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Preferred citation: P. Krochak and C. Östlund.

The effect of press nip geometry on dryness, density


and paper properties. In Advances in Pulp and Paper Research, Oxford 2017, Trans. of the XVIth
Fund. Res. Symp. Oxford, 2017, (W. Batchelor and D. Söderberg, eds), pp 323–343, FRC, Manchester,
2018. DOI: 10.15376/frc.2017.1.323.

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