PRESENTATION

ON
NUMBER SYSTEM
 INTRODUCTION

• A number system defines a set of values used to represent a

quantity. We talk about the number of people attending school,
number of modules taken per student etc.
• The study of numbers is not only related to computers. We
apply numbers everyday and knowing how numbers work,
will give us an insight of how computers manipulate and store
numbers.
 THE NATURAL NUMBERS

• The natural (or counting) numbers are

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. There are infinitely
many natural numbers. The set of
natural numbers, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}, is
sometimes written N for short.
• The whole numbers are the natural
numbers together with 0.
• (Note: a few textbooks disagree and
say the natural numbers include 0.)
• The sum of any two natural numbers is
also a natural number (for example, 4
+ 2000 = 2004), and the product of
any two natural numbers is a natural
number (4 × 2000 = 8000). This is not
true for subtraction and division,
though.
THE INTEGERS

• The integers are the set of real

numbers consisting of the natural
numbers, their additive inverses
and zero.
• {..., -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5...}
• The set of integers is sometimes
written J or Z for short.
• The sum, product, and difference
of any two integers is also an
integer. But this is not true for
division... just try 1 ÷ 2.
• The rational numbers are those numbers which can be expressed as a
ratio between two integers. For example, the fractions 1/3 and –1111/8
are both rational numbers. All the integers are included in the rational
numbers, since any integer z can be written as the ratio z/1.
• All decimals which terminate are rational numbers (since 8.27 can be
written as 827/100.) Decimals which have a repeating pattern after
some point are also rationals: for example,
0.083333333... = 1/12.
• The set of rational numbers is closed under all four basic operations,
that is, given any two rational numbers, their sum, difference, product,
and quotient is also a rational number (as long as we don't divide by 0.)
 THE IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
• An irrational number is a number
that cannot be written as a ratio
(or fraction).  In decimal form, it
never ends or repeats. The ancient
Greeks discovered that not all
numbers are rational; there are
equations that cannot be solved
using ratios of integers.
• The first such equation to be
studied was 2 = x2. What number
times itself equals 2? is about
1.414, because 1.4142 = • Irrational numbers can be further
1.999396, which is close to 2. But
you'll never hit exactly by
squaring a fraction (or
terminating decimal). The square
• Other famous irrational numbers
are the golden ratio, a number
with great importance to biology:
• ð (pi), the ratio of the
circumference of a circle to its
diameter:
• π = 3.14159265358979...
and e, the most important
number in calculus: e =
2.71828182845904...
subdivided into algebraic
numbers, which are the solutions
of some polynomial equation
(like and the golden ratio), and
 THE REAL NUMBERS
• The real numbers is the set of
numbers containing all of the
rational numbers and all of the
irrational numbers.  The real
numbers are “all the numbers” on
the number line.  There are
infinitely many real numbers just
as there are infinitely many
numbers in each of the other sets
of numbers.  But, it can be
proved that the infinity of the real
numbers is a bigger infinity.
• The "smaller", or countable
infinity of the integers and
rationals is sometimes called 0
(alef-naught), and the
uncountable infinity of the reals
is called 1 (alef-one).
• Rational and irrational numbers
taken together form the set of real
numbers. This set is denoted by
‘R’.
• Natural numbers = N =
{ 1,2,3,4,5,…} Whole numbers =
W = { 0,1,2,3,4,… } Integers = Z
= {…,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,… }
Rational numbers = Q = { 2 / 3 ,
-5 / 7, -10 / -3,…} .The elements
of this set is in p/q form.q ≠
0.Irrational numbers = π ( π =
3.14159265358979323846264
33832795 (and more...), √2,
√3 ,many cube roots, golden ratio
Φ, e Euler’s number etc.
 WHAT IS NUMBER LINE

• A number line is a line with marks on it that are placed at equal distance
apart. One mark on the number line is usually labeled zero and then each
successive mark to the left or to the write of the zero represents a particular
unit such as 1, or 0.5.
REAL NUMBERS AND THEIR DECIMAL EXPANSIONS

• In this section, we are going to study

rational and irrational numbers from
a different point of view. We will
look at the decimal expansions of real
numbers and see if we can use the
expansions to distinguish between
rationals and irrationals. We will also
explain how to visualize the
representation of real numbers on the
number line using their decimal
expansions. Since rationals are more
familiar to us, let us start with them.
Let us take three examples: 10/3, 7/8,
1/7.
• Pay special attention to the
remainders and see if you can find
any pattern.
Example 1 : Find the decimal expansions
of 10/3, 7/8 and 1/7.Solution :
YOU SHOULD HAVE NOTICED AT LEAST THREE THINGS:

(i) The remainders either become 0 after a certain stage, or start repeating
themselves.
(ii) The number of entries in the repeating string of remainders is less than
the divisor (in 1/3 one number repeats itself and the divisor is 3, in 1/7
there are six entries 326451 in the repeating string of remainders and 7 is
the divisor).
(iii) If the remainders repeat, then we get a repeating block of digits in the
quotient (for 1/ 3 , 3 repeats in the quotient and for 1/ 7, we get the
repeating block 142857 in the quotient). Although we have noticed this
pattern using only the examples above, it is true for all rationals of the
form p/q (q ≠ 0). On division of p by q, two main things happen – either
the remainder becomes zero or never becomes zero and we get a repeating
string of remainders. Let us look at each case separately.
• Case (i) : The remainder
becomes zero
• In the example of 7/8, we
found that the remainder
becomes zero after some steps
and the decimal expansion of
7/8 = 0.875. Other examples
are 1/2 = 0.5, 639/ 250 =
2.556. In all these cases, the
decimal expansion terminates
or ends after a finite number of
steps. We call the decimal
expansion of such numbers
terminating
• Case (ii) : The remainder never becomes
zero
• In the examples of 1/ 3 and 1/ 7, we notice
that the remainders repeat after a certain
stage forcing the decimal expansion to go on
for ever. In other words, we have a repeating
block of digits in the quotient. We say that
this expansion is non-terminating recurring.
For example, 1/ 3 = 0.3333... and 1/ 7 =
0.142857142857142857...
• The usual way of showing that 3 repeats in
the quotient of 1/ 3 is to write it as Similarly,
since the block of digits 142857 repeats in
the quotient of 1/ 7 , we write 1/ 7 as , where
the bar above the digits indicates the block
of digits that repeats.Also 3.57272... can be
written as . So, all these examples give us
non-terminating recurring (repeating)
decimal expansions.
• Thus, we see that the decimal expansion of
rational numbers have only two choices:
either they are terminating or non-
terminating recurring.
 STEPS TO REPRESENT A NUMBER LINE
• For representation of real numbers on
number line, use the following steps :
• Represent √(9.3) on the number line.
Step 1 Draw a line and mark a point A on it.
Step 2 Mark a point B on the line drawn
such that AB = 9.3cm.
Step 3 Mark a point C on AB produced
such that BC = 1 cm.
Step 4 Find mid-point of AC (9.3+1). Let
the mid-point be O.
Step 5 Taking O as center and OC = OA
[10.3/2] as radius draw a semi-circle.
Also draw a line passing through B
perpendicular to OB. Let it cut the semi-
circle at D
Step 6 Taking B as the center and BD as
radius draw an arc cutting OC produced
 OPERATIONS ON REAL NUMBERS
• The rational numbers satisfy
the commutative, associative
and distributive laws for
addition and multiplication
Moreover, if we add,
subtract, multiply or divide
(except by zero) two rational
numbers, we still get a
rational number (that is,
rational numbers are
‘closed’ with respect to
addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division).
It turns out that irrational
numbers also satisfy the
commutative, associative
and distributive laws for
• Add the 2√2 + 5√3 and √2 - 3√3
Solution :
2√2 + 5√3 + √2 + (- 3√3)
= 2√2 + 5√3 + √2 - 3√3
= 3 √2 + 2√3 2)
• Add the -6√3 + 3√2 and -2√2 – 4
√3
Solution :
-6√3 + 3√2 + (-2√2 – 4 √3)
= - 6√3 + 3 √2 - 2√2 - 4√3
= -10√3 + 1√2 3)
• Multiply (2√3) and (-3√5)
Solution :
2 √3 x (-3√5)
= (2 x -3) √3 x √5
= - 6 √(3x5)
RATIONALIZATION OF DENOMINATOR
• In such an expression if the 1) Rationalise the denominator of 2/√3
denominator is free from square Solution :
roots then it will be easier to We know that the rationalization factor
add/subtract/multiply or divide. for
To make the denominators free 1/√a is √a
from square roots, we multiply the .∴ 2/√3 = (2 x √3)/ (√3 x √3)
numerator and denominator by an = 2√3/3
irrational number. Such a number 2) Rationalise the denominator of 1/(3 -
is called rationalization factor. √2)
• Note : Rationalization factor for : Solution :
We have,
1) 1/√a ------> √a
1/(3 - √2) = 1(3 + √2) /(3 - √2)(3 +
2) a + √b -------> a - √b √2)
3) a - √b ---------> a + √b = (3 + √2)/( 9 – 2)
4) √a + √b ----------> √a - √b [ use the identity of (a+b)(a-b) = a 2 - b
5) √a - √b ------------> √a + √b 2 ]

= (3 + √2 )/ 7
 LAWS OF EXPONENTS
• An exponent is a mathematical • Third Law:
notation that represents how many
If a is any real numbers, and m, n
times a base is multiplied by itself.
are positive integers then,
Other terms used to define
exponents are ‘power’ or ‘index’. (am)n = amn
An exponential term is a term that • Fourth Law:
can be expressed as a base raised to If a,b are any real numbers, and m
an exponent. For example, in an is any positive integer then,
exponential expression an, (am × bm) = (a × b)m
‘a’ is the base and ‘n’ is the exponent.
• Fifth Law:
• First Law:
If a,b are any real numbers, and m
If a is any real numbers, and m, n are is any positive integer then,
positive integers there,
a m/ b m = ( a/ b )m
 am × an = am+n
• Sixth Law:
• Second Law:
If a is any non- zero real numbers, and If a is any real number then,
m, n are positive integers then, a0 = 1
 a m/ a n = am-n, m > n.
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