*JA-PHYSICS pe 3 a a} S-Matorial 3. MOTION INA STRAIGHT LINE 2m (or) 4m Sra In this chapter we study the motion of objects along a straight line. The main contents of this chapter are (1) Displacement, velocity, acceleration of (a) bodies moving ina straight line (b) freely falling bodies (ii) kinetic equations of motion (iti) Graphs (ay) relative velocity, Basic terminology: Rectilinear motion: The motion of objects along a straight line is called rectilinear motion. Uniform motion: If an object moving along a straight line covers equal distances in equal intervals of time then itis said to be in uniform motion Non-uniform motion: If an object moving along a straight line covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time then itis said to be in non-uniform motion. Rest and Motion : A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to time & surroundings. A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to time and surroundings. The terms rest and motion are relative. Ex 1 : Trees, hills and buildings are in motion with respect to Sun, and are at rest w.t-t. Earth. Ex 2: If you are travelling in a train then you are in motion w.r surroundings, but you are at rest w.nt your co-passenger. Path length and Displacement : ‘As shown in the diagram,starting from a point A , one can reach point B in several paths. ‘Among those paths, there is only one shortest path, + The total length of any path covered by a body between two points is called Path length. 3 4 + The change of position a body in a specified direction is called displacement. (or) The shortest distance between the starting point and the ending point is called displacement. Ex: The displacement between A and B in the above diagram is Sem, where as, a path length between A and B is 7em, another path length is 2.5% em Average speed and Average velocity : lap 15] Average speed: Average speed is the ratio of total path length traversed and the corre sponding time interval “Average velocity: Average velocity is the displacement divided by the time interval in w the displacement occurs. Total path length jay = Displacement @ Average speed ~ Tora} ime interval © Average velocity * “irne interval Note: The average speed of an object is greater or equal to the magnitude of the average velocity over a given time interval. Scanned with CamScannerXJR-PHYSICS, ‘S-Materlal 9 Uniform velocity, Non -uniform velocity, Instantancaus velocity + Uniform velocity : A body is said to have uniform velocity, ifit covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time , however small the time intervals may be. Tiny rain drops reach on to Earth's surface with uniform velocity. 1 Non-uniform velocity: A body is said to have non -uniform velocity, if it eovers unequal displacements in equal intervals of time (or) the direction of motion of the body changes instantancously. 34 a9 ao 4 Ex: Motion of a freely falling body near the surface of earth, a Satellite moving around Earth. Instantaneous velocity: The velocity of a body at a particular instant of its motion is called Instantaneous velocity. Ex:The reading in the speedometer of a Bike reflects the magnitude of instantaneous velocity. 1fAx represents a small change in displacement in a very smal .e At then the Instantaneous velocityis Vest = Lt ¥= Lt S82 8% acto’ “ato at dt 3.5.0 Acceleration, Positive acceleration and Negative acceleration (Retardation): SUIT 3g © UF UOROW'E Def: The rate of change of velocity of the body with time is called acceleration (a) - Ex: A Freely falling body , Motion of a moving train in the beginning. ‘The units of acceleration are ms“and its dimensional formula is [LT] Positive acceleration : If the velocity ofa body is increasing with time, then the body is said to be moving with positive acceleration (or) simply acceleration, Ex : A train starting from a station moves with positive acceleration in the beginning. Negative acceleration : If the velocity of a body is decreasing with time, then the body is said to be moving with Negative acceleration or Retardation or deceleration. Ex : A train reaching a station , stops in a retardation, 3.5.1.Uniform Acceleration, Non-uniform Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration : Uniform Acceleration : A body is said to have uniform Acceleratio1 has equal changes in velocity in equal intervals of time, however small the time intervals may be. Ex : Motion ofa freely falling body. Non-uniform Acceleration: A body is said to have non-uniform Acceleration, if the magnitude or direction of the acceleration changes with time, Ex: The Motion of moving electrons around the nucleus, nnonnoonngon7ang Instantaneous acceleration : The acceleration of a body at any instant of its motion or at any point along its path is called Instantaneous acceleration. If Av represents a small change in velocity in a very small time At then the Instantaneous - -_,, AV_dV ion is inst = Lt a= Lt ——-=— acceleration is ainsi = Lta= Lt, = 3.5.2 Acceleration due to gravity(g) : The uniform acceleration produced in the bodies due to carth’s gravitational force is called acceleration due to gravity. It is produced both in freely falling or projected bodies. Acceleration due to gravity is denoted by g. When a body is falling towards Earth, its velocity increases. Hence, g can be taken as positive. When a body is projected upwards its velocity decreases. Here, g can be taken as. negative. The general value of g is on the surface of Earth is 9.8 ms The value of g is at the centre of the earth is zero. a Scanned with CamScanner SHOAADDOGG a ticih Cs utdlal ® SB kann G -PHYSICS 70 S-Materlal S inte 366 Hveely falling body and body projected vertically up: 9 Freely falling hody : When a body is dropped from a height , then its velocity increases wos gradually snd attains a maximum velocity when it hits the ground.}ere, the Initial velocity is s iy iy b : zero and acceleration is + gy | 3} Rody projected vertically up: When a body is projected vertically up from the ground then it WBF | >s moves ayninst gravity, I's velocity decreases gradually.Lence,its acceleration is taken as -g. At mn the point its velocity becomes zero, The height at which the velocity becomes zero, is 3) | “Ss called maximum height, y R | ~g | 4 DERIVATIONS of Equations of Motions in a straight Jine + | ps A Derive the equation v=vgtat , with usual notation, z Proof, Consider u body starting with initial velocity ‘y,’ and moving with uniform acceleration 5 fs Aller time ‘t’, Jet its final velocity be ‘v’ a f +>. \ ps From the definition of acceleration, Yo t y Change clo fad ost a= Chmein velocity _ VV yyy nat ° time t “9 o jytat <~y ] 4.2 Derive the equation xe vyto tat ITS 16] a a9 | Proofs Consider a body starting with initial velocity ‘v,’ and moving with uniform acceleration ‘a’. <<, Aficr time “let its final velocity be ‘v’. Let'x” be the distance travelled by the body in time ‘t”, lie Distance travelled x = Average velocity * time a" no( tot’ | 2 “Ss 2) / é CE 82 CEC eC a Duet tat? 2 o xangtt gat 4.3 Derive the equation v= v,2+ 2ax Proof: Consider a body starting with initial velocity ‘v,’ and moving with uniform acceleration ‘a’. Afier time ‘’ Jet its final velocity be ‘v’.Let *x’ be the distance travelled by the body in time ‘t’. Distance travelled x = Average of velocity x time V~Vo z. Vivgl= Qa => v= vet 2ax a=tg,x=h) = 5, Equations of motion for a freely falling body ( Here , Vo = 1. v=gt (From v=votat) 2 he je. [From x= vot +a) oh => v=4/2eh [From v? = vp +2ax] 3. v= Scanned with CamScannersephrbeetiok 7] Oe GATTICAL SUG TUGHNTATION OF LINKAR MOWION + G1 DixptncementeTime graph: A graph dravn taking ‘time (1)! on the “dinplavement(x)’ of a moving particle on the Yeaxis , is called ‘displacenentedicnee grasa: tis #nd ‘Whe “Hlope'at finwent aba point on this curve gives ‘velocity! at that point Slope = tan = Velocity Varloun canons sslaxmenx! T a Be tine Sine (I) Body ts at rest (i) Body Is moving with (iil) Body is moving with (Slope=) constant velocity Increasing velocity 6.2 Veluelty-time Graph + A geaph drawn taking “time (t)’ on the X-axis and ‘velocity(y)’ of a moving body on Y-axis is called *velocity-time’ graph, ‘The ‘Slope! of the tangent ata point on this curve gives ‘acceleration’, Slope = tand= 2 ma ae Varlous cases: >< Velocin) st of o () Uniform velocity | (ii) Uniformacecleration | (il) Uniformaceeleration | (ijUniformretardation | starting from Rest with some initial velocity | 7. — Relative velocity: The velocity of object B relative to object Ais vpy=Vg-v, Similarly, velocity of object A relative to object B is Van =V4—Vp Imp Formulae “Total path length 1, Average Speed otal time interval Ax _ dx 2. Instantaneous velocity v= Lt <= aan At dt y_dy 3. Instantaneous acceleration a= Lt S¥ = 4% ace dt dt Scanned with CamScannerAsnepnvescs Metta 1.0 4.2 43 44 (iz) th 4, MOTION IN A PLANE In this chapter w contents of this chapter are (i) Sealars and vextens (i) Mcnion in a ghar Projectile motion (iv) Uniform circular riction nitude tut rio direction, is calle a sealee. ‘Time, Distance quantity which has beth magnitude and direction and cteeys lew of verde , Displacement, Velocity, Accleration, Momentum ete k Bz metrical representation of vectors : ‘ Geometrically, a vector is represented by a directed line segment « If the vector AB is denoted by 4 then (i) Ais called the initial point of the vector Gi) B is called the terminal point of the vector 4 The magnitude of a is the length AB.It is written as (ae) ohBor lal (ivyThe direction of @ is from the initial point A to the terminal point 2. ‘Types oF vecrors Equality of vectors Two vectors are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude & direction. “The units of equal vectors are also equal. —i—> i _» _— a Negative of a vector : Let @ bea vector then the vector having magnitude as that of & and direction opposite to that of @ is called negative of @ and it is denoted by -Z. Zero vector (Null vector): “A-vector of zero magnitude and arbitrary direction is called a zer0 vector, itis denoted by Oox 0. Unit vector: ‘A vector of magnitude one unit is called a unit vector. If q is a non-zero vector then the unit vector in the direction of @ is denoted by 4. 7 ect ge The unit vector in the direction of the non-zero veetor @ is @ = — a Position vector : Jf 0 is a point of reference and P is a point in space then the vector OP is called the position vector of P with reference to O. Scanned with CamScannerXJR-PHYSICS §-Materlal 5.1 Addition of vectors Te i jrections: To add two vectors i, ir directi } Beometrically, the arrows are drawn to a scale with thei Next, keep the initial point of the second vector j at the final point of the first vector ‘Then draw an arrow from the initial point of 7 to the final point of the second vector b- ‘This new arrow represents the resultant vector ¢, which is the sum of the two vectors. 5.2 Laws of vector addition : (D Vector addition obeys Commutative Law Gi) Vector addition obeys Associative Law 1 i+ +8) =@+b)+é (iii) Vector addition obeys Distributive Law rk (i+ b) = ki + kb , where k is scalar. If k, and k, are two scalars then (kj +kg)@=kyi+k2a 6.1 Resolution of a vector in a plane into two rectangular components: Let a vector A makes an angle 0 with the X-axis, This Vector A can be resolved into two rectangular components, which are at right angles to each other. BI c IfA,, A, are the components of the vector A along 7 X, Y directions then vector A can be represented as Ay A=AxitAyj: ° 7 A x Here, Horizontal component of & is Ax =Acos0. Vertical component of & is Ay =Asin0. 6.2 Resolution of a vector in space into three rectangular components: Y, The unit vectors along X,Y, Z-axes are}, J , k respectively. Vector A can be resolved into 3 components along X, Y , Z axes. IfA,,A, and A, are the components of the vector A along X, Y, Z directions then vector A can be represented as AaAyitAyjtAgk: Magnitude of the veetor A is |Ale JA? +A} +A? 1, 7 Triangle law of vectors : If two vectors are represented in magni- i . sh tude and direction by the two sides ofa triangle taken in an order, then a ws their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the third side taken in the reverse order. Scanned with CamScanner10.1 10.2 S-Matorlal Ieee veotors are represented in magnitude and ditwetion by ayy tron point then theitrestltant it repteventod 1 passing through the same point, Parallelogram law of vectors the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram in magnitude and direction by the diago Let 0 be the angle between the vectors P,Q and R be the resultant vector ) Let the resultant vector §{ ma @ R=YPP+Q+2PQeosd cid) ota (p90 ) x 2PQ-=P1Q (i)u=O% es an angle ce with p> then P W i) If Pand Gare parallel to each other then (i) R ii) If the angle between the two vectors 0 =180° then (i) R = ee +Q?=2PQ =P-Q (ii) a= 0" iil) [F the angle between the two vectors 0 =90° then () R= P?+.Q? iv)If 0 =90%and both the vectors have same magnitude then (i) R= VP? +P? = JP (ii) 45°, Y) If two vectors have same magnitude i.e i =|Q| then (i) R = 2P cos 0/2 (ii) «= 0/2 I=[9] Relative velocity in two dimensions: The concept of relative velocity for motion along a straight line, can be easily extended to include motion in a plane or in three dimensions. Suppose that two objects A and B are moving with velocities vq and vp. vi) If the resultant of two vectors is equal to cither, i.e [F | then 0 =120%, Then, velocity of object A relative to that of B is Vay = Vy —Vp and similarly, the velocity of object B relative to that of Ais Tyq = Vy -¥p = Vap =—Vpq also IVap EIVpa! Projectile and Trajectory : A “body projected in to air’ with some initial velocity making an oblique angle to the horizontal, is called a projectile and its path is called Trajectory. Note : The path of a projectile is a Parabola. Ex: The ‘sixer’ hit by a batsman in the cricket game, a Javellin thrown by an athlete, a Bullet fired from a gun, a Bomb thrown from a moving Aeroplane. Equations of motion for a Projectile ( Here, 0 is the angle of projection): 1. Horizontal component u, =u cos0; Vertical component uy = u sind. 2. Velocity of projectile v= V + Vy , where vy 3. Time of ascent t= "SM Time of descent 4. Time of fight T= 21 = 2usin® a g =ucos0, v= usind ~gt 5. Maximum height max = u’sin20 6.Range R = Scanned with CamScanner