N.C.E.R.T.)
a1 k b1 3 c1 1 ( k 1 3) k 13
Solution : Here 1 ; 1 , 2 2
a2 12 b 2 k c2 1k k
For infinitely many solutions,
a1 b1 c k 3 3 k 13
1 1 1 Þ 1 and 2
a2 b2 c2 12 k k k
k 3
Now 1 Þ k2 = 36 Þ k=±6
12 k
3 k 13
and 2 Þ 3k = k2 – 3k Þ k2 – 6k = 0
k k
Þ k(k – 6) = 0 Þ k = 0, 6
\ k = 6 is the common solution.
Hence, k = 6 is the required solution for the given system.
7. For what value of ‘k’, the system of equations kx + 3y = 1, 12x + ky = 2
has no solution. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2011)
Solution : Here a1 = k, b = 3, c1 = – 1
and a2 = 12, b2 = k1 c2 = – 2
Condition for no solution is
a1 b1 c k 3 11 1
1 2 1 Þ 2 3 or
a2 b2 c2 12 k 12 2
k 3
Now, 1 Þ k2 = 36 Þ k=±6
12 k
3 1
and 1
k 2
Þ k ¹6
\ k = – 6 is the required solution.
154
8. Find the values of m and n so that the following system of linear equations
have infinite number of solutions :
(2m – 1)x + 3y – 5 = 0, 3x + (n – 1)y – 2 = 0. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2013)
Solution : For infinitely many solutions :
a1 b1 c
1 1 1
a2 b2 c2
2m 1 1 2 3 2 1 5 5
Þ or
3 n 1 1 1 2 2
2m 1 1 5 17
\ 1 Þ 4m – 2 = 15 Þ m 1
3 2 4
3 5 11
and 1 Þ 6 = 5n – 5 Þ n 1
n 11 2 5
17 11
Hence m 1 ,n 1 .
4 5
9. For which values of a and b does the following pair of linear equations
have infinite number of solutions : 2x + 3 = 7 ; (a – b)x + (a + b)y = 3a + b – 2.
(N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : For infinitely many solutions,
a1 b1 c
1 1 1
a2 b2 c2
2 3 17 7
Þ 2 2 or
a1b a3b 1 (3 a 3 b 1 2) 3a 1 b 2 2
2 3
\ 1 Þ 2a + 2b = 3a – 3b Þ a = 5b ...(i)
a1b a2b
3 7
and 1 Þ 9a + 3b – 6 = 7a + 7b
a1b 3a 2 b 3 2
Þ 2a – 4b –6 =0
Þ 2(5b) – 4b –6 =0 [By (i)]
Þ 10b – 4b –6 =0
Þ 6b –6 =0
Þ b = 1, Put this value in (i), we get
a = 5(1) = 5
Hence a = 5, b = 1.
10. For which values of p and q will the following pair of linear equations
have infinitely many solutions : 4x + 5y = 2 and (2p + 7q)x + (p + 8q)y = 2q – p + 1.
Solution : For infinitely many solutions,
a1 b1 c
1 1 1
a2 b2 c2
4 5 12 2
Þ 2 2 or
2 p 1 7q p 3 8q 1 (2 q 1 p 3 1) 2q 1 p 2 1
4 5
\ 1 Þ 4p + 32q = 10p + 35q
2 p 1 7q p 2 8q
Þ 6p = – 3q Þ q = – 2p ...(i)
1 2
and 1 Þ 10q – 5p + 5 = 2p + 16q
p 2 8q 2q 2 p 3 1
Þ – 7p – 6q + 5 = 0 Þ – 7p – 6(– 2p) + 5 = 0 [By (i)]
Þ – 7p + 12p + 5 = 0 Þ 5p + 5 = 0 Þ p = – 1
Put this value in (i), we get
q = – 2(– 1) = 2
Hence p = – 1, q = 2.
11. Given the linear equation 3x + 4y – 8 = 0, write another linear
equations in two variables such that system of both equations has
(i) Unique solution (independent solution)
(ii) Infinitely many solutions (dependent solution)
(iii) No solution.
Solution : Given linear equation is 3x + 4y – 8 = 0.
Here, there are many possible answers in each case. We will write one of the solution.
(i) We know that lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 has a unique solution if
a1 b
1 1
a2 b2
\ one possible pair of unique solution is
3x + 4y – 8 = 0
and 2x – 3y + 5 = 0
(ii) a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 an a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 has infinitely many solutions if
a1 b1 c
1 1 1
a2 b2 c2
156
i.e., coefficients of variables and constant term is multiple of any fixed number.
\ one possible pair is
3x + 4y – 8 = 0, 6x + 8y – 16 = 0
a1 b1 c
(iii) a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 has no solution if 1 2 1
a2 b2 c2
i.e., coefficients of variables are multiples of any fixed number not of constant term.
\ one possible solution is
3x + 4y – 8 = 0, 6x + 8y + 10 = 0
Exercise 3.5
1. In each of the following, find whether the system has unique solution, no solution and infinitely
many solutions :
(i) 4x – 3y = 5, 2x + 5y = 6
(ii) 3x – 2y = 5, 6x – 4y = 7
(iii) 5x + 6y = 8, 10x – 12y = 12 (iv) 7x + 3y = 5, 21x + 9y = 15
(v) 3x + 2y = 4, – 9x – 6y = 12
2. For what value of k, the following system has unique solution or represent intersecting lines :
(i) kx + 2y = 5, 3x + 2y = 1 (ii) 4x + 5y = 3, 8x + ky = 5
(iii) x + 3y – 3 = 0, 5x + ky + 7 = 0 (iv) kx + 4y – 3 = 0, 9x + ky – 7 = 0
3. For what value of k, the following system has no solution or represent parallel lines :
(i) 8x + 5y = 9, kx + 10y = 8 (ii) 4x + 3y = 3, 8x + ky – 5 = 0
(iii) kx + 3y = 3, 12x + ky = 6 (iv) kx + 2y = 5, 3x – 4y = 10
4. For what value of a, the following system of equations has infinitely many solutions or
represent coincident lines :
(i) 7x – y = 5, 21x – 3y = a (ii) ax + 3y = 2a + 1, 2(a + 1)x + 9y = 7a + 1
(iii) x + (2a – 1)y = 4, ax + 6y = a + 6 (iv) 2x + (a – 2)y = a, 6x + (2a – 1)y = (2a + 5)
5. For what values of m and n, the following system of linear equations has dependent solution :
(i) (m – 1) + 3y = 2, 6x + (1 – 2n)y = 6
(ii) 3x + 4y = 12, (m + n)x + 2(m – n)y – 5m + 1 = 0
(iii) 2x – 3y = 7, (m + n)x – (m + n – 3)y – 4m – n = 0
(iv) 2x – y = 5, (m – 2n)x – (m + n)y = 15
6. For what values of l, the following system of equations has a non-zero solution :
(i) 3x – ly = 0, 2x + 3y = 0 (ii) 4x + ly = 0, lx + 9y = 0
(iii) 5x – 3y = 0, lx + 5y = 0
7. For what values of l, the following system of equations has a zero solution :
(i) 4x + ly = 0, 2x – 5y = 0 (ii) lx – 3y = 0, 4x + ly = 0
(iii) 5x + 3y = 0, lx – 3y = 0

(i) Find k if x – 2y = 3 and 3x + ky = 1 has a unique solution is
(a) k = 6 (b) k ¹ 6
(c) k ¹ – 6 (d) k = – 6.
(ii) The value of c for which pair of equations cx – y = 2, 6x – 2y = 3 have infinitely many
solutions
(a) 3 (b) – 3
(c) – 12 (d) 12.
(iii) If lines 3x + 2ky = 2, 2x + 5y + 1 = 0 are parallel then k =
5 2
(a) 1 (b)
4 5
15 3
(c) (d) .
4 2
(iv) For what value of p, 3x – y + 8 = 0 and 6x – py = – 16 represent coincident lines ?
1 1
(a) (b) 1
2 2
(c) 2 (d) – 2.
(v) For what value of k, kx + 3y – (k – 3) = 0 and 12x + ky – k = 0 represent coincident
lines
(a) 0 (b) 6
(c) 0, 6 (d) – 6.
Answers
1. (i) Unique solution (ii) No solution (iii) Unique solution (iv) Infinitely many solutions
(v) No solution.
2. (i) k ¹ 3 (ii) k ¹ 10 (iii) k ¹ 15 (iv) k ¹ ± 6
13
3. (i) k = 16 (ii) k = 6 (iii) k = – 6 (iv) k 2
2
4. (i) a = 15 (ii) a = 2 (iii) a = 2 (iv) a = 5
5. (i) m = 3, n = – 4 (ii) m = 5, n = 1 (iii) m = – 5, n = – 1 (iv) m = 4, n = – 1
19 1 25
6. (i) l 2 (ii) l = ± 6 (iii) l 2
2 3
7. (i) l ¹ – 10 (ii) For every value of l (iii) l ¹ – 5
8. (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (c) (iv) (c) (v) (b)
158
3.6. EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

In this section, we shall discuss the solution of such pairs of equations which are not linear but
can be solved like linear or can be reduced to linear form by making some suitable substitutions.We
explain these process through some examples :
a1 b a b
Type I. Equations of form 1 1 = c1 and 2 1 2 = c2, x ¹ 0, y ¹ 0
x y x y
1 1
To convert this form to linear, we replace = u and y = v and then solve with any above
x
discussed method :
1. Solve the pair of equations :
2 3 5 4
1 1
x y = 13 and x y = – 2, x ¹ 0, y ¹ 0 [Standard] (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Rewrite given equation as :
1 112 112 112

2 14 25 3 3 4 5 = 13 ...(i) and 5 4 5 3 4 4 5 = – 2 ...(ii)
6 x7 6 y7 6 x7 6 y7
The equations are not in form of ax + by + c = 0
1 1
So substituting = u and = v in given equation, we get
x y
(i) Þ 2u + 3v = 13 ...(iii)
and (ii) Þ 5u – 4v = – 2 ...(iv)
Multiplying (iii) by 5 and (iv) by 2 then subtracting, we get
5(2u + 3v) – 2(5u – 4v) = 5 × 13 – 2(– 2)
Þ 23v = 69 Þ v =3
Substituting this value in (iii), we get
(iii) Þ 2u + 3(3) = 13 Þ 2u + 9 = 13
Þ 2u = 4 Þ u=2
1
Since =u=2 Þ x 1 1
x 2
1 1
and =v=3 Þ y 1
y 3
1 1
Hence x 1 , y 1 is the required solution.
2 3
Alternate Method : We can solve these equations without substituting or reducing to linear
form as follows :
2 3
Given, equations are x 1 y = 13 ...(i)
5 4
and 1 =–2 ...(ii)
x y
Multiplying (i) by 5 and (ii) by 2, and subtracting, we get
12 32 15 42
5 5 3 6 4 2 5 4 6 = 5 × 13 – 2 × (– 2)
7 x y8 7 x y8
15 8 23 1
Þ 1 Þ Þ y 1
y y = 65 + 4 y = 69 3
2 3 2
1 = 13 Þ 1 9 = 13
x 1 x
3
2 1
Þ =4 Þ x 1
x 2
1 1
Hence x 1 ,y 1 is the required solution.
2 3
a2 b2 a2 b ab 2
2. Solve 1 = 0 and 1 = a + b, [Standard]
x y x y
(A.I.C.B.S.E. 2011)
1 1
Solution : Put = u and y = v in the given equation, we get
x
a2u – b2v = 0 ...(i) and a2b u + ab2 v = a + b ...(ii)
Mulitiplying (i) by b and subtracting from (ii), we get
(a2bu + ab2v) – b(a2u – b2v) = a + b – 0
Þ ab2v – b3v = a + b
Þ b2v (a + b) = a + b
a3b 1
Þ v 4 2
1
b 1a 3 b2 b2
Substituting the value of v in (i), we get
1 1 2
a2u – b2· 3 2 4 = 0
5b 6
160
1
Þ a2u – 1 = 0 Þ u 1
a2
1 1
Since u 1 1 2 Þ x = a2
x a
1 1
and v 1 1 2 Þ y = b2
y b
a1 b1 a2 b2
Type II. Equations of form 1 = c1 and 1 = c2 ; x ¹ 0, y ¹ 0.
x y x y
1 1
To convert this form to linear, we replace = u and = v and then solve
x y
or we can directly apply elimination method without reducing it into linear.
2 3 4 9
3. Solve 1 = 2 and 1 = – 1. [Standard] (N.C.E.R.T.)
x y x y
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
Solution : Given equations are 2 4 5 3 34 5 = 2 and 4 4 5 3 94 5 =–1
6 x 7 6 y 7 6 x 7 6 y 7
1 1
Put = u and = v in the given equations, we get
x y
2u + 3v = 2 ...(i)
and 4u – 9v = – 1 ...(ii)
Mulitplying (i) by 2 and subtracting from (ii), we get
(4u – 9v) – 2 × (2u + 3v) = – 1 – 2 × 2
Þ 4u – 9v – 4u – 6v = – 1 – 4
1
Þ – 15v = – 5 Þ v 1
3
Substituting this value in (i), we get
112
2u + 3 3 4 = 2 Þ 2u + 1 = 2
536
1
Þ 2u = 1 Þ u 1
2
1 1
Since u 1 1 Þ x =2
x 2
1 1
Þ x =4 and v 1 1
y 3
Þ y =3 Þ y =9
a1 b1 a2 b2
Type III. Equation of form 1 = c1 and 1 = c2, where x ¹ p, q.
x2 p y2q x2 p y2q
1 1
In this form, replace = u and = v and then solve with any suitable method or
x1 p y1q
we can solve it directly by elimination method.
4. Solve the following system :
5 1 6 3
1 = 2 and 1
x21 y22 x11 y 1 2 = 1 [Standard] (N.C.E.R.T., A.I.C.B.S.E. 2011)
1 1
Solution : Put = u and y 1 2 = v, in the given equations, we get
x 11
5u + v = 2 ...(i)
and 6u – 3v = 1 ...(ii)
Mulitplying (i) by 3 and adding with (ii), we get
3(5u + v) + (6u – 3v) = 3 × 2 + 1
Þ 15u + 3v + 6u – 3v = 6 + 1
1
Þ 21u = 7 Þ u 1
3
Substituting this value in (ii), we get
1
6 14 52 3 3 v = 1 Þ 2 – 3v = 1
637
1
Þ 3v = 2 – 1 = 1 Þ v 1
3
Since u 1 1 1 Þ x–1 =3
1
x 21 3
Þ x =4
1 1
and v 1 1
y22 3
Þ y–2 =3 Þ y =5
NOTE : This example we can solve directly as we have solved example 1 (alternate method.)
162
a1 b1 a2 b2
Type IV. Equations of form : 1 = c1 ; 1 = c2
px 1 qy rx 1 sy px 1 qy rx 1 sy
1 1
In this form, Put = u and = v, then solve with any method.
px 1 qy rx 1 sy
10 2 15 5
5. Solve : 1 = 4 and 1 = – 2. [Standard]
x1 y x2 y x2 y x1 y
(N.C.E.R.T.)
1 1
Solution : Put = u and = v in the given equations, we get
x1 y x1 y
10u + 2v = 4 ...(i)
and 15u – 5v = – 2 ...(ii)
Multiplying (i) by 5 and (ii) by 2 then adding, we get
5(10u + 2v) + 2(15u – 5v) = 4 × 5 + 2 × (– 2)
Þ 50u + 30u = 20 – 4 Þ 80u = 16
1
Þ u 1
5
Substituting the value of u in (i), we get
1
10 1 2 2v = 4 Þ 2 + 2v = 4
5
Þ 2v = 4 – 2 = 2 Þ v =1
1 1
Since u 1 1 Þ x+y =5 ...(iii)
x2 y 5
1
and v 1 =1 Þ x–y =1 ...(iv)
x2 y
Adding (iii) and (iv), we get
(x + y) + (x – y) = 5 + 1
Þ 2x = 6 Þ x =3
3+y =5 Þ y =5–3=2
1 1 3 1 1 11
1 1 and 3 2 . [Standard]
3x 1 y 3x 2 y 4 2 1 3x 4 y2 2 1 3x 3 y 2 8
1 1
Solution : Put = u and = v in the given equations, we get
3x 1 y 3x 1 y
u+v 1 3 ...(i)
4
1 1 11 u1v 11
and u1 v 2 Þ 2
2 2 8 2 8
Þ u – v 2 11 ...(ii)
4
3 2 11 3 3 11 2 1 1
(u + v) + (u – v) 4 56 7 Þ 2u 2 2 2 Þu 1
4 8 4 9 4 4 2 4
1 3 3 1 2 1
1v 1 Þ v 1 2 1 1
4 4 4 4 4 2
1 1
Since u 1 1
4 3x 2 y
Þ 3x + y = 4 ...(iii)
1 1
and v 1 1
2 3x 2 y
Þ 3x – y = 2 ...(iv)
Solving (iii) and (iv) for x and y, we get
x = 1, y = 1
Type V. Equation is of form a1x + b1y = c1xy and a2x + b2y = c2xy.
In this form, we have two cases :
Case I : If x = 0, then by substituting value of x, we get y = 0
Case II : If x ¹ 0 and y ¹ 0, then we solve it by reducing into linear form or directly by
elimination method.
6x + 3y = 6xy and 2x + 4y = 5xy [Standard] (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : In this system, two cases of solution arise :
Case I : If we put x = 0 in either of two of the equations, we get y = 0.
Thus x = 0, y = 0 form one solution of given system
Case II : If x ¹ 0, y ¹ 0, then divide the given equations by xy, we get
6 3 2 4
1 =6 ...(i) and 1 =5 (ii)
y x y x
1 1
Put y = u and x = v in (i) and (ii), we get
164
6u + 3v = 6 ...(iii)
and 2u + 4v = 5 ...(iv)
Multiplying (iv) by 3 and subtracting from (iii), we get
(6u + 3v) – 3(2u + 4v) = 6 – 5 × 3 Þ 3v – 12v = – 9
Þ – 9v = – 9 Þ v =1
Substituting the value of v in (iii), we get
6u + 3(1) = 6
1
Þ 6u = 6 – 3 = 3 Þ u 1
2
1 1
Since u 1 1 Þ y =2
2 y
1
and v =1 1 Þ x =1
x
Hence x = 1, y = 2 is the other solution.
Alternate Method :
Given equations are 6x + 3y = 6xy ...(i)
and 2x + 4y = 5xy ...(ii)
Multiplying (ii) by 3 and subtracting from (i), we get
(6x + 3y) – 3(2x + 4y)= 6xy – 3 × 5xy
Þ 3y – 12y = – 9xy
Þ – 9y = – 9xy Þ x=1
Substitute this value in (i), we get
6(1) + 3y = 6(1)y
Þ 6 + 3y = 6y
Þ 6 = 3y Þ y=2
8. Solve the equations 2x + 3y = 17 and 2x+2 – 3y+1 = 5.

Solution : Given equations are 2x + 3y = 17 ...(i)
and 2x+2 – 3y+1 = 5
Þ 2x.22 – 3y.31 = 5
Þ 4.2x – 3.3y = 5 ...(ii)
Put 2x = u and 3y = v in (i) and (ii), we get
(i) Þ u + v = 17 ...(iii)
(ii) Þ 4u – 3v = 5 ...(iv)
Multiplying (iii) by 3 and adding to (iv), we get

3(u + v) + (4u – 3v) = 3 × 17 + 5
Þ 7u = 56 Þ u =8
Substituting the value of u in (iii), we get
8 + v = 17 Þ v =9
Since u = 2x = 8
Þ 2 x = 23 Þ x =3
and v =3 =9 y
Þ 3 y = 32 Þ y =2
9. Solve the equations
3.2x+1 – 2.3y = – 3 and 2x+2 – 3y+1 = – 7
Solution : Given equations are 3.2x+1 – 2.3y = – 3
Þ 3.2x.21 – 2.3y = – 3 Þ 6.2x – 2.3y = – 3 ...(i)
and 2x+2 – 3y+1 = – 7 Þ 2x.22 – 3y.31 = – 7
Þ 4.2x – 3.3y = – 7 ...(ii)
Put 2x = u and 3y = v in (i) and (ii), we get
(i) Þ 6u – 2v = – 3 ...(iii)
(ii) Þ 4u – 3v = – 7 ...(iv)
Multiplying (iii) by 2 and (iv) by 3 and then subtracting, we get
2 × (6u – 2v) – 3(4u – 3v) = (– 3 × 2) – (– 7 × 3)
Þ 12u – 4v – 12u + 9v = – 6 + 21
Þ 5v = 15 Þ v = 3,
6u – 2 × 3 = – 3
Þ 6u – 6 = – 3 Þ 6u = 3
3 1
Þ u 1 1
6 2
Since u = 2x 1 1
2
Þ 2x = 2–1 Þ x =–1
and v = 3y = 3
Þ 3y = 31 Þ y =1
Hence x = – 1 and y = 1 is the required solution.
166
Exercise 3.6
Solve the following equations :
2 3 1 1 1
1. 1 =2; 1 1 ; x ¹ 0, y ¹ 0 [Standard]
x y x 2y 3
1 1 1 1
2. 1 = – 1, 1 = 8 ; x ¹ 0, y ¹ 0 [Standard]
2x y x 2y
3. 3(2u + v) = 7uv, 3(u + 3v) = 11uv [Standard]
4. 8u – 3v = 5uv, 6u – 5v = – 2uv [Standard]
2 3 3 2 13
5. 1 = 2, 1 1 ; x ¹ 1, y ¹ – 1 [Standard]
x 21 y 11 x 21 y 11 6
5 1 6 3
6. 1 = 2, 1 = 1 ; x ¹ 1, y ¹ 2 [Standard]
x 21 y22 x 11 y12
3 5 11 5 2 7
7. 1 2 , 1 1 [Standard]
x y 6 2 x y 12
6 7 1 5 4 14
8. 1 1 , 1 2 ; x ¹ 0, y ¹ 0 [Standard]
x y 4 3 x y 9
3 5 11 7 3
9. 1 1 , 1 =1 [Standard]
x 21 y 11 4 2 x 11 y 21
6 7 3 1
10. 1 = 3, x 4 y 3 3 1 x 3 y 2 = 0 [Standard]
x2 y x1 y
5 2 15 7
11. 1 = – 1, 1 = 10 [Standard]
x2 y x1 y x1 y x2 y
44 30 55 40
12. x 1 y 1 x 2 y = 10, x 1 y 1 x 2 y = 13 [Standard]
1 5 13 5 3 61
13. 2 1 x 3 2 y 2 3 3 1 3 x 4 2 y 2 2 ,
4 1 x 4 2y2
3
5 13x 3 2y2
1 [Standard]
2 60
1 12 1 7 4
14. 2 1 2 x 3 3 y 2 3 7 1 3 x 4 2 y 2 1 , 2 x 1 3 y 1 3 x 2 2 y = 2 [Standard]
2
xy 1 xy 1
15. x 1 y 1 , x 1 y 1 [Standard]
2 6
xy 1 xy 1
16. 1 , 1 [Standard]
3x 1 9y 11 6 x 1 3 y 7
17. 4.3x – 3.2y = 6, 2.3x + 5.2y = 16 [Standard]
18. 3x+1 – 5.2y = 7, 4.3x – 7.2y = 8 [Standard]
21 47 47 21
19. 1 2 110 , 1 2 162
x y x y
Answers
1
1. x = 2, y = 3 2. x 1 , y 1 1
6 4
3
3. u = 0, v = 0 or u = 1, v 1
2
11 22
4. u = 0, v = 0 or u 1 , v 1
23 31
5. x = 3, y = 2 6. x = 4, y = 5 7. x = 4, y = 9
1 95
8. x = 9, y = 16 9. x = 5, y = 15 10. x 2 , y 2 176
9 9
1 5
11. x = 3, y = 2 12. x = 8, y = 3 13. x 1 , y 1
2 4
11 1 3
14. x = 2, y = 1 15. x 2 ,y 1 16. x = 1, y 1
2 4 2
1
17. x = 1, y = 1 18. x = 2, y = 2 19. x 1 ,y=1
3
3.7. APPLICATIONS TO WORD PROBLEMS

In last section, we have discussed various methods to solve a pair of linear equations, equations
reducible to linear equations, nature of solutions etc.
In this section, we shall learn the applications of simultaneous linear equations in solving
problems related to our day-to-day life. In solving such problems, we use the following steps :
Step 1 : Read the problems carefully and identify the unknown quantities.
Step 2 : Give these quantities a variable name like x, y, etc.
Step 3 : Formulate the equations in terms of the variable to be determined.
Step 4 : Solve the equation obtained by any of the methods learnt earlier.
168
Type I. Number Problems
1. The difference between two numbers is 26 and one number is three times
the other. Find them. (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Let the two numbers be x and y.
Given, difference between two numbers = 26
i.e. x – y = 26 ...(i)
and One number = 3 × (other number)
i.e. x = 3y ...(ii)
Substituting this value of x in (i), we get
(i) Þ 3y – y = 26
Þ 2y = 26 Þ y = 13
x = 3 × 13 = 39
Hence, the numbers are 13 and 39.
2. The sum of thrice the first number and the second number is 142 and
four times the first number exceeds the second number by 138. Find the numbers.
Solution : Let the two numbers be x and y.
Given : 3 × (1st number) + (Second number) = 142
i.e. 3x + y = 142 ...(i)
and 4 ×(1st number) = (Second number) + 138
i.e. 4x = y + 138
Þ y = 4x – 138 ...(ii)
(i) Þ 3x + (4x – 138) = 142
Þ 7x = 142 + 138 = 280
280
Þ x 1 Þ x = 40.
7
y = 4 × 40 – 138 = 160 – 138 = 22
Hence, the numbers are 40 and 22.
Type I. Two-digit Numbers
3. The sum of a two-digit number and the number obtained by reversing the
digits is 66. If the digits of the number differ by 2, find the number. How many such numbers
are there ? (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Let the digit in unit place be x and tens place be y.
Then, Two-digit number= y tens + x ones = 10y + x

After reversing the digits, two digit number = x tens + y ones = 10x + y
Given : (Two-digit number) + (Two-digit number by reversing digits) = 66
i.e. (10y + x) + (10x + y) = 66
Þ 11x + 11y = 66
Þ x+y =6 ...(i) (Divide both sides by 11)
and Difference of digits = 2
Here two cases are arise :
Case I : x–y =2 ...(ii)
Case II : y–x =2 ...(iii)
Case I : Adding (i) and (ii), we get
(x + y) + (x – y) = 6 + 2
Þ 2x = 8 Þ x=4
Substituting this value of x in (i), we get
(i) Þ 4+y =6 Þ y=2
\ Two digit number = 10y + x = 10 × 2 + 4 = 24
Case II : Adding (i) and (iii), we get
(x + y) + (y – x) = 6 + 2
Þ 2y = 8 Þ y=4
Substituting this value of y in (i), we get
x+4 =6 Þ x=2
\ Two digit number = 10y + x = 10 × 4 + 2 = 42
Hence, there are two numbers 24 and 42.
4. A two digit number is 3 more than four times the sum of its digits. If 18 is
added to the number, the digits are reversed. Find the number.
Solution : Let the digit in unit place be x and in tens place be y.
Then Two digit number = y tens + x ones = 10y + x
After reversing the digits, two-digit number = 10x + y
Given :Two-digit number = 3 + 4 × (Sum of digits)
i.e., 10y + x = 3 + 4 (x + y)
Þ 10y + x – 4x – 4y = 3 Þ – 3x + 6y = 3
Þ x – 2y = – 1 ...(i) (Divide both sides by – 3)
and 18 + (Two-digit number) = (Two digit number by reversing digits)
i.e., 18 + (10y + x) = (10x + y) Þ 9x – 9y = 18
Þ x–y =2 ...(ii) (Divide both sides by 9)
(x – y) – (x – 2y) = 2 – (– 1) Þ y=3
170

(ii) Þ x–3 =2 Þ x=5
Hence, the two digit number = 10 × 3 + 5 = 35.
Type II. Age Problems
5. Five years ago, Nuri was thrice as old as Sonu. Ten years later, Nuri will
be twice as old as Sonu. How old are Nuri and Sonu ? (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Let Nuri’s present age be x years and Sonu’s present age be y years.
According to question 5 years ago, Nuri’s age was (x – 5) years
and Sonu’s age was (y – 5) years
and 10 years later, Nuri’s age will be (x + 10) years
and Sonu’s age will be (y + 10) years.
Given : 5 years ago, (Nuri’s age) = 3 × (Sonu’s age)
i.e., (x – 5) = 3(y – 5) Þ x – 5 = 3y – 15
Þ x – 3y = – 10 ...(i)
and 10 years after, (Nuri’s age) = 2 × (Sonu’s age)
Þ (x + 10) = 2(y + 10) Þ x + 10 = 2y + 20
Þ x – 2y = 10 ...(ii)
(x – 3y) – (x – 2y) = – 10 – 10
Þ – y = – 20 Þ y = 20,
Substituting the value in (ii), we get
(i) Þ x – 2(20) = 10 Þ x = 50
Hence, Nuri’s present age be 50 years and Sonu’s present age be 20 years.
6. Two years ago, Salim was thrice as old as his daughter and six years
later, he will be four years older than twice her age. How old are they now ?
Solution : Let the present age of Salim be x years and of his daughter be y years.
According to Question.Two years ago, Salim’s age was (x – 2) years and his daughter’s age
was (y – 2) years.
and six years later, Salim’s age will be (x + 6) years and his daughter’s age will be (y + 6)
years.
Given : Two years ago, (Salim’s age) = 3 × (Daughter’s age)
i.e. (x – 2) = 3 × (y – 2)
Þ x – 2 = 3y – 6
Þ x – 3y = – 4 ...(i)
and Six years later, (Salim’s age) = 4 + 2 (Daughter’s age)
Þ (x + 6) = 4 + 2(y + 6)
Þ x + 6 = 4 + 2y + 12
Þ x – 2y = 10 ...(ii)
(x – 2y) – (x – 3y) = 10 – (– 4)
Þ y = 14.
(ii) Þ x – 2 (14) = 10
Þ x – 28 = 10 Þ x = 38
Hence, Salim’s present age be 38 years and his daughter’s age be 14 years.
7. The age of the father is twice the sum of the ages of his two children.
After 20 years, his age will be equal to the sum of ages of his children. Find the age of his
father. (N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem, A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012)
Solution : Let the age of father be x years and the sum of ages of 2 children be y years.
Given : (Father’s age) = 2 × (Sum of ages of 2 children)
i.e. x = 2y ...(i)
and After 20 years, (Father’s age) = (Sum of ages of 2 children)
i.e. x + 20 = y + 40*
[As there are 2 children, so sum of both ages will be increased by 40]
Þ x – y = 20
Þ 2y – y = 20 [By (i), x = 2y]
Þ y = 20
x = 2 × 20 = 40
Hence, father’s age is 40 years and sum of ages of his children is 20 years.
Type III. Fraction Problems :
9
8. A fraction becomes , if 2 is added to both the numerator and the
11
5
denominator. If 3 is added to both the numerator and the denominator, it becomes . Find
6
the fraction. (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Let numerator and denominator of fraction be x and y respectively.
x
Then the fraction 1
y
Numerator 1 2 9 x12 9
Given : 1 Þ 1
Denominator 1 2 11 y12 11
Þ 11x + 22 = 9y + 18
Þ 11x – 9y = – 4 ...(i)
172
Also 1 Þ 1
Þ 6x + 18 = 5y + 15
Þ 6x – 5y = – 3 ...(ii)
Multiplying (i) by 6 and (ii) by 11 and then subtracting, we get
6(11x – 9y) – 11(6x – 5y) = 6(– 4) – 11(– 3)
Þ 66x – 54y – 66x + 55y = – 24 + 33
Þ y =9
6x – 5(9) = – 3 Þ 6x – 45 = – 3
Þ 6x = – 3 + 45 = 42
Þ x =7
7
Hence, the fraction is .
9
9. If 2 is subtracted from the numerator and 1 is added to the denominator,

1
a fraction becomes , but when 4 is added to the numerator and 3 is subtracted from the
2
3
denominator, it becomes . Find the fraction. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012)
2
Solution : Let the numerator and denominator of fraction be x and y respectively.
x
Then fraction 1
y
Given : 1 Þ 1
Denominator 2 1 2 y 21 2
Þ 2x – 4 = y + 1
Þ 2x – y = 5 ...(i)
Numerator + 4 3 x14 3
and 1 Þ 1
Þ 2x + 8 = 3y – 9
Þ 2x – 3y = – 17 ...(ii)
Subtracrting (ii) from (i), we get
(2x – y) – (2x – 3y) = 5 – (– 17)
Þ 2x – y – 2x + 3y = 5 + 17
2y = 22 Þ y = 11

2x – 11 = 5 Þ 2x = 16
Þ x =8
Hence the fraction is 8 .

11
10. The sum of numerator and denominator of a fraction is 4 more than twice
the numerator. If the numerator and denominator are increased by 3, they are in ratio 2 : 3. Find
the fraction.
Solution : Let the numerator and denominator of fraction be x and y respectively.
x
Then fraction 1
y
Given : (Numerator) + (Denominator) = 4 + 2 × (Numerator)
i.e. x + y = 4 + 2x
Þ x–y =–4 ...(i)
Numerator + 3 2 x13 2
and 1 Þ 1
Denominator + 3 3 y13 3
Þ 3x + 9 = 2y + 6 Þ 3x – 2y = – 3
Þ 3(– 4 + y) – 2y = – 3 [By (i) ; x = – 4 + y]
Þ – 12 + 3y – 2y = – 3 Þ y =9
(i) Þ x–9 =–4 Þ x =5
5
Hence, the fraction is .
9
Type IV. Money Problems :
11. The coach of a cricket team buys 7 bats and 6 balls for ` 3800. Later,
she buys 3 bats and 5 balls for ` 1750. Find the cost of each bat and each ball. (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Let the cost of each bat and each ball be ` x and ` y respectively.
Given :(Cost of 7 bats) + (Cost of 6 balls) = ` 3800
i.e. 7x + 6y = 3800 ...(i)
and (Cost of 3 bats) + (Cost of 5 balls) = ` 1750
i.e. 3x + 5y = 1750 ...(ii)
Multiplying (i) by 3 and (ii) by 7 and then subtracting, we get
3(7x + 6y) – 7(3x + 5y) = 3 × 3800 – 7 × 1750
Þ 21x + 18y – 21x – 35y = 11400 – 12250
Þ – 17y = – 850 Þ y = 50
174

(i) Þ 7x + 6(50) = 3800 Þ 7x + 300 = 3800
Þ 7x = 3500 Þ x = 500
Hence, cost of each bat be ` 500 and of ball be ` 50.
12. Meena went to a bank to withdraw ` 2000. She asked the cashier to give
her ` 50 and ` 100 notes only. Meena got 25 notes in all. Find how many notes of ` 50 and
` 100 she received. (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Let number of ` 50 and 100 notes be x and y respectively.
Given : Total number of notes = 25
i.e. x + y = 25 ...(i)
and Total amount = ` 2000
i.e.(Amount in ` 50 notes) + (Amount in ` 100 notes) = ` 2000
Þ 50x + 100y = 2000
Þ x + 2y = 40 (Divide both sides by 50)
Þ (25 – y) + 2y = 40 [By (i), x = 25 – y]
Þ 25 + y = 40 Þ y = 15
Substituting the value of y in eqn. (i), we get
(i) Þ x = 25 – 15 = 10
Hence, the number of ` 50 notes be 10 and ` 100 be 15.
13. A man starts his job with a certain monthly salary and earns a fixed
increment every year. If his salary was ` 4500 after 4 years of his service and ` 5400 after 10
years of his service. Find his fixed salary and amount of increment.
Solution : Let the fixed salary be ` x and amount of increment be ` y.
Given : Salary after 4 years = ` 4500
i.e. Fixed salary + Increment of 4 years = ` 4500
Þ x + 4y = 4500 ...(i)
and Salary after 10 years = ` 5400
i.e. Fixed Salary + Increment of 10 years = ` 5400
Þ x + 10y = 5400 ...(ii)
(x + 10y) – (x + 4y) = 5400 – 4500
Þ 6y = 900 Þ y = 150
(i) Þ x + 4(150) = 4500
Þ x + 600 = 4500 Þ x = 3900
Hence, fixed salary be ` 3900 and amount of increment be ` 150.
14. The ratio of incomes of two persons is 11 : 7 and the ratio of their
expenditures is 9 : 5. If each of them manages to save ` 400 per month. Find their monthly
income. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012)
Solution : Let the incomes of two persons be 11x and 7x.
Also their expenditures be 9y and 5y.
Given : Savings = ` 400
i.e. Income – Expenditure = ` 400
Þ 11x – 9y = 400 ...(i)
and 7x – 5y = 400 ...(ii)
Multiplying (i) by 7 and (ii) by 11 they subtracting, we get
7(11x – 9y) – 11(7x – 5y) = 7 × 400 – 11 × 400
77x – 63y – 77x + 55y = 2800 – 4400
Þ – 8y = – 1600 Þ y = 200
(i) Þ 11x – 9 × 200 = 400
Þ 11x – 1800 = 400 Þ 11x = 2200
2200
Þ x 1 = 200
11
Hence, their incomes all 11 × 200 = ` 2200 and 7 × 200 = ` 1400 respectively.
15. A railway half ticket costs half the full fare, but the reservation charges
are the same on a half ticket as on a full ticket. One reserved first class ticket from station A
to station B costs ` 2530. Also, one reserved first class ticket and one reserved first class half
ticket from A to B costs ` 3810. Find the full first class fare from station A to B and also the
reservation charges for a ticket. [Standard] (N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem)
Solution : Let the full first class fare be ` x and the reservation charges for a ticket be ` y.
1 1
According to Question, Cost of half ticket 1 of full fare 1 x
2 2
and Reservation charges on a half ticket = Reservation charges of a full ticket = y
Given : One reserved first class ticket = ` 2530
i.e.Full first class fare + Reservation charges for a ticket = ` 2530
Þ x + y = 2530 ...(i)
Also (One reserved first class ticket)+ (One reserved first class half ticket) = ` 3810
i.e.[(Full first class fare) + (Reservation charges for a ticket)] + [(Half first class fare) +
(Reservation charges fare ticket)] = 3810
11 2
Þ (x + y) + 4 x 3 y 5 = 3810
62 7
176
3 3x 1 4y
Þ x 1 2 y = 3810 Þ = 3810
2 2
Þ 3x + 4y = 7620
Þ 3(2530 – y) + 4y = 7620 [By (i) x = 2530 – y]
Þ 7590 – 3y + 4y = 7620 Þ y = 30
(i) Þ x = 2530 – 30 = 2500
Hence, full first class fare be ` 2500 and the reservation charges be ` 30.
Type V. Mensuration Problems :
16. Find x and y in the following rectangle : (N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem)
x + 3y
3x + y
13
Solution : Since the given figure is a rectangle.

Þ x + 3y = 13 ...(i)
and 3x + y = 7 ...(ii)
Multiplying (i) by 3 and then subtracting from (ii), we get
(3x + y) – 3(x + 3y) = 7 – 3 × 13
Þ 3x + y – 3x – 9y = 7 – 39
Þ – 8y = – 32 Þ y =4
(i) Þ x + 3(4) = 13 Þ x = 13 – 12 = 1
Hence, x = 1, y = 4
17. The area of a rectangle gets reduced by 9 square units, if its length is
reduced by 5 units and breadth is increased by 3 units. If we increase the length by 3 units and
breadth by 2 units, the area increases by 67 square units. Find the dimensions of the rectangle.
Also find its perimeter. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012, N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Let the length and breadth of the rectangle be x and y respectively. Then area of
the rectangle is xy.
Given : (Length – 5) (Breadth + 3) = Area – 9
i.e. (x – 5) (y + 3) = xy – 9
Þ xy – 5y + 3x – 15 = xy – 9
Þ 3x – 5y = 6 ...(i)
and (Length + 3) (Breadth + 2) = Area + 67

i.e. (x + 3) (y + 2) = xy + 67
Þ xy + 2x + 3y + 6 = xy + 67
Þ 2x + 3y = 61 ...(ii)
Multiplying (i) by 3 and (ii) by 5 and then adding, we get
3(3x – 5y) + 5(2x + 3y) = 3 × 6 + 5 × 61
Þ 9x – 15y + 10x + 15y = 18 + 305
Þ 19x = 323 Þ x = 17
(ii) Þ 2(17) + 3y = 61 Þ 34 + 3y = 61
Þ 3y = 27 Þ y =9
Hence, the length and breadth of the rectangle be 17 units and 9 units respectively.
and Perimeter = 2(x + y) = 2 (17 + 9) = 2 × 26 = 52 units
5
18. The perimeter of an isosceles triangle is 32 cm. If each equal side is
6
times the base. Find the area of the triangle.
Solution : Let length of equal side of an isosceles triangle be x cm and of base be y cm.
Given : Perimeter of the triangle = 32 cm
i.e. x + x + y = 32
Þ 2x + y = 32 ...(i)
5
and (Length of equal side) 1 × (Length of base)
6
Þ x 1 5 y ...(ii)
6
5 5
(i) Þ 2 14 y 25 3 y = 32 Þ y 1 y = 32
66 7 3
Þ 5y + 3y = 96 [Multiply both sides by 3]
Þ 8y = 96 Þ y = 12
5
(ii) Þ x 1 2 12 = 10
6
Hence, length of equal side be 10 cm and of base be 12 cm.
1 1
Thus, Area of triangle 1 2 x2 y 1 2 10 2 12 = 60 cm2
2 2
178
19. In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, ÐA = (2x + 4)º, ÐB = (y + 3)º,

ÐC= (2y + 10)º and ÐD = (4x – 5)º, find the four angles.
Solution : Given ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
We know that sum of opposite angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180º.
So ÐA + ÐC = 180º
Þ (2x + 4) + (2y + 10) = 180º
Þ 2x + 2y = 166º
Þ x + y = 83º [Divide both sides by 2] ...(i)
and ÐB + ÐD = 180º
Þ (y + 3) + (4x – 5) = 180º
Þ 4x + y = 182º ...(ii)
(4x + y) – (x + y) = 182º – 83º
Þ 3x = 99º Þ x = 33º
(i) Þ 33º + y = 83 Þ y = 50º
Hence four angles are
ÐA = (2(33) + 4)º = 70º, ÐB = (50 + 3)º = 53º
ÐC = (2(50º) + 10)º = 110º, ÐD = (4(33) – 5)º = 127º
Type IV. Distance, Speed, Time Problems :
20. Places A and B are 100 km apart on a highway. One car starts from A
and another from B at the same time. If the car travels in the same direction at different
speeds, they meet in 5 hours. If they travel towards each other, they meet in 1 hour. What are
the speed of the two cars ? (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Let the speed of both cars be x km/h and y km/h respectively.
Given : Both cars travel in same direction, they meet in 5 hours at C.
5x
A 100 km B 5y C
i.e., (Distance travelled by 1st car) = 100 + (Distance travelled by 2nd car)
Þ AC = 100 + BC
Þ 5x = 100 + 5y
Þ 5x – 5y = 100
Þ x – y = 20 ...(i) (Divide both sides by 5)
Also both cars travelled towards each other and they meet in 1 hour at D.
i.e., (Distance travelled by 1st car) + (Distance travelled by 2nd car) = 100
A 1 12x D 1 12y C
100 km
Þ 1 × x + 1 × y = 100
Þ x + y = 100 ...(ii)
(x – y) + (x + y) = 20 + 100
Þ 2x = 120 Þ x = 60
60 + y = 100 Þ y = 40
Hence, speed of both cars are 60 km/h and 40 km/h.
21. Ankita travels 14 km to her home partly by rickshaw and partly by bus.
She takes half an hour if she travels 2 km by rickshaw and the remaining distance by bus. On
the other hand, if she travels 4 km by rickshaw and the remaining distance by bus, she takes
9 minutes longer. Find the speed of the rickshaw and of the bus.
Solution : Let the speed of the rickshaw be x km/h and of bus be y km/h.
Total distance covered by Ankita = 14 km.
1
Given : Ankita travels 2 km by rickshaw and rest 12 km in 30 minutes or hour.
2
1
i.e., (Time taken by rickshaw) + (Time taken by bus) 1 hour
2
2 12 1 1 Distance 2
Þ 1 1 ...(i) 41 Time 3 5
x y 2 6 Speed 7
Also, she travels 4 km by rickshaw and rest 10 km in 39 minutes (9 minutes longer than previous)
39
i.e., (Time taken by rickshaw) + (Time taken by bus) = 39 minutes or hours
60
4 10 13 1 Distance 2
Þ 1 1 ...(ii) 41 Time 3 5
x y 20 6 Speed 7
Multiplying (i) by 2 and then subtracting from (ii), we get
14 10 2 12 12 2 13 1
6 x 3 y 74256 x 3 y 7 1 223
8 9 8 9 20 2
4 10 4 24 13
Þ 1 2 2 1 21
x y x y 20
114 13 1 20 17
Þ 2 2 Þ – 7y = – 14 × 20 Þ y 3 114 2 20
y 20 20 17
Þ y = 40
180

4 10 13
1 1
x 40 20
4 1 13
Þ 1 1
x 4 20
4 13 1 13 1 5 8
Þ 2 1 2 2
x 20 4 20 20
Þ x = 10
Hence speed of rickshaw is 10 km/h and of bus is 40 km/h.
22. A motor boat can travel 30 km upstream and 28 km downstream in 7
hours. It can travel 21 km upstream and return in 5 hours. Find the speed of the boat in still
water and the speed of the stream. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012)
Solution : Let the speed of the boat in still water be x km/h
and the speed of stream be y km/h.
\speed of boat while going downstream = (x + y) km/h
and speed of boat while going upstream = (x – y) km/h
Given : (Time taken in going 30 km upstream) + (Time taken in going 28 km down-
stream) = 7 hour.
30 28
i.e., 1 =7 ...(i)
x2 y x1 y
Also (Time taken in going 21 km upstream) + (Time taken in going 21 km down stream)
= 5 hours
21 21
i.e., 1 =5 ...(ii)
x2 y x1 y
1
Put =u
x1 y
1
and x 1 y = v in (i) and (ii), we get
30 u + 28 v = 7 ...(iii)
and 21 u + 21 v = 5 ...(iv)
Multiplying (iii) by 3 and (iv) by 4 and then subtracting, we get
3 (30 u + 28 v) – 4 (21 u + 21 v) = 3 × 7 – 4 × 5
Þ 90u + 84v – 84u – 84 v = 21 – 20
1
Þ 6u = 1 Þ u 1
6

1
30 1 2 28 v = 7
6
Þ 5 + 28 v = 7 Þ 28v = 2
1
Þ v 1
14
1 1
Since u 1 1 Þ x–y=6 ...(v)
x2 y 6
1 1
and v 1 1 Þ x + y = 14 ...(vi)
x2 y 14
Solving (v) and (vi), we get x = 10, y = 4
Hence, speed of boat in still water is 10 km/h and speed of stream is 4 km/h.
23. A train covered a certain distance at a uniform speed. If the train would
have been 10 km/h faster, it would have taken 2 hours less than the scheduled time. And, if
the train were slower by 10 km/h, it would have been taken 3 hours more than the scheduled
time. Find the distance covered by the train. [Standard] (N.C.E.R.T)
Solution : Let the speed of the train be x km/h and the time taken by the train be y hours.
So, Distance covered = xy km 11 Speed 3 Distance

Time 2
Given : if (Speed of train is increased by 10 km/h, then it would take 2 hours less
i.e.,(Speed + 10) (Time – 2)= Distance.
Þ (x + 10) (y – 2) = xy
Þ xy – 2x + 10 y – 20 = xy
Þ – 2x + 10y – 20 = 0
Þ x – 5y + 10 = 0 (Divide both sides by (– 2)) ...(i)
and If speed of train is decreased by 10 km/h, it would take 3 hours more.
i.e. (Speed – 10) (Time + 3) = Distance
Þ (x – 10) (y + 3) = xy
Þ xy + 3x – 10y – 30 = xy
Þ 3x – 10y – 30 = 0
Þ 3(5y – 10) – 10y – 30 = 0 (By (i), x = 5y – 10)
Þ 15y – 30 – 10y – 30 = 0
Þ 5y – 60 = 0
Þ y = 12
182

(i) Þ x – 5 (12) + 10 = 0 Þ x = 50
Hence speed of train is 50 km/h and time taken by train is 12 hours. Distance
= 50 × 12 = 600 km
Type VII. Miscellaneous Exercises
24. Yash scored 40 marks in a test, getting 3 marks for each right answer
and losing 1 mark for each wrong answer. Had 4 marks been awarded for each correct
answer and 2 marks been deducted for each incorrect answer, then Yash would have scored
50 marks. How many questions were there in the test ? (N.C.E.R.T.)
Solution : Let the number of right answer questions be x and of wrong answer questions
be y.
Given : (3 marks for each right answer) + (losing 1 mark for each wrong answer) = 40
i.e., 3x + (– 1) y = 40
Þ 3x – y = 40 ...(i)
Also (4 marks for each right answer) + (losing 2 marks for each wrong answer) = 50
i.e., 4x + (– 2y) = 50
Þ 4x – 2y = 50
Þ 2x –y = 25 ...(ii) (Divide both sides by 2)
(3x – y) – (2x – y) = 40 – 25
Þ x = 15
Substituting in (i), we get
(i) Þ 3 (15) – y = 40
Þ y =5
Hence, there are 15 right questions and 5 wrong questions. So there are total 20 questions in
the test.
25. A and B have certain number of apples. A says to B, “ If you give me 30
of your apples, I will have twice as many as left with you.” B replies, “ If you give me 10.
I will have thrice as many as left with you.” How many apples each have ?
Solution : Let A and B have x and y apples respectively.
Given : Condition I : B gives 30 apples to A then A has (x + 30) apples and B has (y – 30)
apples.
Þ x + 30 = 2(y – 30) Þ x + 30 = 2y – 60
Þ x – y = – 60 Þ x – 2y = – 90 ...(i)
Condition II : If A gives 10 apples to B. Then A has (x – 10) apples and B has (y + 10)
apples.
\ y + 10 = 3(x – 10)
Þ 3x – y = 40 ...(ii)
Multiply (ii) by 2 and subtract from (i)

\ x – 2y – 2(3x – y) = – 90 – 2 × 40
Þ x – 2y – 6x + 2y = – 90 – 80
Þ – 5x = – 170 Þ x 2 1170 2 34
15
Put x = 34 in (i), we get
34 – 2y = – 90 Þ – 2y = – 90 – 34
Þ – 2y = – 124
1124
Þ y 2 2 62
12
Hence, A have 34 apples and B have 62 apples.
26. In a deer park, the number of heads and the number of legs of deer and
human visitors were counted and it was found that there were 39 heads and 132 legs. Find the
number of deer and human visitors in the park.
Solution : Let the number of deer be x and the number of human visitors be y.
Given : Total number of heads = 39. Since deer and humans have one head each
Þ x + y = 39 ...(i)
and Total number of legs = 132
since deer has 4 legs and humans have 2 legs.
Þ 4x + 2y = 132
Þ 2x + y = 66 ...(ii) (Divide both sides by 2)
(2x + y ) – (x + y)= 66 – 39
Þ x = 27
Substitute the value of x in (i), we get
(i) Þ 27 + y = 39
Þ y = 12
Hence, number of deer are 27 and human visitors are 12.
27. 2 men and 7 boys can do a piece of work in 4 days while 4 men and
4 boys finish the same work in 3 days. Find the time taken by one man and one boy alone to
finish the work.
Solution : Let one man and one boy can finish the work in x days and y days respectively.
th
112
Then one man’s one day work 3 4 5 part of the work.
6 x7
th
112
and one boy’s one day work 3 4 5 part of the work.
6 y7
184
Given : 2 men and 7 boys complete work in 4 days.
1 th
In 1 day ; (2 men’s work) + (7 boy’s work) 1 part
4
2 7 1
i.e., 1 1 ...(i)
x y 4
Also 4 men and 4 boys complete work in 3 days.
rd
112
In 1 day, (4 men’s work) + ( 4 boy’s work) 3 4 5 part
637
4 4 1
i.e., 1 1 ...(ii)
x y 3
Multiplying (i) by 2 and subtracting from (ii), we get
14 42 12 72 1 1
5 x 3 y 6 – 2 45 x 3 y 6 1 223
7 8 7 8 3 4
4 4 4 14 1 1
Þ x 1 y 2 x 2 y 1 2
3 2
4 14 213
Þ 1 2
y y 6
4 1 14 11 110 11
Þ 2 Þ 2
y 6 y 6
Þ y = 60
Substituting this value of y in (ii), we get
4 4 1
(ii) Þ 1 1
x 60 3
4 1 1 5 11 4
Þ 21 2 2
x 3 15 15 15
Þ x = 15
Hence one man and one boy finish the work in 15 days and 60 days.
28. Students of a class are made to stand in rows. If 4 students are extra in
a row, there would be 2 rows less. If 4 students are less in a row, there would be 4 more
rows. Find the number of students in the class.
Solution : Let the number of students in a row be x and the number of rows be y, then the
total number of students in the class be xy.
Condition I : If the 4 students are extra in a row, there would be two rows less.
i.e., (x + 4) (y – 2) = xy
Þ xy + 4y – 2x – 8 = xy Þ 4y – 2x – 8 = 0 Þ 2y – x – 4 = 0
Þ x – 2y + 4 = 0 ...(ii)
Condition II : If 4 students are less in a row, there would be 4 more rows.
i.e., (x – 4 ) (y + 4) = xy
Þ xy – 4y + 4x – 16 = xy Þ – 4y + 4x = 16
Þ x–y–4 =0 ...(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
x = 12, y = 8
Hance, Total number of students in the class = 12 × 8 = 96.
29. The ages of A and B differ by 2 years. A’s father C is twice as old as A
and B is twice as old as his brother D. The ages of C and D differ by 50 years, find the ages of
A and B. [Standard]
Solution : Let the ages of A and B be x years and y years respectively.
Then C’s age = 2 × (A’s age) = 2x
and B’s age = 2 × (D’s age)
Þ y = 2 × (D’s age)
y
Þ D’s age 1
2
Given : Difference of ages of A and B = 2 years
i.e., x–y =±2
and Difference of ages of C and D = 50 years
y
i.e., 2x 1 = 50 {Clearly, C is older than D}
2
Now, we have two cases of simultaneous equations :
Case I : If x – y = 2 ...(i)
y 4x 1 y
and 2x 1 = 50 Þ 2 50
2 2
Þ 4x – y = 100 ...(ii) (Multiply both sides by 2)
(4x – y) – (x – y) = 100 – 2
Þ 3x = 98
98 2
Þ x 1 1 32
3 3
186

98
(i) Þ 1 y =2
3
Þ y 2 98 1 2 2 98 1 6 2 92 2 30 2
3 3 3 3
Hence A’s age is 1 32 2 years and B’s age is 30 2 years.

3 3
Case II : If x – y = – 2 ...(iii)
y
and 2x 1 = 50 ...(iv)
2
Solving (iii) and (iv), we get x = 34, y = 36
Hence, A’s age is 34 years and B’s age is 36 years.
30. A man sold a TV at 5% loss and a music system at 15% gain together for
` 14500. If he sold them together ` 15000, he makes 5% gain on TV and 10% gain on the
music system. Find the cost price of each.
Solution : Let the cost price of a TV be ` x and of music system be ` y.
2 100 1 Gain 3
We know S.P. 4 6 % 7 5 C.P.
8 100 9
2 100 1 Loss 3
or S.P. 4 6 % 7 5 C.P.
8 100 9
Given : (S.P. of TV at 5% loss) + (S.P. of music system at 15 % gain) = ` 14500
3 100 1 5 4 3 100 2 15 4 5 y
Þ 6 75 x 26 7 = ` 14500
8 100 9 8 100 9
95 x 115
Þ 1 y = 14500
100 100
19 x 23 y
Þ 1 = 14500
20 20
Þ 19x + 23y = 290000 ...(i)
Also (S.P. of TV at 5% gain) + (S.P. of music system at 10% gain) = ` 15000
2 100 1 5 3 4 x 1 2 100 1 10 3 4 y
i.e., 5 6 5 6 = 15000
7 100 8 7 100 8
105 110
Þ x1 y = 15000
100 100
21 11
Þ x1 y = 15000
20 10
Þ 21x + 22y = 300000 (ii)
On solving (i) and (ii), we get
x = 8000 and y = 6000
Hence, cost price of TV is ` 8000 and of music system is ` 6000.
31. On selling a chair at 5% loss and a table at 10% gain, a man gains ` 40.
However, if he sells the chair at 5% gain and table at loss of 20%, he loses ` 110. Find the cost
price of each.
Solution : Let the cost price of a chair be ` x and of a table be ` y.
We know, Gain = Gain % of C.P.
and loss = loss % of C.P.
Given : (5% loss on cost of chair) + (10% gain on cost of a table) = ` 40 gain
i.e., – 5% of x + 10% of y = 40
15 10
Þ x2 y = 40
100 100
1x y
Þ 2 = 40
20 10
Þ – x + 2y = 800 ...(i)
Also (5% gain on cost of chair) + ( 20% loss on cost of a table) = ` 110 loss
Þ 5% of x – 20% of y = – 110
5 20
x1 y = – 110
100 100
x y
Þ 1 = – 110
20 5
Þ x – 4y = – 2200 ...(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get x = 600, y = 700
Hence, cost price of a chair is ` 600 and cost of a table is ` 700.
32. The distances between two places x and y is 45 km. Two cyclists ride
from place A to B. The first cyclist arrive 30 minutes earlier than the second. While returning
from B to A, the first cycle gives the second a start of 3 km and yet reaches the destination 10
minutes earlier. Find the speed of each cyclist. [Standard]
Solution : Let the speed of first cyclist be x km/h and the speed of second cyclist be y km/h
and distance covered by both = 45 km.
Condition I : First cyclist arrive 30 minutes earlier than the second.
i.e., (Time taken by first cyclist) = (Time taken by second cyclist) – 30 minutes
188
i.e.,
45 1 45 2 30
x y 60 1Speed 3 Distance
Time 2
45 45 11
Þ 1 2 ...(i)
x y 2
Condition II : Distance covered by 1st cyclist = 45 km
and Distance covered by 2nd cyclist = 42 km
(Time taken by first cyclist) = (Time taken by second cyclist) – 10 minutes
45 42 10
i.e., 1 2
x y 60
45 42 11
Þ 1 2 ...(ii)
x y 6
Solving (i) and (ii), we get x = 10, y = 9
Hence, the speed of first cyclist be 10 km/h and of second cyclist be 9 km/h.
33. After covering a distance of 30 km with uniform speed, there is some
4
defect in a rail engine and therefore its speed is reduced to of its original speed, so the
5
train reaches its destination late by 45 minutes. Had it happened after covering 18 km more,
the train would have reached 9 minutes earlier ? Find the speed of the train and distance of
the journey ? [Standard]
Solution : Let the train’s original speed be x km/h and the distance of the journey be y km.
y 1 Distance 2
then time taken by the train be hours. 41 Time 3 5
x 6 Speed 7
4
Condition I : After covering 30 km, speed is reduced to of its original and the train is
5
45 minutes late. Speed for first 30 km = x km/h
4
and speed for remaining (y – 30) km 1
x km/h
5
Now (Time taken to cover 30 km) + (Time taken to cover (y – 30) km) = (Actual Time) +
45 minutes
30 y 1 30 y 45 1 Distance 2
i.e., 2 1 2 41 Time 3 5
x 4 x 60 6 Speed 7
x
5
30 5 y 1 150 y 3
Þ 2 1 2
x 4x x 4
120 1 5 y 2 150 4y 1 3x
Þ 2
4x 4x
Þ 120 + 5y – 150 = 4y + 3x
Þ 3x – y = – 30 ...(i)
4
Condition II : After covering 48 km, speed is reduced to its original and train is 36 minutes
5
4
late. Thus, speed for first 48 km = x km/h and speed for remaining (y – 48) km = x km/h
5
Now (Time taken to cover 48 km) + (Time taken to cover (y – 48) km) = (Actual Time)
+ 36 minutes
48 y 1 48 y 36 1 Distance 2
i.e., 2 1 2 41 Time 3 5
x 4 x 60 6 Speed 7
x
5
48 5 y 1 240 y 3 192 1 5 y 2 240 5y 1 3x

Þ 2 1 2 Þ 3
x 4x x 5 4x 5x
Þ 12x – 5y = –240 ...(ii)
x = 30, y = 120
Hance, speed of train is 30 km/h and distance covered is 120 km.
34. Sarvesh has some bananas and he divided them into lots A and B. He
sold the first lot at the rate of ` 2 for 3 bananas and the second lot at the rate of ` 1 per
banana and got a total of ` 400. If he had sold the first lot at the rate of ` 1 per banana and
the second lot at the rate of ` 4 for 5 bananas, his total collection would have been ` 460. Find
the total number of bananas he had. [Standard]
Solution : Let number of bananas in first lot be x and in second lot be y.
Condition I : S.P. of 3 bananas of first lot = ` 2
2
S.P. of 1 banana of first lot= `
3
2
S.P. of x bananas of first lot = x
3
Similarly S.P. of y bananas of second lot = 1 × y = y
Now, Total collection = ` 400
2
\ x 1 y = 400
3
Þ 2x + 3y = 1200 ...(i)
190
Condition II : S.P. of x bananas of first lot = 1 × x
and S.P. of y bananas of second lot 1 4 y

5
Now, Total collection = ` 460
4
\ x1 y = 460
5
Þ 5x + 4y = 2300 ...(ii)
x = 300, y = 200
Hence, total number of bananas = 300 + 200 = 500
35. It can take 12 hours to fill a swimming pool using two pipes. If the pipe
of larger diameter is used for 4 hours and the pipe of smaller diameter for 9 hours, only half
the pool can be filled. How long would it take for each pipe to fill the pool separately ?
[Standard]
Solution : Let the time taken by the pipe of larger diameter be x hours and the time taken by
the pipe of smaller diameter alone be y hours to fill a swimming pool.
1
In 1 hours, the pipe of large diameter fills part of the pool and in 4 hours, the pipe of larger
x
4
diameter fills parts of the pool.
x
9
Similarly, In 9 hours, the pipe of smaller diameter fills parts of the pool.
y
4 9 1
Given : 1 1 ...(i)
x y 2
Also, using both pipes, the pool is filled in 12 hours.
1 1 1
i.e., In 1 hour, x 1 y 1 ...(ii)
12
x = 20, y = 30
Hence, the pipe of larger diameter alone fill the pool in 20 hours and the pipe of smaller
diameter alone can fill the pool in 30 hours.
36. The sum total of the present age of Parveen and his son Naman is
55 years. If Parveen was to live till Naman’s age equals his present age, the total of their ages
would be 93 years, find their present ages. [Standard]
Solution : Let Parveen’s present age be x years and Naman’s present age be y years.
Condition I : (Parveen’s present age) + (Naman’s present age) = 55
i.e., x + y = 55 ...(i)
Condition II :If Parveen was to live till Naman’s age equals his age.
Þ Both ages will be increased by difference of their present ages i.e., (x – y) years.
Then Parveen’s age = x + (x – y) = 2x – y
and Naman’s age = y + (x – y) = x
Given : Sum of both ages= 93.
i.e., (2x – y) + x = 93
Þ 3x – y = 93 ...(ii)
x = 37, y = 18
Hence, Praveen’s age = 37 years and Naman’s age = 18 years.
Exercise 3.7
WORD PROBLEMS
1. The difference between two numbers is 42 and one number is four times the other. Find them.
2. The sum of two numbers is 68 and their difference is 20. Find the numbers.
3. The sum of twice the first and thrice the second is 92 and four times the first exceeds seven
times the second by 2 then find numbers.
4. The sum of a two-digit number and the number obtained by reversing the digits is 44. If the
digits of the number differ by 2, find the number. How many such numbers are there ?
5. A number consists of two digit is seven times the sum of digits. When 27 is subtracted from the
number then the number is obtained by reversing its digits, find the number.
6. A two digit number is 4 more than 6 times the sum of its digits. If 18 is subtracted from the
number, the number is obtained by reversing the digits, find the number.
7. Seven times a two-digit number is equal to four times the number obtained by reversing the
digits. The sum of digits of the number is 3. Find the number.
8. When a two digit number is divided by the sum of its digits, the quotient is 8. If the ten’s digit
is diminished by three times the unit’s digit, the result is 1. Find the number.
AGE PROBLEMS
9. After five years, the age of Jacob will be three times that of his son. Five years ago, Jacob’s
age was seven times that of his son. What are there present ages ?
10. Three times the age of Paras added to seven times the age of his daughter Manvi is 183 years.
Six times the difference of their ages added to 9 years is three times the sum of the ages.
Determine their ages.
11. Four years ago Anju was three times as old as her son. Six years from now the mother will be
1 year older than twice the age of her son. Find their ages.
12. Five years ago, A was thrice as old as B and 10 years later, A shall be twice as B. Find their
present ages.
13. Ramesh tells his daughter , “ seven years ago, I was 7 times as old as you were then. Also
three years from now, I shall be three times as old as you will be.” Find their present ages.
192
FRACTION PROBLEMS
14. The sum of the numerator and the denominator of a fraction is 8. If 3 is added to both the
3
numerator, the fraction becomes . Find the fraction.
4
1
15. A fraction becomes if 5 is subtracted from the numerator and 5 is added to the denominator.
7
If however, 3 is subtracted from the numerator and 3 is added to the denominator, it reduces to
1
. Find the fraction.
3
16. A fraction is such that if the numerator is multiplied by 3 and the denominator is reduced by 3,
18 2
we get . But if the numerator is increased by 8 and the denominator is doubled, we get .
11 5
Find the fraction.
5
17. If the numerator is increased by 2 and the denominator by 1, fraction becomes and if the
8
1
numerator and the denominator are each diminished by 1, fraction becomes . Find the
2
fraction.
1
18. If 1 is added to the numerator of a fraction, it becomes . If 1 is taken from the denominator,
5
1
it becomes . Find the fraction.
7
MONEY PROBLEMS
19. 7 tables and 3 chairs cost ` 1110. Also 5 tables and 4 chairs cost ` 1350. Find the cost of
1 table and 1 chair.
20. 5 jackets and 4 sweaters cost ` 3200. Also 6 jackets and 7 sweaters cost ` 4500. Find the cost
of each jacket and sweater.
21. Neha has ` 10 and ` 20 notes in the purse. If she has 15 notes in all with amount of ` 190,
then how many notes of each type she has ?
22. The taxi charges in a city consist of a fixed charge together with the charge for the distance
covered. For a distance of 10 km, the charge paid is ` 105 and for a journey of 15 km, the
charge paid is ` 155. What are the fixed charges and the charge per km ? How much does a
person have to pay for travelling a distance of 25 km ? (N.C.E.R.T)
23. A lending library has a fixed charge for the first three days and an additional charge for each
day thereafter. Saritha paid ` 27 for a book kept for seven days, while Susy paid ` 21 for the
book she kept for five days. Find the fixed charge and the charge for each day. (N.C.E.R.T)
24. A person invested some amount at the rate of 12% simple interest and some other amount at
the rate of 10% simple interest, He received yearly interest of ` 130. But if he had interchanged
the amounts invested, he would have received ` 4 more as interest. How much amount did he
invest at different rates ? [Standard]
MENSURATION PROBLEMS
25. In DABC, ÐC = 3ÐB = 2(ÐA +ÐB), Find the angles. (N.C.E.R.T)
26. In DABC, ÐA = xº, ÐB = (3x – 2)º, ÐC = yº. Also ÐC – ÐB = 90º. Find the angles.
27. Find the angles of a cyclic quadrilateral PQRS in which ÐP = (2x – 1)º, ÐQ = (y + 5)º,
ÐR = (2y + 15)º and ÐS = (4x – 7)º. [Standard]
28. If in rectangle, the length is increased and breadth is reduced by 2 units, the area is reduced by
28 sq. units . If the length is reduced by 1 unit and breadith is increased by 2 units, the area
increased by 33 sq. units. Find the length and breadth of the rectangle.
29. Half the perimeter of rectangular garden, whose length is 4 metre more than its width, is 36
metre. Find the dimensions of the garden. (N.C.E.R.T)
DISTANCE, SPEED AND TIME PROBLEMS
30. Roohi travels 300 km to her home partly by train and partly by bus. She takes 4 hours if she
travels 60 km by train and the remaining by bus. If she travels 100 km by train and the
remaining by bus, she takes 10 minutes longer. Find the speed of the train and the bus
separately. (N.C.E.R.T)
31. Two places A and B are 120 km apart from each other. One car starts from A and other starts
from B at the same time. If they move in same direction, they met in 6 hours and if they move
towards each other, they meet in 1 hour 12 minutes. Find the speed of both cars.
32. A takes 3 hours more than B to walk 30 km. But if A doubles his speed, he is ahead of B by
1
1 hours. Find their speed of walking. [Standard]
2
1
33. Jayant walks a certain distance at a certain rate, Had he walked km/h faster, he would have
2
taken 1 hour less. But if had gone 1 km/h slower, he would have taken 3 hours longer. Find
the distance covered by him and his original rate of walking.
34. A passenger train takes 2 hours less for a journey if its speed is increased by 5 km/h from its
usual speed. It takes 30 minutes more if its speed is decreased by 1 km/h. Find the speed of the
train and the distance covered.
35. A car travelled a distance with uniform speed. If the speed of the car would have been 2 km/h
more, then it would have taken 1 hour less to cover the above distance and if the speed would
have been 4 km/h less then it would have taken 3 hours more to cover the same distance. Find
the distance travelled by the car and the speed of the car.
36. Shikha can row 20 km downstream in 2 hours and 4 km upstream in 2 hours. Find her speed of
rowing in still water and the speed of the current.
37. A boat goes 30 km upstream and 44 km downstream in 10 hours. In 13 hours, it can go 40 km
upstream and 55 km downstream. Find the speed of the stream and that of the boat in still
water. (N.C.E.R.T)
38. A motor boat travel 30 km upstream and 28 km downstream in 7 hours. It can travel 21 km
upstream and return in 5 hours. Find the speed of boat in still water and speed of the stream.
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS
39. 2 women and 5 men can together finish a work in 4 days, while 3 women and 6 men can finish
it in 3 days. Find the time taken by 1 woman and 1 man alone to finish the work. (N.C.E.R.T)
194
40. 3 men and 2 women can do a job in 6 days and 2 men and 3 women can the same job in
8 days. If a man receive a daily wage of ` 180, how much wages should a woman receive ?
41. A railway half ticket costs half the full fare but reservation charges are the same on a half-ticket
as on a full ticket. One reserved first class tickets and the half-tickets cost ` 3200. Also two
reserved first class tickets and one reserved half first class ticket cost ` 5325. Find the full fare
and reservation charges for a ticket. [Standard]
42. By increasing the list price of a book by ` 10, a person can buy 10 less books. If price of book
is decreased by ` 6, he can buy 10 more books. Find the total amount and original price of the
book. [Standard]
43. Some students planned for a picnic with fixed amount of budget. But 5 of them failed to go,
thus cost of food for each member increased by ` 60. If 5 more joined them, the cost of their
food decreased by ` 40. Find the total budget and number of students who planned for a picnic.
[Standard]
44. There are two rooms A and B. If 10 candidates are sent from A to B, the number of students
in each room is same. If 20 students are sent from B to A, then number of student in A double
the number of students in B. Find the number of students in each room ?
45. The monthly incomes of A and B are in 5 : 4 and their monthly expenditures are in 4 : 3. If
each saves ` 4000 per month. Find the monthly income of each.
46. Sid secored 80 marks in a test getting 3 marks for each right answer and losing 2 marks for each
wrong answer. Had 4 marks been awarded for each correct answer and 1 mark deducted for each
wrong answer, he would have scored 140 marks. How many questions are there in the test ?
1
47. In a competitive exam, one mark is awarded for each correct answer while mark is
2
deducted for every wrong answer. Jayanti answered 120 questions and got 90 marks. How
many questions did she answer correctly ? (N.C.E.R.T. Exemlar Problem)
48. Jamila sold a table and a chair for ` 1050, thereby making a profit of 10% on the table and
25% on the chair. If she had taken a profit of 25% on the table and 10 %. on the chair she
would have got ` 1065. Find the cost price of each. (N.C.E.R.T. Exemplar Problem)
49. A man asked how many hens and buffaloes he has, told that his animals have 120 eyes and
180 legs. How many hens and buffaloes he has ?
50. In a den, there are rabbits and hens. If they have 35 heads and 98 feet. How many rabbits and
hens are there ?
51. A bird flying in the same direction as that of wind, covers a distance 45 km in 2 hours
30 minutes. But it takes 4 hours 30 minutes to cover the same distance when it flies against the
direction of the wind (Ignoring conditions other than the wind conditions). Find the speed of
the bird in still air and the speed of the wind. [Standard]
52. After covering a distance of 40 km with a uniform speed. There is defect in a train engine and
5
therefore, its speed is reduced to of its original speed, consequently the train reaches its
6
destination late by 40 minutes. Had it happened after covering 20 km more, the train would
have reached 4 minutes earlier than before. Find the speed of the train and the distance of the
journey. [Standard]
53. Dipesh sells a saree at 8% profit and a sweater at 10% discount, thereby getting a sum of
` 1008. If he had sold the saree at 10% profit and sweater at 8% discount, he would have got
` 1028. Find the cost price of the saree and list price of the sweater .
54. The age of father is equal to the sum of ages of his 6 children. After 15 years, twice the age of
the father will be sum of ages of his children. Find the age of father.
55. The sum total of the present age of father and son is 65 years. If the father was to live till his
son’s age equals his present age, the total of their ages would be 103 years. Find their present
ages.
56. A man sold a chair and a table together for ` 1520 by making a profit of 25% on chair and
10% on the table. By selling them together ` 15 more, he would have profit of 10% on the
chair and 25% on the table. Find the cost price of each.
57. On selling a tea set at 5% loss and a lemon set at 15% gain, a seller gains ` 7. If he sells the
tea set at 5% gain and the lemon set at 10% gain, he gains ` 13. Find the cost price of each.
58. John and Shubham cycles from A to B a distance of 55 km. John arrives 30 minutes before
Shubham, then in return, by giving Shubham a start of 4 km, John arrives 6 minutes before
him. Find the speeds of each. [Standard]
59. Vanshu had some oranges and he divided them into two lots A and B. He sold the first lot at
` 1 per orange and the second lot at the rate of ` 2 for 3 oranges and get a total of ` 350. If he
had sold the first lot at the rate of ` 3 for 5 and the second lot at ` 2 per orange, then he would
have ` 450. Find the total number of oranges she had. [Standard]
(i) The father’s age is 6 times his son’s age. Four years hence, the age of the father will be
four times his son’s age. The present ages, in years of the son and father are
(a) 4, 24 (b) 5, 30
(c) 6, 36 (d) 3, 24.
(ii) The sum of the digits of a two digit number is 9. If 27 is added to it, the digits of the
number get reversed, the number is
(a) 25 (b) 72
(c) 63 (d) 36.
(iii) Aruna has only ` 1 and ` 2 coins with her. If the total number of coins that she has is 50
and amount of money with her is ` 75 then the total number of ` 1 and ` 2
(a) 35, 15 (b) 35, 20
(c) 15, 35 (d) 25, 25.
Answers
1. 14, 56 2. 44, 24 3. 25, 14
4. 13,31 5. 63 6. 64
7. 12 8. 72 9. 40 years, 10 years
10. 33 years, 12 years 11. 37 years, 15 years 12. 50 years, 20 years
3 7
13. 42 years, 12 years 14. 15.
5 9
196
12 8 2
16. 17. 18.
25 15 15
19. ` 30, ` 300 20. ` 400, ` 300 21. 11, 4
22. ` 5, ` 10 : ` 255 23. ` 15, ` 3 24. ` 500, ` 700
25. 20º, 40º, 120º 26. 25º, 73º, 82º 27. 65º, 55º, 115º, 125º
28. 23 units, 11 units 29. 20 m, 16 m 30. 60 km/h, 80 km/h
1
31. 60 km/h, 40 km/h 32. 3 km/h, 5 km/h 33. 36 km, 4 km/h
3
34. 25 km/h, 300 km 35. 144 km, 9 km/h 36. 6 km/h, 4 km/h
37. 8 km/h, 3 km/h 38. 10 km/h, 4 km/h 39. 18 days, 36 days
40. ` 30 41. ` 2100, ` 25 42. ` 1200, ` 30
43. ` 6000, 25 44. 100, 80 45. ` 20,000,` 16,000
46. 60 47. 100 48. ` 500, ` 400
49. 30, 30 50. 14, 21 51. 14 km/h, 4 km/h
52. 60 km/h, 240 km 53. ` 600, ` 400 54. 60 years
55. 42 years, 23 years 56. ` 600, ` 700 57. ` 100, ` 80
58. 11 km/h, 10 km/h 59. 400 60. (i) (c) (ii) (d) (iii) (d)
Chapter Test
Fill in the blanks (1 – 2)
1. Equation of y-axis is ............ .
2. The condition if the system of linear equation has unique solution is ........... .
Choose the correct answer (3 – 5)
3. For what value of k, 3x – y + 8 = 0 and kx + 2y = 3 represent intersecting lines
(a) k ¹ 6 (b) k ¹ – 6
(c) k = 6 (d) k = – 6.
4. What is the condition that the system has no solution ?
a1 b a1 b c
(a) 1 1 (b) 1 1 1 1
a2 b2 a2 b2 c2
a1 b c a1 b c
(c) 1 1 2 1 (d) 1 1 1 1 .
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
5. The graph of pair of equation x = 3 and y = – 2 intersect at
(a) (2, – 3) (b) (– 3, 2)
(c) (3, 2) (d) (3, – 2).
6. Solve : 3x + 2y = 11 and 2x – y = – 2.
7. The expression ax + by has value 2 if x = 2 and y = 1. It has value 10 if x = 1 and y = – 1
find a and b.
x y
8. Solve ax + by = a2 + b2 and 1 = 2.
a b
9. For which value of p and q, the equations 4x + 5y = 2 and (2p + 7q)x + (p + 8q)y = 2q – p + 1 has
infinitely many solutions.
10. Draw the graphs of equations x – y + 1 = 0 and 3x + 2y – 12 = 0. Determine the coordinates
of vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and x-axis.
11. A two-digit number is 4 more than 6 times the sum of its digits. If 18 is subtracted from the
number, the number is obtained by reversing the digits, find the number.
12. 2 women and 5 men can together finish a job in 4 days, while 3 women and 6 men can finish it
in 3 days. Find the time taken by 1 woman and 1 man alone to finish the work.
Answers
a1 b
1. x = 0 2. 1 1 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)
a2 b2
6. x = 1, y = 4 7. (4, – 6) 8. x = a, y = b 9. p = – 1, q = 2
10. (2, 3) (4, 0) (– 1, 0) 11. 64 12. 18 days, 36 days
Summary
1. Consider equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, a2x + b2y + c2 = 0.
Serial No. Algebraically Graphically Solution
a1 b
(i) 1 1 Intersecting Lines Unique Solution (Consistent)
a2 b2
a1 b c
(ii) 1 1 1 1 Coincident Lines Infinitely many solutions (Consistent)
a2 b2 c2
a1 b c
(iii) 1 1 2 1 Paralllel Lines No Solution (Inconsistent)
a2 b2 c2
2. Methods to solve a pair linear equations in two variables.
(i) Graphical Method
(ii) Substitution Method
(iii) Elimination Method
(iv) Cross Multiplication Method.

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1 REAL NUMBERS

1.1. EUCLIDS DIVISION LEMMA

For example, consider 32, 5; 23, 7; 53, 6

We can rewrite above operations as :

Thus we have now a = bq + r; 0 £ r < b.

For the given two numbers

Apply Euclid’s division lemma to

HCF of given numbers = b

Step 3. Here, r = 45 ¹ 0, Again applying division lemma to a = 90, b = 45, we get

(ii) Here, a= 847, b = 2160.

5. Find HCF of numbers 126, 144 and 204.

By Euclid’s division lemma,

\The required greatest number = HCF of numbers 240 and 1024

Since each stack has the same number of barfis.

16. Fill in the blanks :

1.2. Applications of Euclids Division lemma in finding property of numbers

Let a be any positive integer and b = 2

Let a be any positive integer and b = 4

Let a be positive integer and b = 6.

Let a be positive integer and b = 3

7. Show that cube of any integer is of the form 9m, 9m + 1 or 9m + 8 for

(iv) Square of any integer can not be of form

12. For any positive integer n, prove that n3 – n is divisible by 6.

= (6q + 3) (6q + 2) (6q + 4)

13. If p2 is divisible by 3 then prove that p is also divisible by 3, for some

Case 1 : n + 2 = 3q + 2 (Gives remainder 2 when divided by 3)

6. Show that n2 + n is divisible by 2.

1.3. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMATIC AND PRIME FACTORISATION

Solution : (i) 140 (ii) 156

2. Consider the numbers 4n, where n is a natural number. Check whether

In finding HCF and LCM of given positive integers :

Let us discuss these applications through examples.

\ HCF = Product of the smallest power of common prime factors = 13

\ HCF = Product of the smallest power of common prime factors

So the required time = LCM (18, 12)

21. Fill in the blanks :

\ Correct answer is (c).

23. 6 bells commence tolling together and toll at intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

360 360 360 2 1 Distance 2

25. A rectangular courtyard is 18 m 72 cm long and 13 m 20 cm broad. It is

1.4. REVISITING IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

For example, 2 , 3 , 3 4 , p etc are irrational numbers.

\ a2 1 p12 p22 p32 ....... pn2

In class 9th, we have discussed some properties :

THEOREM 2. Prove that 2 is an irrational number. (N.C.E.R.T.)

To prove 5 is irrational number.

Þ p is divisible by 5 i.e., 5/p ...(ii) [By theorem 1]

Hence , 5 is an irrational number.

Hence, 5 is an irrational number.

2. Prove that 4 1 3 is an irrational number.

Solution : Let if possible, 4 1 3 is a rational number

3. Prove that 7 1 3 5 is an irrational number.

Hence, 7 1 3 5 is an irrational number.

To prove 10 1 5 3 is an irrational number.

Let if possible 10 1 5 3 is a rational number.

5. Prove that 7 1 2 is an irrational number.

Solution : Let if possible, 7 1 2 is a rational number.

13. Show that ‘p’ is an irrational number if p2 = 13.

17. Prove that 3 1 5 is an irrational number. (A.I.C.B.S.E. 2012, 2013)

1.5. REVISITING RATIONAL NUMBERS AND THEIR DECIMAL EXPANSIONS

Let us consider some terminating decimals.

256 128 375 15 15

THEOREM : Let x be a rational number whose decimal expansion terminates then x

1.1. EUCLIDS DIVISION LEMMA

1.2. Applications of Euclids Division lemma in finding property of numbers