301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.
301 discourse markers in speech
Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech
Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech
Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech
Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.301 discourse markers in speech

Discourse markers are words and expressions which help to structure spoken exchanges
and written text. (e.g. first of all, by the way, on the other hand, in any case, to sum up).
English has a very large number of these. Some are used in all kinds of discourse, some
mostly in formal writing, and others mainly in informal speech. Those that are most common
in speech are discussed here; some of these (but not all) are also used in formal writing, ▶
284. Discourse markers can communicate several things:
•
‘What are we talking about?’ They can introduce or clarify a topic, and show divisions and
changes of topic.
•
‘What are we doing?’ They can show the type of communication that is going on.
•
attitude They can show a speaker’s attitude to what he or she is saying, or to the listener’s
expectations.
1
What are we talking about?
Some discourse markers say what a speaker is going to focus on, and may show a link with
previous discussion. Others show subdivisions and changes of topic.
focusing: talking/speaking of/about; regarding; as regards; as far as … is/are concerned; as
for
‘I saw Max and Emma today. You know she –’ ‘Talking of Max, you know he’s leaving?’
And speaking of Australia, did you see that documentary …?
Regarding that car you were thinking of selling – how much do you want for it?
As far as the kids are concerned, let’s ask them what they think.
As for that business of going to the police, I’m sorry I mentioned it.
I’ve invited Andy and Joseph. As for Joshua, I never want to see him again.
subdividing: first; firstly; first of all; in the first place; to start with; for one thing; and then
I don’t think I can help you. First(ly) / First of all / For one thing / In the first place, I haven’t
got the time. And then I’m going to be away all next week.
To start with, let me remind you that I’m the one who’s paying for all this.
brief change of subject: incidentally; by the way
I was talking to Annie yesterday. Incidentally / By the way, did you know she’s got a new job?
And she said that Jake told her …
returning to previous subject: as I was saying
… on the roof – Jeremy, put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up on the
roof and looks at the tiles …
introducing a new subject (for example in lectures): now; all right; right; OK
OK. Now a word about iron oxide. There’s two basic types …
Any questions? Right, let’s have a word about tomorrow’s arrangements.
summing up: all in all; in a word
And the car broke down. And Jodie got mugged. And then Sophie was ill. All in all, it wasn’t
the best trip we’ve had.
He gets up at midday. He won’t look for a job. He doesn’t help around the house. In a word,
he’s bone idle.