PRESENTATION ON

YOUTH & GENDER ISSUE

BY
SAMPRITI ROY
STUDENT BSN
WBUHS
INDIA
PRESENTATION OUTLINE

● Introduction
● Classification
● Domain
● Etiology
● Prevention
● Nurses’ role
● Conclusion
● Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
According to WHO, Youth states 15-24 year age group. The term
‘Youth Gender Issue’ states concern regarding 15-24 age group due to
masculine or feminine discrimination. Gender issues concerns both
women and men and has a strong impact on their daily lives.
Historically gender equality policies have been contextualised
mainly as a ‘women’s issue’as women have been a driving force
behind gender equality strategies and struggles.
CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
Issues of Femininity
A. Issues in Education
B. Issues in Gender biased violence &
Victimisation.
C. Issues in Reproductive health
D. Issues in labour market
E. Issues in ownership & right lands
F. Issues in Political field.
G. Issues in health & mortality.
Issues of Intergender or
Issues of Masculinity transgender
A. Issues in Agression, A. Issues in Structural
competitiveness
B. Issues in Interpersonal
B. Issues in Substance abuse
C. Issues in Individual
C. Issues in Mental Health &
Suicide.
D. Issues in substantiate.
 A.ISSUES IN EDUCATION~ B. ISSUES IN
GENDER BASED VIOLENCE &
The main problems facing their education are~
VICTIMISATION~
Risk factors for both intimate partner and sexual violence
➔ Development of immorality.
include~
➔ Lower levels of education (perpetration of sexual
➔ Suitable Curriculum for the education of girl.
violence and experience of sexual violence);
➔ A history of exposure to child maltreatment
➔ Lack of social consciousness among women.
(perpetration and experience);
➔ Witnessing family violence (perpetration and
➔ Scarcity of lady teacher
experience);
➔ Antisocial personality disorder (perpetration);
➔ Lack of proper physical facilities
➔ Substance abuse (perpetration and experience);
➔ Harmful masculine behaviours, including having
➔ Unwillingness of lady teachers to serve in rural areas.
multiple partners or attitudes that condone violence
(perpetration)
➔ Financial difficulties.
➔ Community norms that privilege or ascribe higher
status to men and lower status to women;
➔ Problem of transport
➔ Low levels of women’s access to paid employment; and
low level of gender equality (discriminatory laws, etc.)
➔ Problem of wastage and stagnation
➔ Past history of exposure to violence & Marital discord
and dissatisfaction;
➔ Problem of co-education;
➔ Difficulties in communicating between partners;
 C. ISSUES IN
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
➔ Adolescent girls tend to receive less education and information about
sexuality and reproduction and have poorer access to health services than
boys. They are also at higher risk of unsafe sex, often in situations where
they have less control over sexual and reproductive decision making.
Moreover, the risk of unsafe sex is compounded by the high risks of
intimate partner violence and sexual violence faced by adolescent girls.13
Adolescent girls are also specifically targeted by harmful practices such as
child marriage and, in some regions, female genital mutilation
➔ According to UNAIDS 2019 estimates.1 Surveys during 2011-16 showed
that, 30% in South Asia were married while still children.
➔ According to UNISEF, Every month, 1.8 billion people across the world
menstruate. Millions of these girls, women are unable to manage their
menstrual cycle in a dignified, healthy way. Gender inequality,
discriminatory social norms, cultural taboos, poverty and lack of basic
services like toilets and sanitary products can all cause menstrual health and
hygiene needs to go unmet, resulting Dysmenorrhea, polyp and so on.
D. ISSUES IN LABOUR
MARKET
➔ Full-time working Asian women spend, on average, 25 hours doing housework
unpaid per week, including shopping for groceries and cooking. This is in addition
to the average 36.4 hours full-time working women spend in employment.
➔ In India, the ratio of female-to-male labour force participation rate was 29.80 in
2019 as against the desired ratio of 50 per cent.
➔ In labour field, Women are less likely to pursue careers in STEM, construction,
finance and trades. Whereas, Men are less likely to pursue careers in nursing, early
childhood education, and aged and disability care.
➔ The gender pay gap is influenced by a number of factors:
◆ Lack of women in senior leadership positions
◆ Discrimination in hiring and pay decisions
◆ Lack of flexible work and affordable child care
◆ Over-representation of migrant and refugee women in low paid and
insecure work
◆ Barriers to employment for single mothers, women with a disability and
women from culturally diverse backgrounds
◆ Sexism, sexual harassment, bullying and workplace violence against
women.
 E. ISSUES IN OWNERSHIP & RIGHT F. ISSUES IN
LANDS POLITICAL FIELD

➔ In india, 66% of married men report owning housing (land) on their own, compared On this measure, India has ranked in
to 22% of married women. The relationship between legislation and women’s top 20 countries worldwide for many
property ownership holds across rural and urban areas, and is stronger for housing years, with 9th best in 2013 – a score
reflecting less gender inequality in
than for land. There is further indication that equal rights to own property, and laws
India’s political empowerment than
providing for the valuation of non-monetary contributions.
Denmark, Switzerland, Germany,
France and United Kingdom. From the
prime minister to chief ministers of
various states, Indian voters have
elected women to its state legislative
assemblies and national parliament in
large numbers for many decades.

➔ Although, A landmark judgement on 11 August 2020 by the Supreme Court of India,

held that daughters would have equal birth rights in Hindu Undivided Family
properties, irrespective of whether the father was alive or not.
 G. ISSUES IN HEALTH & MORTALITY
According to the latest round of National Family
Health Survey (NFHS 2019-21), India has 1,020
females per 1,000 males, whereas Republic of Korea
male to female ratio was at level of 100.24 males per
100 females in 2020, down from 100.43 males per
100 females in 2015.
In India, Immunization rates for 2-year-olds
➔ Studies found that gender
was 41.7% for girls and 45.3% for boys
according to the 2015 National Family Health
Survey-3, indicating a slight disadvantage for
girls.
➔ Marital history, life experience of
disadvantages, such as negative
attitudes towards women’s
empowerment are risk factors for
suicidal behavior and common
mental disorders like anxiety and
depression, somatoform and
dissociative disorders compared to
men.
various forms of violence in
relationship with spouses, autonomy
regarding a woman’s personal
choices, level of engagement outside
the home, and social support from
family during times of difficulty
acted as rusk factor.
A.ISSUES IN AGGRESSION &
COMPETITIVENESS
➔ According to psychologists Martin Daly and Margo Wilson, men
committed homicide, familicide, on average, 26 times more frequently than
women.Men are also, in 70% of cases, the victims of homicides. In some
societies, this percentage jumps to over 90%
➔ It includes telling another person who is showing emotion to “man up” in
other words, to hide that emotion. This example illustrates how society
view emotion or vulnerability as ‘unsociety’. Another common example is
the saying, “boys will be boys.” This expression advocates for careless,
aggressive, or otherwise damaging behavior in young males, rather than
teaching them about responsibility and owning up to their mistakes.
Expressions of this type highlight how cultures and societies have
traditionally viewed males. However, these views can cause harm and
embellish the idea of masculinity, leading to an even more toxic attitude
toward these behaviors.
➔ According to Berkowitz’s theory; These act as predisposing factor~
◆ Social role
◆ Preschool and civic educational strategies,
◆ Genetic factors,
◆ Family history,
◆ Hormonal issues
B. ISSUES IN SUBSTANCE
ABUSE
➔ Men are more likely than women to use almost all types of illicit drugs,
Resulting more likely to result in emergency department visits or overdose
deaths for men than for women. “Illicit” refers to use of illegal drugs, including
marijuana, Cocaine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, molly, heroine, alcohol, tobacco
and misuse of prescription drugs. For most age groups, men have higher rates of
use or dependence on illicit drugs and alcohol than do women.
➔ Possible Etilogical Factor~
◆ Genetic variation in 51 different chromosomal region
◆ Abnormalities in alcohol dehydrogenase, Dopamine &
Norepinephrine.
◆ Inborn deficiency in endomorphine.
◆ Sense of Inferiority, poor impulse control, lower self-esteem.
◆ Poor Coping Mechanism.
◆ Peer pressure
◆ Unemployment
◆ Poor social support.
◆ Urbanization
◆ Easy availability of drugs
◆ Pre-existing Psychiatric disorder (Anxiety, Depression, Social Phobia,
Schizophrenia).
A Study on Youth Substance Abuse, conducted by National Institute of Drug Abuse
 C. ISSUES IN MENTAL
HEALTH & SUICIDE
➔ Globally, death by suicide occurred about 1.8 times more often among males than
among females in 2008, and 1.7 times in 2015 in the western world, males die by
suicide three to four times more often than do females.
➔ Role of gender plays like social constructions of hegemonic masculinity which tend to
emphasize greater levels of strength, independence, risk-taking behavior, economic
status, and individualism. Another factor closely tied to gender roles is unemployment
status.
➔ Reinforcement of this gender role often prevents males from seeking help for suicidal
feelings and depression resulting suicide. Another risk factor is power-distance,
individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity.
➔ The use of hanging was significantly higher in males (54.3%) than in females (35.6%).
study found that the second most common methods were firearms (9.7%)
SUICIDE RATE FOR 15-19 YRS YOUTH
D. ISSUES IN
SUBSTANTIATE
➔ Studies shows that in India, men are considered the culprit by default even if it
was the woman that committed sexual abuse against men. Women can jail
husband’s family for dowry related cases by just filing an FIR.The men’s rights
movement claims that the law IPC 498A demands that the husband’s family is
considered guilty by default, unless proven otherwise, in other words, it
implements the doctrine of ‘guilty unless proven innocent’ defying the
universally practiced doctrine of ‘innocent until proven guilty’.this provision is
much abused as only 4% of the cases go to the court and the final conviction rate
is as low as 2%.
➔ The Supreme Court of India has found that women are filing false cases under
the law IPC 498A. Thee Men’s rights movement in India call for gender-neutral
laws, especially in regards to child labour, sexual harassment, and adultery laws.
 STRUCTURAL
SUBGROUP
The Structural subgroup has 5
Domain named by~
1. Gender conformity to natal Sex
norms
2. Stigmatizing practice &
Enforcement practice
3.Lack of provider training &
Education
4. Healthcare Access Barrier
5. Economic inequality
6.Gender inequality.
INTERPERSONAL
SUBGROUP
The Interpersonal subgroup has 6
Domain named by~
1. HealthCare discrimination
2. Workplace discrimination
3. Family rejection
4. Hate crimes
5. Sexual assault
6. Physical Assault
INDIVIDUAL
SUBGROUP
The Individual subgroup has 3 Domain
named by~
1. Concealment of Stigma
2. Avoidance of Stigma
3. Internalizatio of Stigma..
 ISSUES~
Economy Higher Millitary Marriage &
Health Education Service Adoption
Transgender people Discrimination, LGBT people are According to Ipsos LGBT+ Pride 2021
Transgender people face
bullying and ragging banned from openly Global Survey, 44% of Indian people were
enormous health bear the economic
targeted at a student serving in the Indian in favor of legalising transgender marriage,
disparities, including consequences of
on the ground of their Armed Forces. In late 14% of Indians were in support of
staggering rates of HIV discrimination, sexual orientation or December 2018, a bill allowing some kind of legal recognition
infection, lack of including high rates of gender identity is for transgender & LGBT couples with
was introduced to the
primary care (including poverty and increasing day by day Indian Parliament to 18% opposed and 25% chose not to give
individualized, unemployment, whereas it is tried to amend the Army Act, their opinion. Furthemore, the survery
medically necessary discrimination in prohibit under the 1950, the Navy Act, found that 56% of Indians’ current views
education, and UGC Regulation on 1957 and the Air on transgender marriage are different than
transition- related
homelessness. Trans Curbing the Menace Force Act, 1950 that they were five years ago. According to a
healthcare), and high
of Ragging in Higher would allow 2016 poll by the International Bisexual,
rates of attempted people are more than
Educational LGBTpeople to serve Trans and Intersex Association, 35% of
suicide. twice as likely to live
Institutions (Third in the Armed Forces. Indian people were in favor of legalizing
in extreme poverty. Amendment), 2016 The bill was lapsed in transgender marriage, with a further 35%
the Lok Sabha. opposed
 CONSEQUENCES~

Health Effects~ Social & Economic~

It has 2 subgroup named fatal & non fatal outcome
The social and economic costs of violence against women are
1.NON FATAL OUTCOME~ It has 5 Domain.
➔ Physical health ( injuries, functional impairment, physical symptoms, enormous.Women may suffer isolation, inability to work, loss of
poor subjective health, permanent disability, handicapped) wages due to losses of women’s earning potential, lack of
➔ Chronic condition (Irritable bowel syndrome,gastrointestinal disorder, participation in regular activities and limited ability to care for
somatic complain themselves and their children, decrease quality of life in family
➔ Negative health behavior (smoking, alcohol, drug abuse, over eating)
and community and low self- esstem.
➔ Mental health (Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety,
phobia, sleep difficulties,eating disorder, low self-esteem)
➔ Reproductive (unwanted pregnancy, STDs, gynecological disorder,
unsafe abortion, pregnancy complication, pelvic inflammatory disorde)

2.FATAL OUTCOME: homicide, suicide, maternal mortality, AIDs related

death, female, infanticide
.
CONSEQUENCES CONT..
Added Cost~
It Include the cost of
treatment, therapy, court and
legal services..
Productivity & Empowerment
Girls who are victims of sexual abuse at school by their male teacher are likely to
be depressed and stay away from school. Elsewhere, parents who are fear that
their daughter will be sexually assaulted, may keep them at home until they are
safely married.The consequences in every case, is a cutting of education, a
decreased chance of securing gainful employment, quality of life and reduce
contribution to community as well as nationlegal.
Globally, women account for only 38 percent of human capital wealth versus 62
percent for men. In low- and lower-middle income countries, women account for
a third or less of human capital wealth. On a per capita basis, gender inequality in
earnings could lead to losses in wealth of $23,620 per person globally.
 ETILOGY~

The causes of gender discrimination may be as follows:

(1) Prejudice~ Prejudices indicate unfounded and unscientific judgement. It is wrong to discriminate all
women on the behaviour of one womens'
(2) Biological~ biological differences between man and woman play a minor role in creating gender
discrimination • But women are considered as only birth giver.
(3) Socio-cultural~ studies shows that Parents don’t bother to pay for education & girl child’s basic needs,
thinking her existence is their loss because they have to give away dowry
(4) Economic~ Around the globe in almost all societies women were/are economically dependent on
men.They were only engaged in domestic work for which they were never paid. One psychologist called
women “unpaid maid servants”.
(5) Educational~ observation shows that in general the status of women to-day is very low, they are
discriminated because of want of education. Education is considered to be the most significant agent of basic
change in the status of women including economic and occupational status.
 PREVENTION~

➔ All individual men, women, buys and girls are accountable for practicing zero- tolerance of all form of gender-based violence in home community
➔ Within household, ensuring that women and girls have equal access to information, education and participation in decision making
➔ Social-economic and legal right to children and women or right to participate should be ensured in all issue concerning them..
➔ Shelter, counseling service and legal aid are required in communities for women.
➔ Legal law enforcement system, including polices and security and armed forces must come to such a women aid
➔ Health care workers can be informed about violence against women and how to identify and treat sign of gender based violence. Eg – bruise,
fracture, internal bleeding, malnourishment
➔ Empowering and mobilizing local civil society group to influence the local governmentes
➔ Since of the main cause of violence is illiteracy, primary education should be meaningful and productive, also Awareness should be increased in
legal and human right of children and women.
➔ Caste and gender discrimination should be ended and equal pay for equal amount of work should be appliedocal
➔ Minimum age of marriage should be set at 21 year and implementation and enforcement should be approached in a more sustained manner and
directed toward the market demand
➔ Poverty and lack of employment opportunities are the major contributing factors of violence thus economic and employ opportunities, income-
generating activities should be provided to all women according to their capacity.
➔ Only heavy fines and previous legal punishment to the perpetrator and exploiters is not sufficient to prevent the violence so legal punishment
should be strong to them
 NURSES’ ROLE~

➔ Nurse should puts every effort into enabling women to speak out against gender-based violence, and to get help when they are victims of it and
also commit to keeping gender-bases violence in the spotlight as a major health and human right concern.
➔ Nurse should advocate for legislative reform and enforcement of laws for the promotion and the protection of women’s right to reproductive health
choices and informed consent, including promotion of women’s awareness of laws, regulations and policies that affect their rights and
responsibilities in family life.
➔ Nurse should promote zero tolerance of all forms of violence against women and works for the eradication of traditional practices that are harmful
to women’s reproductive and sexual health, such as rituals associated with puberty.
➔ Attention has been paid to involving communities and to creating support network for gender-based violence victims that include both police and
health care provider, along with counseling service
➔ Nurse also can held workshops for health providers on recognizing the effects of gender-based violence on women’s health, and on how to detect
and prevent abuse and assist victims.
➔ Nurse also can help to ensure emergency contraception is available for victims of sexual violence
➔ Nurse can strengthening advocacy on gender-based violence in all country programmes, in conjunction with other different NGOs and INGOs.
➔ To identifying child marriage or children who are in special need because they conduct home visits periodically so it's very easy for them to
identify
➔ Integrating message on the prevention of gender based violence into information, education and communication projects.
➔ Conducting more research on gender-based violence
 CONCLUSION~

It is important to promote common values such as respect for human rights and equality between women and men as
well as a common understanding that human rights are universal and apply to all, irrespective of sex & Race
 BIBLIOGRAPHY~

➔ Gulani Kumari Krishna; community health nursing principle and practice; 6th edition, Kumari
publishing house.

➔ k.Park; park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine;25th edition,Banarsidas Bhanot publishers.

➔ Swarnkar Keshav; community health nursing; 4th edition, RN brother publishers.

➔ https://www.who.int › health-topics

➔ https://www.unicef.org ›gender inequality

➔ https://www.researchgate.net ›Gender Inequality

➔ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov > Gender inequality and restrictive gender norms