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On Artiness of Right CF Rings

a c b
Jianlong Chen & Wenxi Li
a
Department of Mathematics , Nanjing University , and Department of Mathematics,
Southeast University, Nanjing , P.R. China
b
Department of Mathematics and Physics , Anhui University of Technology , Ma'Anshan , P.R.
China
c
Department of Mathematics , Southeast University , Si Pai Lou No. 2, Nanjing , 210096 ,
P.R. China
Published online: 31 Aug 2006.

To cite this article: Jianlong Chen & Wenxi Li (2004) On Artiness of Right CF Rings, Communications in Algebra, 32:11,
4485-4494, DOI: 10.1081/AGB-200034189

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 COMMUNICATIONS IN ALGEBRAÕ
Vol. 32, No. 11, pp. 4485–4494, 2004

On Artiness of Right CF Rings#

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Jianlong Chen1,* and Wenxi Li2

1
Department of Mathematics, Nanjing University, and
Department of Mathematics, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
2
Department of Mathematics and Physics, Anhui University of Technology,
Ma’Anshan, P.R. China

ABSTRACT

Let R be a ring. We prove that every right CF ring is right artinian under the left
perfect or strongly right C2 condition. We also show that a right noetherian,
left P-injective, left CS-ring is QF.

Key Words: VCF ring; Artinian ring; QF ring.

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 16L60; Secondary 16P20, 16L30.

#
Communicated by J. L. Gómez Pardo.
*Correspondence: Jianlong Chen, Department of Mathematics, Southeast University, Si Pai
Lou No. 2, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China; Fax: 86-25-83792316; E-mail: jlchen@seu.edu.cn.

4485

DOI: 10.1081/AGB-200034189 0092-7872 (Print); 1532-4125 (Online)

Copyright # 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. www.dekker.com
 4486 Chen and Li

1. INTRODUCTION

Throughout the paper, R is an associative ring with identity and all modules are
unitary. We write MR (resp. R M) to indicate that M is a right (resp. left) R-module,
and write M
¼ HomR ðMR ; RR Þ, the dual of MR , which is a left R-module. We also
write J; Zr ðZl Þ; Sr ðSl Þ for the Jacobson radical, the right (left) singular ideal, the right
(left) socle of R, and EðMR Þ for the injective hull of MR . If X is a subset of R, the right
(left) annihilator of X in R is denoted by rR ðXÞðlR ðXÞÞ; or simply rðXÞðlðXÞÞ if no
confusion appears. We also write R N e R M and R N  R M to indicate that R N is
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an essential submodule and a direct summand of R M, respectively. General back-

ground material can be found in Anderson and Fuller (1974), Kasch (1982) and
Stenström (1975).
In this paper, we first prove that a right CF, strongly right C2-ring is right arti-
nian, and therefore that a right FGF, strongly right C2-ring is QF, which is the result
of Nicholson and Yousif (2001b). By using a method essentially due to Rada and
Saorin, we obtain that a right CF ring is right artinian if and only if it is left perfect
or semilocal with essential right socle. This result is a generalization of a theorem of
Rada and Saorin (1997). Finally, we prove that a right noetherian left P-injective and
left CS-ring is QF. In particular, every right Johns and left CS-ring is QF (Nicholson
and Yousif, 1998).

2. ARTINESS OF RIGHT CF RINGS

A ring R is called right FGF (resp. CF) if every finitely generated (resp. cyclic)
right R-module embeds in a free module. It is not known whether a right CF ring is
right artinian.
We refer to the following conditions on a module MR :

C1 (or CS): Every submodule of M is essential in a direct summand of M.

C2: Every submodule of M that is isomorphic to a direct summand of M is
itself a direct summand of M.
C3: M1  M2 is a direct summand of M for any two direct summands M1 ; M2 of
M with M1 \ M2 ¼ 0.

MR is called quasi-continuous if it satisfies both C1 and C3 . R is called right CS

(quasi-continuous) if RR is a CS-module (quasi-continuous module).
Recall that R is called left Kasch if every simple left R-module embeds in R
(equivalently rðIÞ 6¼ 0 for every proper left ideal I of R).
Gómez Pardo and Guil Asensio (1998) have proved that every right CF, left
Kasch ring is right artinian. Nicholson and Yousif (2001a,b) have shown that every
right FGF, strongly right C2-ring is QF.
In this section, by reducing the left Kasch condition in the above conclusions of
Gómez Pardo and Guil Asensio to the strongly right C2-condition, we prove that a
right CF ring is right artinian under the strongly right C2-condition, which is also a
generalization of the above result of Nicholson and Yousif.
 Artiness of Right CF Rings 4487

First we recall a characterization of quasi-continuous rings:

Lemma 2.1 (Wisbauer et al., 2002, Theorem 8). The following conditions are
equivalent for a ring R:

(1) R is right quasi-continuous.

(2) If A; B are two right ideals of R with A \ B ¼ 0, then lðAÞ þ lðBÞ ¼ R.

Definition 2.2 (Nicholson and Yousif, 2001b). R is called a strongly right C2-ring
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if Rn is a right C2-module for every n  1.

The following lemma is essentially due to Bass (1960), Theorem 5.4:

Lemma 2.3. The following conditions are equivalent for a ring R:

(1) A finitely generated projective submodule of a projective right R-module is

always a direct summand.
(2) R is a strongly right C2-ring;
(3) rðIÞ 6¼ 0 for every finitely generated proper left ideal I of R.
(4) ðP=KÞ
6¼ 0 whenever P is a finitely generated projective left R-module,
and K is a finitely generated proper submodule of P.
(5) M
6¼ 0 for every non-zero finitely presented left R-module M.

Proof. ð1Þ ) ð2Þ is trivial.

P
ð2Þ ) ð3Þ: Let I ¼ ni¼1 Rxi ; xi 2 R. Suppose rðIÞ ¼ 0, then ðx1 ; . . . ; xn ÞT R ffi
RR . So ðx1 ; . . . ; xn ÞT R  Rn .

Claim. lRn rR ðx1 ; . . . ; xn ÞT ¼ Mn ðRÞðx1 ; . . . ; xn ÞT

Let ðy1 ; . . . ; yn ÞT 2 lRn rR ðx1 ; . . . ; xn ÞT . Then we get an isomorphism

f : ðx1 ; . . . ; xn ÞT R ! ðy1 ; . . . ; yn ÞT R via ðx1 ; . . . ; xn ÞT r 7! ðy1 ; . . . ; yn ÞT r:

Since ðx1 ; . . . ; xn ÞT R is a direct summand of Rn , there is a homomorphism g such

that the following diagram commutes, where i is the inclusion:

So there is an s 2 Mn ðRÞ such that sðx1 ; . . . ; xn ÞT ¼ ðy1 ; . . . ; yn ÞT , which means

ðy1 ; . . . ; yn ÞT 2 Mn ðRÞðx1 ; . . . ; xn ÞT . So lRn rR ðx1 ; . . . ; xn ÞT ¼ Mn ðRÞðx1 ;P
. . . ; xn ÞT .
Since rðIÞ ¼ 0; Mn ðRÞðx1 ; . . . ; xn Þ ¼ Rn by the claim, hence I ¼ ni¼1 Rxi ¼ R:
T
 4488 Chen and Li

ð3Þ ) ð4Þ ) ð1Þ. See Bass (1960).

ð4Þ ) ð5Þ ) ð3Þ is clear. &

The following corollary is clear.

Corollary 2.4. If R is a left Kasch ring then R is a strongly right C2-ring.

It is well known that R is a right CF ring iff every right ideal of R is a right
annihilator of some finitely generated left ideal.
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Theorem 2.5. If R is a right CF and strongly right C2-ring, then R is right artinian.

Proof. For any two right ideals A and B with A \ B ¼ 0; A ¼ rðI1 Þ; B ¼ rðI2 Þ for
two finitely generated left ideals I1 and I2 of R. So rðI1 þ I2 Þ ¼ rðI1 Þ \ rðI2 Þ ¼ 0.
Since I1 þ I2 is finitely generated and R is a strongly right C2-ring, I1 þ I2 ¼ R by
Lemma 2.3. Therefore, I1  lrðI1 Þ ¼ lðAÞ, I2  lrðI2 Þ ¼ lðBÞ, and so lðAÞ þ lðBÞ ¼ R.
By Lemma 2.1, R is right quasi-continuous, hence right CS. So R is right artinian
by Gómez Pardo and Guil Asensio (1998, Corollary 3.10). &

By Corollary 2.4, we have

Corollary 2.6 (Gómez Pardo and Guil Asensio, 1998, Corollary 2.6). Every left
Kasch, right CF ring is right artinian.
A ring is called left 2-injective (Nicholson and Yousif, 1995) if R-maps from 2-
generated left ideals to R are given by right multiplication. We need the following
result of Rutter.

Lemma 2.7 (Rutter, 1975, Corollary 3). If R is left 2-injective and has ACC on left
annihilators, then R is QF.

A ring R is called right 2-GF if every 2-generated right R-module embeds in a

free module.

Corollary 2.8 (Nicholson and Yousif, 2001b, Theorem 4.13). If R is a right 2-GF
and strongly right C2-ring, then R is QF.

Proof. Since R is right 2-GF, it is right CF. Then R is right artinian by Theorem 2.5.
Hence R satisfies the ACC on left annihilators. If RR ! R2R ! NR ! 0 is an exact
sequence of right R-modules, then NR is 2-generated, and so it is torsionless (for R
is right 2-GF). Thus R is left 2-injective by Chen et al. (2001, Theorem 2.17), and
hence R is QF by Lemma 2.7. &

Recall that a ring R is called semiregular if R=J is von Neumann regular and
idempotents can be lifted modulo J. Note that if R is semiregular, then for every
finitely generated submodule M of a projective module P; M ¼ P1  N , where
P1  P; N  JP (Nicholson, 1976). Then by Theorem 2.5, we obtain
 Artiness of Right CF Rings 4489

Corollary 2.9. If R is right CF, semiregular and J  Zr , then R is right artinian.

Proof. We note that Zr  J in any semiregular ring (by the remarks preceding
the corollary), so R is a strongly right C2-ring by Nicholson and Yousif (2001b,
Proposition 4.12). Hence by Theorem 2.5, R is right artinian. &

A ring R is called right P-injective (min-injective) if every right R-homomorph-

ism from a principal (minimal) right ideal to R is given by left multiplication by an
element of R. Recall that a right artinian and left and right min-injective ring is QF
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(Nicholson and Yousif, 1997, Corollary 4.8).

Corollary 2.10. A right CF, semiregular, right P-injective ring is QF.

Proof. Note that right P-injectivity implies J ¼ Zr (Nicholson and Yousif, 1995,
Theorem 2.1), R is right artinian by Corollary 2.9. Since R is right and left min-
injective, R is QF. &

We can easily get the following corollary by Theorem 2.5 and Lemma 2.3.

Corollary 2.11 (Wisbauer et al., 2002, Corollary 16). The following conditions are
equivalent for a right CF ring R.

(1) Every finitely generated left ideal of R is a left annihilator.

(2) R is right FP-injective.
(3) R is QF.

Nicholson and Yousif (1998) have shown that every right CF and right perfect
ring is right artinian. Rada and Saorin (1999) have obtained that every right FGF
and left perfect ring is QF. Here, we prove that a right CF left perfect ring is right
artinian by using a method essentially due to Rada and Saorin (1999). In order to
prove this conclusion, we first give some lemmas.

Lemma 2.12. Let R be a semiregular, right CF ring, and let M be a cyclic right
R-module. If no non-zero direct summand of M embeds in the radical of a finitely
generated free module then M is projective and quasi-continuous.

Proof. Since M þ fðMÞ  ð1  fÞðMÞ  fðMÞ  M þ fðMÞ for any 0 6¼ f ¼ f 2 2

EndðEðMR ÞÞ; M þ fðMÞ ¼ ð1  fÞðMÞ  fðMÞ. Then by the CF assumption and the
fact that fðMÞ and ð1  fÞðMÞ are both cyclic, M þ fðMÞ ¼ ð1  fÞðMÞ  fðMÞ
embeds in a finitely generated free module F.
Since R is semiregular, M admits a decomposition M ¼ P  N ; P  F;
N  JF. By hypothesis N ¼ 0; M ¼ P is projective.
Since M þ fðMÞ  F and P  F;M ¼ P  M þ fðMÞ. Note that M e M þ fðMÞ.
Thus fðMÞ  M and so M is quasi-continuous by Mohamed and Muller (1990,
Theorem 2.8). &
 4490 Chen and Li

Lemma 2.13 (Rada and Saorin, 1999, Lemma 2.4). Let R be a ring and X a finite
left or right T-nilpotent subset of R. Then there exists a positive integer t such that
every product of t elements of X is zero.

The transfinite socle series of MR is defined in Stenström (1975) and, as there,

SocðMÞ denotes the largest term of that series. M is called semiartinian if every
non-zero quotient module of M has non-zero socle. Thus M is semiartinian iff
SocðMÞ ¼ M. In that case the least ordinal g : M ¼ Socg ðMÞ is called the socle length
of M and denoted by s:l:ðMÞ.
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Lemma 2.14 (Rada and Saorin, 1999, Lemma 2.1).

(1) If R is a right semiartinian ring, then s:l:ðJÞ < s:l:ðRÞ.

(2) If R is a right CF, then R is right semiartinian if and only if Sr e RR .

The next theorem extends (Rada and Saorin 1999, Theorem 2.5) in the
FGF case, and the proof is an adaptation of the proof in Rada and Saorin
(1999).

Theorem 2.15. Let R be a right CF ring. Then following conditions are equivalent:

(1) R is semilocal and Sr e RR .

(2) R is left perfect.
(3) R is right artinian.

Proof. ð1Þ , ð2Þ. A right CF ring which satisfies Sr e RR is right semiartinian by

Lemma 2.14. But it is well known that a ring is left perfect if and only if it is right
semiartinian and semilocal.
ð3Þ ) ð2Þ is clear.
L
ð2Þ ) ð3Þ. Let R ¼ ni¼1 ei R, where fe1 ; e2 ; . . . ; en g is a set of orthogonal
local idempotents. If none of the ei R ði ¼ 1; . . . ; nÞ is quasi-continuous, then for a
positive integer m; R ,! J ðmÞ by Lemma 2.12. Then s:l:ðRÞ  s:l:ðJÞ. This contradicts
Lemma 2.14.
Thus we may assume that fe1 ; . . . ; en g is ordered in such a way that for
i ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; r; ei R embeds in J ðkÞ ; k 2 N, while ei R ði ¼ r þ 1; . . . ; nÞ is quasi-
continuous.
Thus, Sr e RR implies Socðei RÞ is simple as right ideal and Socðei RÞL e ei R for
i ¼ r þ 1; . . . ; n. So ei R is finitely cogenerated for i ¼ r þ 1; . . . ; n. Thus ni¼rþ1 ei R
is finitely cogenerated.
Set e ¼ e1 þ    þ er ; 1  e ¼ erþ1 þ    þ en . Then there exists a monomorphism
L
j : ri¼1 ei R ,! J ðkÞ , where k is a positive integer. Hence

eR ,! RðkÞ ¼ eRðkÞ  ð1  eÞRðkÞ ;

 Artiness of Right CF Rings 4491

Suppose that the first component of Im j  eJ ðkÞ  ð1  eÞRðkÞ takes e to

ðx1 ; . . . ; xk Þ 2 eJ ðkÞ . Now take the monomorphism

jðkÞ : eRðkÞ ! eRðk Þ  ð1  eÞRðk Þ

2 2
(direct sum of k copies of jÞ

and consider the composition

eR ! eRðkÞ  ð1  eÞRðkÞ ! eRðk Þ  ð1  eÞRðk Þ  ð1  eÞRðkÞ :

2 2
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This composition is a monomorphism whose first component eR ! eRðk Þ maps e

2

onto the element ðxi2 xi1 Þði2 ;i1 Þ2N2 of eRðk Þ . By recursively continuing in this way,
2

k
we get for each t > 0, a monomorphism

f ¼ ðjðk Þ  1Þðjðk Þ
 1Þ    j : eR ! eRðk Þ  ð1  eÞRðk þþkÞ
t t1 t t

whose first component eR ! eRðk Þ maps e onto the element ðxit    xi1 Þðit ;...;i1 Þ2Nt .
t

k
Lemma 2.13 ensures that for a large enough t, that component is zero. As a
consequence, eR ,! ð1  eÞRðsÞ . Since ð1  eÞRðsÞ is finitely cogenerated, so is the
submodule eR. Thus R is finitely cogenerated, and so R is right artinian. &

Corollary 2.16. Let R be a right CF ring in which the chain lða1 Þ  lða1 a2 Þ    
terminates for every infinite sequence a1 ; a2 ; . . . of R. Then R is right artinian.

Proof. Note that a left P-injective ring satisfying the chain condition in the
hypothesis is left perfect by Chen and Ding (1999, Theorem 3.4). It is now obvious
by Theorem 2.15. &

The following corollary is obtained immediately.

Corollary 2.17 (Rada and Saorin, 1999, Theorem 2.5). Every right FGF and left
perfect ring is QF.

Recall that a ring R is called right Johns if it is right noetherian and every right
ideal of R is a right annihilator.
Nicholson and Yousif have proved that every left CS and right Johns ring is QF
(Nicholson and Yousif, 1998).
Here we will generalize the above conclusion by showing that right noetherian,
left P-injective, left CS rings are QF.
We say a module M is finite dimensional if M contains no infinite independent
family of non-zero submodules.

Lemma 2.18. Let R be right noetherian, left P-injective and left finite dimensional.
Then R is right artinian.
 4492 Chen and Li

Proof. First, every left P-injective and left finite dimensional ring is semilocal by
Nicholson and Yousif (1995, Theorem 3.3). Since J is nilpotent by Gómez Pardo
and Guil Asensio (1998, Theorem 2.7), R is semiprimary. Thus R is right artinian.
&

Recall that a ring R is called a right generalized pseudo-Frobenius ring

(GPF-ring) if R is right P-injective, semiperfect, and Sr is essential as a right ideal.
Many characterizations of GPF-ring are given in Nicholson and Yousif (1995).
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Lemma 2.19 (Nicholson and Yousif, 1995, Theorem 2.3, Corollary 2.3). Let R be a
left GPF-ring. Then the following conditions hold.

(1) R is left and right Kasch.

(2) Sr ¼ Sl .
(3) SocðeRÞ is simple as a right ideal for every local idempotent e2 ¼ e 2 R.

Lemma 2.20 (Camillo and Yousif, 1991, Lemma 6). Let R be a semiprimary ring
with ACC on right annihilators, in which Sr ¼ Sl is finite dimensional as a left
R-module. Then R is left artinian.

Note that a right Johns ring is obviously left P-injective. The next theorem
extends (Nicholson and Yousif, 1998, Theorem 3.2).

Theorem 2.21. Let R be a right noetherian, left P-injective and left CS-ring.
Then R is QF.
L1
Proof. Suppose that i¼1 Rai  R. Set In ¼ rðan ; anþ1 ; . . .Þ, for n  1. Then we get

I1  I 2  I 3    

Since R is right noetherian, L there exits m  1, Ik ¼ Im , for k  m. So

rðakþ1 ; . . .Þ  rðak Þ. As Rak \ 1i¼kþ1 Rai ¼ 0 and R is left quasi-continuous, by
Lemma 2.1, rðakþ1 ; . . .Þ þ rðak Þ ¼ R. So rðak Þ ¼ R, which implies ak ¼ 0, for
k  m. So R is left finite dimensional, and hence R is right artinian by Lemma 2.18.
Since R is left P-injective, R is left GPF. Then by Lemma 2.19, Sr ¼ Sl . Note
that R is a left finite dimensional ring which satisfies ACC on right annihilators,
and so R is left artinian by Lemma 2.20.
In addition, according to Lemma 2.19, for any local idempotent e; SocðeRÞ is a
simple right R-module. Since R is left CS; Re is left CS by Mohamed and Muller
(1990, Proposition 2.7). Then for any minimal left ideal T  Re, there exists a direct
summand L of Re such that T e L. As e is local, L ¼ Re. Since T e Re;
SocðReÞ  T, then SocðReÞ ¼ T is a simple left R-module. So by Kasch (1982,
Theorem 13.4.2), R is QF. &

Remark 2.22. Right noetherian, left P-injective, right CS rings may be not QF.
There exists (see Björk, 1970, Example) a two-sided artinian ring R in which every
right ideal is a right annihilator. But it is not QF.
 Artiness of Right CF Rings 4493

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of

China (No. 10171011), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province in
China. (No. BK 2001001) and the Teaching and Research Award Program for
Outstanding Young Teachers in Higher Education Institutions of MOE, P.R.C.
The authors also thank the referee for helpful comments.
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Received May 2003

Revised September 2003
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