Matter in Our Surroundings Level-! (For CBSE & Olympiads)Matter n Our Surroundings [Tis chaeTER wotunes ©The Matter © Physical Nature of Matter - # Glassification of Matter (Based on Physical “We must have a universe of ight and darkness, particles and” properties) empty space, locations with matter having some properties, The Solid State locations with matter having other properties, places with order, The Liquid State places with chaos.” The Gaseous State The Plasma State The Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) ~ Michael Albert vvyvy Everything we see and use in our daily life is ‘matter’. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. We wilfstudy diferent * !erconversion of States of Matter states of matter and their interconversions in this chagtamsThere are 2*)»_State Variables five known states of matter, ie., solid, liquid, gaseous, plasma and. * Effect. of Variables on States of Matter Bose-Einstein condensate. In the presence of different variants ag ® Definition of Interconversions of States of temperature, pressure et, these states show irterconversion®aftang Matter themselves. We shal also learn about evaporation, in vinich liquid ° Diferent Terminology and Definitions state changes to gaseous state 9) Quick Recap ‘© Assignment THE MATTER Scientists gave a common term ‘matter to all'the materials present in the universe, In a fruit cream cup; the cup, juice, ice-cream, fruit, chocolate, sugar etc., all are different types of matter. Even a single matter can have two or more forms or states in different conditions e.g., water when freezes at 0°C turns to a hard material ice while heated above 100°C gives vapours. Substance which can be calculated or estimated by either (i) volume, (i) mass, or combination of these variables is called as matter. oR “Matter is an entity which occupies space and has mass’. Matter is classified on the basis of its physical properties and chemical nature. In this chapter we shall learn about matter based on its physical proper Relax I! ‘What is matter? - Never mind What is mind? - No matter ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Matter in Our Surroundings CBSE & Olympiads (Level) PHYS! ICAL NATURE OF MATTER 1 Matter is made up of particles Every matter is composed of several similar repeating units called particles. ‘The nature of particles and physical forces among them determine the nature of the matter. Every particle of matter is bonded to other particles due to the attractive forces among them. Every particle of matter has its own energy to move. For example, when we dissolve salt in water, the particles of salt get into the spaces between particles of water. Petxouoe ‘= When a particle pulls another particle towards itself, it exerts a force called attractive force but when one particle pushes the other, itexerts repulsive force. Particles of matter have space between them Every matter of different states is formed by the union of a number of constituting particles which possess interstitial spaces between them. This space may vary in different matters because of the different arrangements and the nature of particles. ‘The space between two neighbouring particle units is known as interstitial space. Particles Interstitial space 3. Particles of matter move continuously If you put a drop of ink into water and Keep it\undisturbed for some time, you will ind later on that ink has spread throughout the water, Thisilis because the particles of ink keep on moving. So, the particles of matter move continuously. Their movement depends upon the nature of matter, the physical forces operating between them and the kinetic energy of the particles. For example, when some crystals of copper sulphate are added to a beaker containing hot water and some of its crystals to another beaker containing cold water, it is observed that rate of mixing of copper sulphate is higher in hot water than in cold water because the kinetic energy of particles increases with the increase in temperature. 4, Particles of matter attract each other All the material looks united and constructed because thelr constituting particles are assembled, A question arises that why particles assemble together? The answer is attractive force. Every particle of matter exerts an attractive force on its neighbouring particles and hence they assemble together. Efficiency of these forces vary for the different type of materials. These forces also predict the size and the shape of the material 5. Particles of matter are very small If you put a drop of blue ink into 500 mL water, the colour of water will turn blue, Again take a drop of this solution and put it in another 500 mL water. Again the water will tum blue (however the blue colour fades). This shows that a drop of ink contains millions of particles which in turn shows that the particles of matter are very small ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Matter in Our Surroundings CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER (BASED ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES) As the ‘nature of the particles and physical forces between them determine the nature of the matter, so matter can be in different forms or states. Generally matter can be classified into five states as ~ Solid state Liquid state Three basic or classical states of matter Gaseous state here Plasma state 5. Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) In ancient time, the distinction between different forms of matter was made on the basis of difference in the bulk properties as, Solid is the state in which matter has a fixed shape and a fixed volume. Liquid is the state in which matter has a fixed volume but its shape varies according to the shape of the container. Gaseous state is the state in which matter neither has a fixed volume nor a fixed shape. According to the modern classification, the matter is made up of particles (atoms or molecules) which are attracted towards each olher through theinterpartle | ay Interparicie forces Fs of attraction forces known as ‘interparticle forces of attraction’ (which may also be called as ‘interatomic, ‘inferione’ or intermolecular’ forces of attraction). The empty space }() (C) Space) between these particles is known as ‘interparticle ‘space’ (interatomic space’ or intermolecular space’ or interstitial Interparticle space space) ites spce Boose vgs ‘it space on oe OO Ao OOOO Sane: Saree sare tsa sat) cud sat (Gases sate States of matter ‘The physical state of matter depends upon the net effect of the two factors, (i) interparticle forces of attraction (ii) Kinetic energy Interparticle forces between the particles tend to bring them closer to each other, whereas motion of the particles tends to move them apart. As per moder classification, various forms of matter are — Solid state is the state which has maximum interparticle forces of attraction and therefore minimum interparticle spaces. Liquid state is the state which has lesser interparticle forces of attraction than solids but more than the gaseous state. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalh-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Matter in Our Surroundings CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Gaseous state is the state which has minimum interparticle forces of attraction and hence maximum. interparticle spaces. In addition to the above three basic forms of matter, modem classification states that those forms of matter which are not composed of molecules but are organised by different forces can also be considered in different slates of matter, and hence, Plasma and Bose-Einstein Condensate are also considered as other states, of matter. ‘An optimist sees the glass half full, the pessimist sees the glass half empty. The chemist sees the glass completely filled, haif in the liquid state and half in the gaseous state. 2 aa 4. Movement of particles depend upon (1) Nature of matter (2) Physical forces operating between them @) Kinetic energy of the particles @) Allof these 2, Matter is made up of (1) Substances (2) Materials @) Earth (4) Particles 3. Which of the following is not a basic state of matter? (1) Solid state @) Plasma state (@) Bose-Einstein condensate (4) Both (2) & (3) 4, Types of interparticle forces of attraction are (A) Interatomic (2) Intermolecuiar (@) Interionic (4) All of these 5. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding gaseous state? (1), Minimum interparticle forces of attraction (2) Maximum interparticle space (@) Fixed shape and fixed volume (@) Both (1) & (2) Up)s ‘(rrr “(ode “()z “(y)b suv) The Solid State Matter with definite shape, boundaries and volume is said to be in solid state. Attractive forces between the particles of solid state are very strong, so it needs high pressure to deform the solid state. The particles {are not free to move from one place to another within the solid but they can vibrate about their mean positions. Compressibility of solid state is minimum in comparison to other states. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level) ‘Matter in Our Surroundings| Characteristics of Solid State (@) Definite shape and volume : Since the movement of particles in a solid is restricted, these particles can only vibrate about their mean positions. Therefore, the kinetic energy of the particles in a solid is very less and hence a solid has a definite or fixed shape. However, sugar and salt take the shape of the vessel is an exception while the shape of individual sugar or salt crystal remains fixed, (b) Density : Density of a solid is very high because particles of a solid are very closely packed and have strong intermolecular forces of attraction. Density is mass per unit volume of a substance. (©) Compressibility : We can say solids have negligible compressibility because there is very little space between particles i.e., the volume of a solid cannot be increased or decreased by reducing or increasing Pressure upon it. Compressibility shows the change in volume of a substance after altering the pressure on it. However, a porous solid like a piece of bread or a sponge is an exception. It has spaces within, which make it easily compressible. The air within such a solid is expelled on compression, (@) Rigidity : Due to the packed arrangement of particles, solids have a rigid structure. Exception - Rubber, it can change its shape on stretching but regains the same shape when excessive force is removed, If excessive force is applied, it breaks. (e) High mechanical strength : Solids have high mechanical strength due to rigid packing of constituting particles, (Diffusion (mixing ability) : This is,a process by which the particles of a substance may enter spontaneously into another substance. Themovement of particles in a solid is restricted. Hence, a solid does not have the property of diffusion into other solids (without change in temperature). (g) Melting and Boiling points : Solids have"high melting and boiling points as there are high interparticle forces of attraction in solids. Large amount of energy needs to.be given to overcome strong interparticle forces. (h) Crystalline or geometrical structure ; In a)solid, the ‘constituent particles are arranged in a regular ‘manner called lattice. Lattice is a thrtee-dimensional arrangement of particles in the space. This explains why solids have a regular geometrical shape, Generally solids show crystalline structure. (Sublimation : Some solids change difectly into vapours on heating without changing into liquid state. This phenomenon is called sublimation. For example lodine, camphor, anthracene, naphthalene, ‘ammonium chloride (NH,Cl), dry ice ete. solid ata? Gas ‘Sublimable ‘compound Vapours Solid Burner ‘Sublimation ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Matter in Our Surroundings (CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Tron metal ‘Wood Coal Examples of solid substances The Liquid State Astate of matler in which volume is fixed but shape is not fixed is called liquid state. A liquid takes the shape of the vessel in which it is kept. Attractive forces among the particles of liquid are less in comparison to the solid state particles and more than the gaseous state particles. While interparticle space is quite large than that in solids but less than that in gases. Characteristics of Liquid Stat (@) (b) © C) (e) @ (9) Shape and volume : A liquid has no definite shape but has a definite volume. A liquid attains the shape of the container in which it is kept. This is due to the fact that the liquid particles can slip over one another and finally settle down to take the shape of the container. Since the interparticle forces in liquids,are’of moderate level, hehe it does not vary in volume. Density : The density of a liquid is lower than that of solids, while more than gases because the attractive forces in liquid molecules are in between the solids and gases. Compressibility : A liquid shows compressibility upto alimited extent due to litle interparticle spaces. Fluidity : A liquid shows fuidity ie. it can"flow due to Kinetic energy of particles. This makes liquids non-rigid Mechanical strength : Low mechanical strength is present in a liquid. It is just to maintain surface phenomenon. Diffusion (mixing ability) : A liquid shows fluidity and hence it can diffuse. The less viscous liquids show more diffusion Honey Beaker A Beaker B ‘An ink drop diffuses faster in water than does a drop of honey because honey is more viscous than ink Boiling point : The boiling point of a liquid is generally less than that of a solid. This is because of less interparticle forces in them, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Matter in Our Surroundings ing : ‘Solidification’ of a liquid is called ‘freezing’. It is the transformation of a liquid into the solid Example - Water on freezing converts into ice. (Evaporation : Conversion of matter from liquid state to vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation. liquid "5 vapours, Explanation : Due to continuous motion, the liquid particles collide with one-another. When a liquid is exposed to air, collision between the air particles and the liquid particles takes place at surface. During these collisions, some particles of liquid get extra energy and overcome the interparticle forces of attraction. These highly energetic particles leave the surface and convert into vapours. Examples of Evaporation {a) Liquid kept in open vessel : In an open vessel, the liquid evaporates by itself because the particles of liquid absorb energy from its surroundings. After some time, it is observed that the quantity of liquid is lesser than before. {b) Hot milk or tea is easy to sip from saucer rather than cup : Evaporation is a surface phenomenon, when we spread hot milk or tea in a saucer, it gets more space to evaporate thus leads to faster cooling, (6) Drying of clothes : Wet clothes dry because they pick-up energy from the surroundings. (4) Sweating : During summers, sweat-om'the skin evaporates’ By taking energy from the surroundings and body. This causes cooling and lowering of the body temperature. Factors Affecting Rate of Evaporation (a) Surface area of the liquid : Evaporation is a suffaée phenomenon. An increase in the surface area increases the rate of evaporation because more surface ared provides more space for large number of particles to get evaporated. That is why an unfolded clath dries faster than a folded one. {b) Temperature : Higher the temperature, higher will be the number of active particles with high kinetic energy and hence more evaporation will be there. (6) Humidity : Water vapours present injair cause Fiumidty. Humidity decreases the rate of evaporation of water. So, wet clothes take a longer time fo dry in the humid ai, but they dry faster in the dry ai. {d) Wind speed : During evaporation, the it around the wet object becomes saturated with water vapours. ‘As a result, rate of evaporation becomes slower. But with an increase in the speed of wind, the moist air is replaced by dry air. This results in faster rate of evaporation {e) Nature of the liquid : Lower the boiling point of a liquid, higher is its rate of evaporation. Oil Cold drink’ ‘Water Example of liquid substances Evaporation causes cooling : As evaporation is a surface phenomena /.., in the evaporation process, the surface particles leave the surface by taking heat energy from the bulk of liquid and hence, the temperature of bulk of liquid decreases which cause cooling, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalh-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Matter in Our Surroundings CBSE & Olympiads (Level) Examples | Why do we feo! reliof under a fan when we perspire? ‘The air from the fan causes rapid evaporation of sweat. During evaporation, the sweat takes away heat from the body. As a result, we feel relief under a fan. % Why does water get cooled in an earthen pot? ‘An earthen pot has small pores in its walls. When water is poured into it, some of it seeps through these pores to its outer surface and evaporates. The heat required for evaporation is taken from the water in the earthen pot. As a results, the water in an earthen pot gets cooled down. + Why should we wear cotton clothes in summer? During summer we perspire more and cotton being a good absorber of water helps in absorbing the sweat and exposing it to the atmosphere for easy evaporation. Boiling is that phenomenon which occurs when the vapour pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure. On heating a liquid, vapours are formed over the liquid which exert some pressure on, the surface of liquid. This is known as vapour pressure. Boiling liquid! Heat ‘The temperature at which a liquid boilsand'changes rapidly intd its vapours at atmospheric pressure i.e., when vapour pressure becomes equal to\the atmospheric pressure is called the boiling point of the liquid. Boiling point is affected by pressure. When attnosphieric pressure is less, boiling point is less and vice-versa. (That is why, it is difficult to cook at hill stations without pressure cooker) Difference between evaporation and boiling Seca (@) Itis a spontaneous process that takes | (a) It ocours at a particular temperature place at any temperature below the ive., atthe boiling point of liquid. Itis nota boiling point of the lig spontaneous process. (b) It isa. surface phenomenon (b) It is a bulk phenomenon i... it occurs evaporation takes place at surface of | throughout the mass ofthe liquid with the liquid only. formation ofbubbles. Notes : (0 For a particular liquid at room temperature, the melting point of its solid state is lower than the room temperature but its boiling point is higher that is why it exists as liquid at room temperature. (i) Rate of diffusion of solid particles into liquid is higher at higher temperature. (ii) Presence of impurities alters the melting points and boiling points of the pure substances. 6. Which property is found negligible in solid stato? (1) Rigidity (@) High metting point and boiling point (@) Diffusion @) All of these ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Matter in Our Surroundings 7. Solids have (1) Definite shape (@) Definite boundaries (@) Defiite volume (@) Allof these 8. Density is (1) Mass per unit volume (@) Volume per unit mass (@) Mass per unit area (@) Area per unit mass 9. Liquids have (1) Definite shape and volume (2) Neither fixed shape nor volume @) Definite shape but volume is not fixed (4) Definite volume but shape is not fixed 410. Which among the following statements is wrong? (1), Evaporation is a spontaneous process (2) Evaporation is @ surface phenomenon (@) Bolling is a bulk phenomenon (4) Bolling point of a liquid decreases on increasing the atmospheric pressure (por (6 (Le (rz ‘(eo suv) The Gaseous State Substance with no fixed shape, size or volume is said to be in gaseous state. Attractive forces among gaseous particles are very less or weak. They occupy the whole space available to them. Molecules of gas move freely. When the fast moving particles hit the walls of the container, they exert a pressure which is known as gas pressure. Characteristics of Gaseous State (a) Shape and volume : A gas neither has a Specific shape nor a specific volume. It acquires the shape and occupies the volume of the container. (b) Density : The density of a gas is lower than that of a solid or liquid, because its particles are very far from each other. Therefore, mass per unit volume Ze. density is very less. (c) Compressibility : A gas is highly compressible. This is due to large interparticle spaces which can be reduced by applying pressure. For example, LPG (used in home), O, (used in hospitals) & CNG (used in vehicles and homes), can be compressed and transported easily. | Piston Gas particles : Air is compressible ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalh-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Matter in Our Surroundings CBSE & Olympiads (Level) (@) Fluidity : A gas shows the property of fluidity because gaseous particles can flow from a region of high concentration to lower concentration (@) Diffusion : Due to very less interparticle forces of attraction and large interparticle spaces, gases readily intermix with each other without any external aid, This property of readily intermixing of particles is known 2s diffusion. With increase in temperature, rate of diffusion increases. (Melting and boiling point : At normal atmospheric pressure, the melting and bolling points of a gas are below room temperature. (@) Effect of heating and cooling of a gas : A gas generally expands and contracts respectively on heating and cooling. Actually, on heating, the gaseous particles gain energy and move apart from one another (due to very less interparticle forces of attraction) and on cooling they contract. (h) Liquefaction of a gas : The conversion of a gas into liquid is called ‘Liquefaction’. Liquefaction can be carried out either by decreasing temperature or by increasing pressure. Both methods (either decreasing temperature or increasing pressure) tend the gaseous particles to come closer by reducing their kinetic energy. During liquefaction, the interparticle forces of attraction increases while interparticle space decreases. () Pressure of a gas : The gaseous molecules exert force on the walls of the container due to continuous movement and collisions with one-another and with the walls of the container. ‘The pressure of gas is the force applied by a gas per unit area on the walls of container. The pressure of air at any location on the Earth is called atmospheric pressure. It is caused by the weight of the column of air above it Condensation ‘The process of conversion of vapour into liquid state is called condensation. Vapour Sensor, Liquid Why do we see water droplets on the outer surface of @ glass/containing ice cold water? ‘The water vapours present in air, on coming in contact with the cold glass of water, loses energy and gets converted to liquid state which we sees as droplets. ‘Comparison between Solid, Liquid and Gas a 1. Interparticle space Very small Larger (compared | Largest to solids) 2. Interparticle forces of| Very strong Weaker Negligible attraction 3. Density High Low Very low 4. Arrangement of the| Fixed Not fixed, particles | Not fixed, particles can particles can move freely | move freely throughout within the bulk the available space 5. Energy ofthe particles High Very high 6. Shape and volume No definite shape | No definite shape and but has definite | volume volume 7. Compressi Very low More (as compared | Highly compressible " (Negligible) to solids) 8, Melting and boiling| Very high ‘Comparatively Low points higher than gases 9. Diffusion Negligible Comparatively Very high higher than solids ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Matter in Our Surroundings = Lo ST] Attractive forces - Ag > A, > Ag (where, S = Solid, L = Liquid, G = Gas) Kinotic energy - KEg < KE, < KEg -D,>D,>Dg ‘ Density of ice is less than water : Due to the cage like structure of ice, molecules are not closely packed and vacant spaces are left. As ice melts, these molecules come closer and hence the density increases. As ice being less denser, it Vacant Place floats over the surface of water. 4 Density of water is maximum at 4°C : As ice melts, molecules come closer and hence density increases upto 4°C. After thatthe kinetic energy of Gage tke structure of ice the molecules increases so they start moving away from each other and again density starts decreasing. The Plasma State This is the fourth state of matter. In this. state all the)particies get highly activated and charged, so they make a pool of charged gaseous particles, The particles exist in super energetic and super excited state. ‘The fluorescent tube and neon sign bulbs consist of plasma. Inside a neon sign bulb there is neon gas and inside a fluorescent tube there is helium gas or some other gas. The gas gets ionised, that it gets charged when electrical energy flows through it. This'charging up creates a plasma glowing inside the tube or bulb. Plasma or ionised gases can exist at temperatures starting at several thousand degree Celsius, where they consist of free charged particles, usually in equal numbers, such as fons and electrons. Unlike gases, plasmas may generate magnetic fields and electric currents, and respond strongly and collectively to electromagnetic forces. ‘The majority (90%) of the matter in the universe is actually found in plasma state. All the stars are made of plasma and even the space between the stars is filled with a plasma, Common Forms of Plasma 1. Space and astrophysics plasma ‘Sun, stars, solar wind, interstellar medium, charged air produced by lightning, intergalactic medium and interstellar nebulae, 2. Terrestrial plasma Lightning, St. Elmo's fire, ionosphere, polar aurorae and most flames. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalh-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Matter in Our Surroundings CBSE & Olympiads (Level) 3. Artificially produced plasma Plasma display including TVs, rocket exhaust, electric arc, fluorescent lamps, neon sign bulbs, an arc welder or plasma torch. ‘Sun Stars Lightning Examples of plasma The Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) It is also known as fifth state of matter. Physically, the BEC is just opposite to the plasma state. It is very rigid near absolute zero (0 K or -273.16°C) at this all molecular motion stops Beer Water bois b> 379 vistortoozes +f 273K B loos B lta ee Temperate in space «fe 9K ‘ol Absolute zero oK se Low Its existence was predicted by an Indian scientist named Satyendra Bose in 1920, who took his work to Albert Einstein and named it as Bose-Einstein Condensate, It is a state in which atoms (particles) are’at their lowest energy state possible. This state is obtained by super cooling of a gas of extremely low density (about one hundred thousandth the density of normal air) This process is called Bose-Einstein Condensation. POET TCCT Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein had predicted BEC in the year 1920, but they didn't have the equipments and facilities to make it happen. In 1995, two scientists, Cornell and Weiman, finally created this new state of matter. In 2001, Eric A. Comell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman of USA received the Nobel Prize in Physics for achieving “Bose-Einstein condensation’. LOCC tar) ‘ Athigh pressure and low temperature, carbon dioxide can be stored in the solid form. By reducing pressure ‘on solid carbon dioxide, it directly changes to gaseous state. Solid CO, is also called ‘dry ice’ ‘The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg). The SI unit of volume is cubic meter (m*). The common unit of measuring volume is litre (L). ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Matter in Our Surroundings 1L=1dm® 4L = 1000 mL = 1000 em? 4 mL = 1 cm? % Density = 77S and the density of a solid is maximum among three states of matter. ‘Indian philosophers of ancient times also tried to classify the matter into five different states, that are air, earth, fire, sky and water and they named all these as ‘Panch Tatva’. ‘ Inearly times, there were two different views regarding the nature of matter, one view was based on the continuous structure and the other on particle structure. + Every particle of matter exerts a special force to pull neighbouring particles towards itself, and this force is called as ‘attraction force’ but particles come closer only upto some extent. When they come very close a repulsive force operates on them which helps in retaining each particle's identity. CI... 11. ‘Vapour’ term cannot be used for which of the following gases? () Hy @) N @) co, @) All of these 412. Which of the following has the highest rate of diffusion? (1) Solid (2) Liquid @) Gas @) All of these 43. Gases have (1) Fixed shape, size and volume (2) Shape and size fixed but volume not fixed (@) Volume and size fixed but shape not fixed (4) None of these 14. Which of the following is ‘ith state of matter’? (1) Plasma state 2) Solid state @) BEC (4) Gaseous state 15. Which of the following is an example of artfcially produced plasma? (1) Solar wind 2) Rocket exhaust (3) Sun @) Interstellar nebulae U2)st Cedph “(rer (eden “(pbb “suv ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delh-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Matter in Our Surroundings CBSE & Olympiads (Level) INTERCONVERSION OF STATES OF MATTER When a substance changes from its one state to another state without changing its chemical composition, the phenomenon is called interconversion of states of matter. fo\ Solid ——— Gas ‘The states of matter may also be defined in terms of phase transitions. A phase transition indicates a change in the structure and can be recognized by an abrupt change in properties. By this definition, a distinct state of matter is one out of the set of states that can be distinguished from any other set of states by a phase transition, Liquia Energy of system ‘The nomenclature for the different phase transitions Note : Gas Plasma State Variables ‘The measurable properties required to describe the state of the system are called state variables. (@) Temperature (T) (©) Pressure (P) (©) Volume (V) Effect of Variables on States of Matter By changing the temperature and pressure conditions, the three states can be interconverted into each other, Effect of temperature ; Effect of temperature can be visualised by taking the example of solid, say ice taken in a beaker. When this beaker is slightly heated then the heat energy is gained by the molecules of ice. The heat gained increases the kinetic energy of the molecules and temperature increases only upto its melting point and this increase in temperature can be checked with the help of thermometer. Once melting point is. reached the heat supplied further does not increase the temperature of the substance in the beaker. The heat supplied instead is utilised in overcoming the interparticle forces of attraction holding the particles in place. So, this undetectable or invisible heat energy required to change the phase of a substance is known as latent heat. The word ‘latent’ actually means ‘hidden’, Later on when whole of the ice (solid) is converted into water (liquid), then the heat supplied further goes into increasing the kinetic energy of the particles thus raising the temperature. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Matter in Our Surroundings ‘The concept of latent heat answers some questions as why water has more energy as compared to ice at same temperature and why steam (gas) has higher energy as compared to water (liquid) at same temperature, Temperature gS contort SOT prod cargo Temparaure «7 AareR) | VAPORISATION Temperature. —» Phage change MELTING Hoat Energy Supplied —> ‘The flat portion of the graph indicates the phase change where heat energy supplied does not change the temperature instead is used to overcome the-attraction forces betwesn the molecules. So, itis concluded that change in température transforms one stale of @ substance into its another state. (Said sate] [Tguid Sate] [Gaseous sae] Effect of pressure : On applying pressure, particles of matter come closer to each other and their states can also be changed. Pressure gives opposite results to that of temperature, increase in pressure leads to a stale with higher density and higher attractive forces. Applying pressure and reducing temperature can liquefy gases. Out of the two factors, the effect of temperature is more important. Because there is a certain minimum temperature above which the gases do not liquely, provided how high pressure is applied. This characteristic temperature is known as the eritical temperature of the gas. Different units of measurements of temperature and pressure ‘Temperature : There are two main scales of temperature measurement. They are degree celsius (°C) and kelvin (k) scale. Relation between the two is [TiK) = 273.16 1G] As 0°C = (273.16 + 0) = 273.16 K 100°C = (273.16 + 100) = 373.16 K SI unit of temperature is kelvin (K). Pressure : Pressure is generally measured in units of atmosphere (atm), but its $I unit i pascal (Pa). Relation between the two is 01 x 10° Pal ft atm ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalh-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Matter in Our Surroundings CBSE & Olympiads (Level) ‘Temperature is also measured in degree fahrenheit. The relation between the degree celsius and fahrenheit temperature is SC _TF-32 % 9 peoSirr=m) % 1°C = 33.80°F ‘Temperature at 0 K is called as absolute zero. DEFINITION OF INTERCONVERSIONS OF STATES OF MATTER A. Fusion Conversion of the solid state into the liquid state in the presence of different variables such as temperature, pressure etc. is known as fusion. Solidification Conversion-of.the liquid state jinto"Solid state in the presence of different variable such as temperature and pressure etc. is known as solidification Fuso 2.g.- leo —_ ees 9. lee ~Scraneaton War B. Vaporisation Conversion of liquid to gasealis state in the presence of variables is known as vaporisation, Condensation Itis the chang@of the physical state of matter from gaseous state into liquid statesitis the reverse of vaporisation. Vasa e.g. - Water Vapour CC. Sublimation A change of'state directly from solid to gas without changing into liquid state is called sublimation. Deposition Conversion of gaseous state into a solid state without undergoing intermediate liquid state is known as deposition ag. - 00 Subimaton co, baid) Depostion (Gaseous) ————— Melting Ice-cream Butter Conversion of solid to liquid ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456CBSE & Olympiads (Level-) Matter in Our Surroundings (a) Evaporation,.(b) Condensation, (¢) Freezing ‘Some measurable quantities ‘and their units {© remember: ‘Temperature kilogram newton cubic metre kilogram per cubic metre pascal 16. Which of the following has the highest energy? (1) Solid state (2) Liquid state (@) Gaseous state (4) Plasma state 47. Fusion is the process of change of (1) Liquid into solid (2) Solid into gas (@) Solid into fiquid (@) None of these 48. Intermixing of two or more matter on their own is called (1) Condensation @) Diffusion (@) Sublimation (@) None of these ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalh-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Matter in Our Surroundings CBSE & Olympiads (Level) 19. Which of the following is an example of bulk phenomenon? (1) Condensation (2) Sublimation (2) Evaporation (4) Boling 20. At the boiling point of any substance (1) Vapour pressure is more than the atmospheric pressure (2) Vapour pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure (3) Vapour pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure (4) None of these ((e)oz ()6L ‘(er “(e)Zb (vor “suv) DIFFERENT TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS Diffusion : The spontaneous intermixing of two or more matter is called diffusion, 2. Surface phenomenon : Any activity/process when occurs on/with all surface particles (because particles with high kinetic energy in comparison to others, come on the surface to form the surface layer) is known as surface phenomenon 3. Bulk phenomenon : An activityiprocess which occurs to most of the particles of matter at a time is called bulk phenomenon. 4. Latent heat of vaporisation : The heat energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid to a gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling pointis,called the latent heat of vaporisation. 5. Latent heat of fusion : The heat energy required to change 1 kg of a solid into a liquid at atmospheric. pressure at its melting point is called latent héat of fusion, 6. Melting point : The minimum temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric. pressure is known as melting point. 7. Boiling point : When a liquid is heated; its vapour pressure gradually increases. When the vapour pressure equals the atmospheric pressure, the liquid begins to boil. The temperature at which boiling ‘occurs is called the boiling point of the liquid. 8. Freezing point : The temperature at which all the particles of a liquid start solidifying and change to solid state is known as freezing point QUICK RECAP 1. Matter of our surroundings exists mainly in three states ~ solid, iquid, gas and two other uncommon states are also known as plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. 2. Existence of different states of matter is due to attraction force operated inside and over the particles of matter, 3. States of matter are interconvertible in the presence of variables as temperature, pressure ete. 4, The melting point of a solid is an indication of the strength of the force of attraction between its particles. 5, The amount of water vapours present in the alr is called humiaity, 6. The process of evaporation of water from the aerial parts of plants especially leaves is known as transpiration. aaa ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456SECTION-A Very Short Answer Type Questions : 1 2. 3, ‘What is the effect of evaporation on surroundings? ‘What constitutes matter? In which state of matter (out of solid, liquid’ & gas), Particles have the least force of attraction? Which state is the fifth state of matter? How does temperature affect rate of evaporation?” What is the term for heat energy required to change 1 kg of a solid into a liquid at its melting point? Coconut oil freezes in winters and/liquefies in summers, this example shows what kind of phenomenon? Name the entity that occupies space and has mass, Name the phenomenon of intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own. ‘What is melting point? ‘What do you know about the bulk phenomenon? What is the similarity between sponge and the ‘gaseous state? Why one matter has different states? ‘What is the latent heat of vaporization? Fill in the blanks: (@) State of super energetic and super excited Particles is called (0) Evaporation is a (©) Sponge is a phenomenon. ee (tet (@) By applying pressure and temperature on gases, we can (©) Evaporation causes (Solids have negligible (@) High melting point shows high between the particles of matter. (h) Change Gfa solid directly to a gas is called reducing gases, () Evaporation is the change of a liquid to its gaseous ’state below its () Fifth;state or zeroth state of matter in Abbreviated form is known as Short‘Answer Type Questions : “ Write the temperature required for the different states of water in kelvin. () Lquia Gaseous (iy Sota What happens when () We provide extra energy to a liquid? (i) We dissolve oxygen in water? Which state of matter has the highest density and why? Why do we prefer wearing cotton clothes in summers? ‘A diver is able to cut through water in swimming pool. Which property of matter does this observation show? Why the gases are more compressible than the liquids? A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept. Give reasons. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalh-110005 Ph.011-476234568 9. 10. n 2 2. 14 45 16. 1 1 Matter in Our Surroundings ‘CBSE & Olympiads (Levels) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the 3. Which state of matter has negligible container, why? compressibility? ‘A wooden table should be called a solid. Give (1) Plasma (2) Liquid reason. (8) Solid (@) Gaseous We can easily move our hand in air but to do the i 4. Naphthalene balls disappear with time without orate through a sold block of wood we need a leaving any solid or residue. This phenomenon is arate expert, why’ an example of For any substance, why does the temperature remains constant during the change of state? (1) Sublimation (2) Evaporation Suggest a method to liquely the atmospheric) Difusion (@)Vaporisaton gases. 5. Matter with maximum compressibility is Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry (1) BEC (2) Solid day? 3) Colloid (4) Gas tow does snewaler Kept in an earthen pot (matka) ¢ Which of the following has a regular repeated ames cool during summers: molecular pattern in the 3-dimensional space? Why dos oar peruse on we put some (1) Solids and liquids (2) Gases and liquids ‘Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from () Solids (4) Gases a saucer rather than from a cup? 7. Dry ice is chemically Long Answer Type Questions : (1) Solid SO, 2) Solid CO (3) Solid CO, (4) Solid H,O Discuss the variants responsible in the % ” ® ° interconversion of states. 8. _The'bolling point of water is Write about the factors affecting the rate of (273.18 @) 273K evaporation, (8) 100K (4) 373K Explain plasma state. Write the common formsiof 9, The temperature at which all the particles of liquid plasma, Start solidifying is Explain the Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC). (1) Mettng point 2) Subimaton (Wat ow te ctmeactatin of the UE (@) Bolling point (2) Freezing point . 10. Boiling point of a liquid is a temperature at which ere (1) Vapour pressure of a liquid becomes zero @) Vapour pressure becomes equal to the Objective Type Questions ‘atmospheric pressure Which one among these is not a state of matter? (8) Difference between liquid and vapour vanishes (1) Plasma (4) Liquid starts evaporating @) BEC 11, Evaporation takes place (9) Sond (1) At the bolting point of quid (4) Vapour (2) Below the boiling point of the liquid What is dry ice? (8) Above the boiling point of the liquid (1) Bacteria free ice (4) At or below the boling point of the liquid (2) Solid carbon dioxide 12. Which of the following is a surface phenomenon? (8) Sold hyarogen oxide (4) Solid water molecule (1), Evaporation (@) Diffusion 2) Bolling (4) Both (1) & (2) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456(CBSE & Olympiads (Level) ‘Matter in Our Surroundings| 8. 14 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2 2, 23, Which state of matter has maximum interstitial 24 space among its particles? (1) Solid (2) Liquid () Gas (4) BEC 25 Gases cannot be liquefied (1) Above its critical temperature (@) Atits critical temperature (@) Below its critical temperature (4) By increasing pressure Which of the following states of matter has maximum kinetic energy of particles? (1) Solid @) Liquia @) Gas 6 (4) Particles of liquid and gas have same kinetic, eneray Condensation leads. (1) Solid to liquety (2). Gas to liquefy (3) Liquid to solidify (4) Gas to solidity Stars exhibit the state (1) Solid (2) Gaseous om (3) Plasma (4) BEC ‘The majority of the matter in the universe\(s actually found in (1) Gaseous state (2) Solid state @) Liquid state (4) Plasma state Particles having lowest energy are found in vs (1) BEC (2) Gaseous state (@) Solid @) Plasma Particles at lowest energy are found in (1) BEC 2) Gaseous state @) Solid (@) Plasma 29. ‘Which one of the following is not a interconversion process? (1) Vaporization (2) Fusion (@) Diffusion (4) Sublimation 1.atm is equal to (1) 1.01 10° Pa (2) 11% 105 Pa 30. (@) 101% 10°Pa (4) 1 * 102 Pa ‘Which one is not a unit of temperature? (1) Absolute zero (2) Kelvin @) Celsius () Fahrenheit Water cools in earthen pots easily due to (1) Heat (2) Sublimation () Fusion (4) Evaporation Choose the correct arrangement of increasing diffusion in different states. Diffusion of solid state D, = Diffusion of iquid state Dg = Diffusion of gaseous state (1) DL Kinetic energy of liquid particles @) Kinetic energy of solid particles > energy of liquid particles Kinetic (4) Kinetic energy of liquid particles > energy of gas particles Kinetic ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Matter in Our Surroundings Level-Il (For CBSE & Olympiads)Matter n Our Surroundings INCLUDES ‘© Some Important topic Related to Matter > — Surface Tension SOME IMPORTANT TOPICS RELATED TO MATTER » Viscosity Melting : The process of conversion of a solid into liquid UNS is called melting. The temperature at which a solid gets > Difference between Gas and Vapour converted into liquid state at the atmospheric pressure is called melting point of a solid. © Gas laws Factors Affecting Melting Point : + Ideal gas equation ‘¢ Effect of pressure : The effect of pressure on the * Dalton's law of partial pressure melting point of solid, depends upon its nate. On. Graham's law of diffusion increasing the pressure of those solids which, expand ‘on melting, the melting point increases, 0.9. wax, * | Assignment gold and vice versa. ‘Effect of addition of impurities : Addition of impurities 16 a solid decreases the melting point of solid thereby allowing the substance to melt at a lower temperature, that is why alloys have lower melting points. ‘+ Freezing : The process of conversion ofa quid into Solid is called freezing, The temperature at which a liquid converts into solid at,the atmospheric pressure is called freezing point. The addition of impurities decreases the freezing point of the substance. o.g. A mixture of 3 parts of ice and 1 part ‘of common salt (freezing mixture), produces a'lower temperature freezing mixture. This mixture is used for the preservation of food stuff ‘+ Boiling : Itis a process of conversion of a liquid state to gaseous state, The temperature at which the conversion of liquid state to vapour state takes place at normal atmospheric pressure is called boiling point Factors Affecting Bolling Point : ‘¢ The boiling point of a liquid increases with increase in extemal pressure and vice versa that is why water boils at a lower temperature than 100°C at higher altitudes. ‘¢ Addition of impurities in a pure substance affect the boiling point of the substance. For example, volatile impurities decreases the boiling point of the substance while non-volatile impurities increases the boling point of the substance. Surface Tension Surface tension may be defined as the force acting per unit length perpendicular to the line drawn fon the surface of liquid. Itis denoted by Greek letter Dimensions = kgs? Units 1, Unit = Newton per metre (Nm-")(Matter in Our Surroundings (CBSE & Olympiads (Levelt) ©.G.S. Unit = Dyne per centimetre (dyne cm-) ‘Surface tension is dependent upon two factors (a) Nature of liquid (b) Temperature Viscosity Viscosity is actually the measure of resistance to the flow of the liquid. viscosity is defined as the internal resistance to flow in liquids which arises due to the internal friction between the layers of liquid as they slip past one another while liquid flows. Newton second per square metre (Ns mr-2) = Pascal second (Pa s = 1 kg mr s+) CGS. unit Poise = Agents 1071 kg mrt s* Difference between Gas and Vapour \Vapour represent a gaseous state of a substance which was liquid at room temperature, A substance which is in the gaseous state at room temperature is"called a gas but not Vapour, ¢.g., ammonia (NH,) is a gas (not vapour) but water on heating forms water vapour, GAS LAWS ‘+ The study of gases can also be done with the help of gas laws. = Boyle's Law : (Pressure-Volume Relationship) : It was proposed by Robert Boyle (1662) and is described as: At a constant temperature, the volume of the given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. Ve= Z at constant temperature jor PV = constant (k) m Pl Pe oF dy de d, and d, are the densities of gas at pressure P, and P, respectively. It means product of pressure and volume of the given mass of a gas at constant temperature is constant, If the temperature is increased the product (PV) also increases. Graphical representation : t t t v py————_ 1 —P > Po =P ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456CBSE & Olympiads (Levels) Matter in Our Surroundings | © Charles’ Law : (Temperature-Volume Relationship) : By Jacques Charles (1787) and Joseph Gay Lussac (1802) behaviour of gases was studied with respect to the effect of heat on volume and pressure. We can also say that ‘The volume of the given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at constant pressure. or VeT Constant P t v | ST = ‘© Pressure Temperature Law (Gay Lussac’s Law): At constant volume, pressure exerted by the gas is directly proportional to temperature. ‘ | ‘at const. V at const. V — as — [Absolute temperature = "C+ 273] * Avogadro's Law : V « n (P and T constant); 1 mole of any gas at STP occupies volume = 22.4 L. It is known as molar volume, IDEAL GAS EQUATION © By the combination of all the above gas laws we will get the gas equation ie. called ideal gas equation. [PV =nrT] m m PM PV = Gj RT, PM = 7 RT, = PM=pRT= p= Br PNT, = PeVa/Te [PVT = constant] ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalh-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Matter in Our Surroundings (CBSE & Olympiads (Levelt) where m is mass, M is molar mass, p is density, R is gas constant, T is temperature in Kelvin The gas which follows the ideal gas equation at all range of temperature and pressure is called ideal gas. Generally, the gases follow ideal gas equation at low pressure and high temperature. The gas which does not follow the ideal gas equation at all temperature is known as real gas. DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES John Dalton (1807) stated that, at constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a mixture of two or more. non-reacting gases enclosed in a container is equal to the sum of their partial pressures ie., the individual pressures which each gas would exert if filed alone in the same container at same temperature, P=Ph+Py+ Pot Where P,, Pp, Pe ete. are the partial pressures of gases A, B, C..... etc respectively, Da “ERT x, where P = Total pressure, x, = Mole fraction of A GRAHAM'S LAW OF DIFFUSION Diffusion is the process of intermixing of two or more gases ifespective of density relationship, gravity and without the help of external agency. On thé-other hand effusion fs a special case of diffusion when a gas is allowed to escape through a small orifice or hole. Rates of diffusion and effusion both are elaborated on the basis of Graham's law which states that “under similar conditions of pressure and temperature the rates'of diffusion (or effusion) of gases are inversely proportional to the square roots of their densities ( or molecular masses)’. 1 Paani where rate may be defined as the volume of gas diffused per unit time. ‘When volume diffused is equal in two gases, then the relationship is modified to“ Ms of diffusion is same, then the equation is modified to + Further rate of diffusion (1) = a at constant temperature. Hence, at constant temperature ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456SECTION-A Subjective Type Questions : 1 Which state of matter is present in the Rocket exhaust? Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have observed ‘that ice floats on water, why? What is the SI unit of pressure? Whatsis the atmospheric pressure at sea level? Convert normal atmospheric pressure into SI unit. ‘What is meant by saying that the latent heat of vaporization of water is 22.5 x 10° Jikg? ‘What is meant by saying that the latent heat of, fusion of ice is 3.34 * 10° Jkg? ‘The smell of hot sizing food reaches you several metres away, but to get the smell from cold food you have to go close, why? Consider the following temperature-time graph which shows the heating curve for pure ice. Tempore > on OX A Time> STITT Now, answer the following questions : (i) What is the physical state of water at ¥. (il) Which temperature is represented by X and Z (li) Which portion of graph represents latent heat of fusion (W) Which portion of graph represents latent heat ‘of vaporisation. Methane gas was taken in a cylinder and is compressed by applying pressure at low temperature () Whickstate of matter will be obtained after completion of the process? (i) Write the common name of the product formed, (ii), Name the process. Give reasons for the following : (). Asolid does not fow but a liquid flows easily, (ii) Ice at 0°C appears colder than water at the ‘same temperature. (ii) Camphor balls are stored in air tight containers, (i) What are the differences between evaporation and boling? (ii) Convert the following temperatures to the celsius scale: (@) 400K ()0K (ii) Convert the following temperatures to the kelvin scale (a) 40°C (ware ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalh-110005 Ph.011-47623456(Matter in Our Surroundings (CBSE & Olympiads (Levelt) Bec es) ‘ Objective Type Questions 1 |Add suger, sic, Sugar Water Sugar Water ‘The conclusion drawn is that Water (1) Matter is made up of particles (2) Particles of matter get into the spaces between the particles of water Q) Nature of matter is continuous (4) Both (1) & (2) 2. Identify P and Q in the given figure. 5 Cotton m pug [— Inverted funnel 6 P ‘China dish | Sumer i iu eb (1) P-Mixture of camphor and anthracene -Sold anthracene (2) P-Mixture of sugar and water 8 @-Solid sugar (@) P-Mixture of sugar and anthracene Q Solid anthracene (@) P-Mixture of sugar and Na,SO, Q-Solid Na,SO, 3. Consider the following statements Statement (I) Density of a gas is related to its 9 molar mass. Statement (ii) Density of gas is directly proportional to its molar mass. Now, choose the correct option (1) Only statement (i) is correct 2) Only statement (i) is correct (3) Both the statements are correct (4) Both the statements are incorrect The crystals of K,Cr,0, give reddish orange colour when dissolved in water. What will you observe when crystals are dropped in water in the given two cases after 10 seconds? Crystals of K,Cr,0, (1) Intensity of colour in beaker P< intensity of ‘colour in beaker Q Crystals of K,Cr,0; (2) Intensity of colour in beaker Q < Intensity of colour in beaker P (3) Intensity of colour does not depend upon the temperature of the water (4) Both have same intensity Which of the following is correctly matched? (1) 30° =308F = (2) 40°C = 233°F (8) 100°C = 50°F (4) 40°C = 40°F Which property of liquid is responsible for spherical shape of liquid drop? (1), lity 2) Compressibilty @) Viscosity, (4) Surface tension The Sl.unit of viscosity and surface tension respéctively are (1) Net and kg art's (2) kg mr stand Nt (@) kgm? sand Nm? (4) kg m s-* and Nev ‘Which of the following is incorrect according to the ideal gas equation? [Here m is mass, M is molar mass, p is density, Ris gas constant and T is temperature in Kelvin.} m () Pv= RT @ Pv= SRT PM. _ Pe @) PM=3> led Solid —2—Liquid Gas a,b, c and d are respectively (1) a-sublimation, b-condensation, c-solidification, sion @ a-sublimation, b-condensation, c-usion -solfcaton (3) a-fusion, b-sublimation, c-vaporisation, d-condensaton (4) a-fusion, b-solidification, c-vaporisation, d-condensation ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456CBSE & Olympiads (Levels) Matter in Our Surroundings | 10. n 2 23. 14 In an experiment of conversion of ice into water and water into vapours, observations were recorded and graph was plotted. It can be concluded that 3 = Vaporisation, g Vapour 2100 = Boling 3 E 2 oC (1) Ice takes time to heat upto 0°C 2) During melting and boiling, temperature does not rise Time (8) Process of boiling occurs at higher temperature than the process of melting (@) Allof these Study the graph and select the correct statement. oe Maximum | density Volume 4 8 10 12 16 Temperature (°C) (1), When water is cooled to 4°, it contracts (@) At O°C, water freezes @) Volume of ice > volume of water @) All of these According to Charie’s law which of the following is the lowest possibie temperature? (1) -273°C 2) -173°C () 273K (4) 273K Abballoon has volume 360 L at 1.00 atm pressure. Its volume at constant temperature and 0.80 atm pressure will be (1) 427.5L @) 437.5L @) 34754 (4) 2241 Hydrogen diffuses four times faster than gas ‘G’ ‘The molar mass of gas 'G’ is (1) 89 @) 49 @) 32g (4) 64g 18, For two gases X' and 'Y’ if ig: fy= 1: 4, then 4 | d= [Here r and d represents rate of diffusion and density respectively] () 1:16 @ 8:1 (1:2 @) 16:4 SECTION: Assertion & Reason Type Questions : In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason AR). (1). both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion, then mark (1) (2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion, then mark (2) @)_ I Assettidflis.true statement but Reason is fase, then mark (3). (4) If BothyAssertion and Reason are false statements, then mark (4) 40 A2)Smell-of hot sizzling food reaches several mettos away. R.< Particles of matter are continuously moving and at high temperature, they have high kinetic, energy, 2” A: Agas fills the vessel completely in which itis kept. A gas has fixed size and shape. 3. A: Itis easy to sip hot tea from a saucer rather than from a cup, R:: Larger surface area supports fast evaporation ‘and cooling 4A: When we light an incense stick in one comer of our room, its fragrance spreads in the whole room very quickly. R : The fragrance of buming stick spreads all around due to the diffusion of its smoke in the air 5. A: Ina state transition, composition of matter does not change R : State transition is a physical change. 6. A: Some sugar can be added to a full glass of water without causing overfiow. R:: Sugar molecules occupies the interstitial space present between the water molecules. z ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalh-110005 Ph.011-47623456a (Matter in Our Surroundings ‘A: Aquatic animals breathe oxygen dissolved in water, R : Gases can diffuse into water. ‘A: A gas can be cooled and converted into a liquid below its critical temperature by increasing pressure on it. R:: Above critical temperature, a gas cannot be liquefied however higher the pressure it is subjected to. SECTION-D Match the Columns Type Questions : Match the following : Column | a. Water droplets on (i) Melting ‘outer surface of glass containing ice cold water b. Boling (i) Condensatiof ©. Hot food smell from (ii) Plasma state a several metre Liquid butter (W) Bulk phenomenon e. Electric arc (V) Diffusion (1) alo), bai, e(¥), i, id 2) a(), ber), of), i, ei) (9) afi, BG), (¥), 0, i) 4) a(), id, oi, Av), e) Match the following Column It Column | Column It a. BEC () Lowest energy state b. Plasma (i) Liquid state c. Fixed volume and (ii) Continuous unfixed shape movement d. Particles (wv) Highest energy state (1) afi, btv), efi), dil) (2) av), bd), efi), ai) @) (i, BOW), efi), div) (4) av), BG, ef), 4) a (CBSE & Olympiads (Levelt) Match the following Column | Column It a. Solid () Super energetic particles be Liquid (i) No fixed shape, no fixed volume Gas (ii) Has definite shape Plasma {v) Has no definite shape with less inter-molecular forces than that of solids (1) a(), BG, efi), d(iv) 2) aliv), BG, efi), dQ) (3) ali), Biv), efi), Ati) (4) ali), biiv), i), i) Match the following Column | Column I a. Evaporation (Liquid to gas at a boling temperature b. Vaporisation (i) Solid to gas ©. Sublimation (ii) Gas to quia 4. _Gondénsation (W) Liquid into gas at any temperature below boiling point (4) ati, bg}, eA, div) (2) atv), BAD, et), ay 8) afiv) BG, ef), di) (4) ali, Li), eA, dv) Match the following : Column | Column It ‘@. Maximum diffusion ()Sublimable b. Sweating (i) Solid state ¢. Ammonium chloride (i) Diffusion 4. Maximum density —(v) Matter fe. Intermixing of ©) Gaseous state particles of two different types of ‘matter on their own f. Has mass and volume (1) atv), bivi), (2) aly), bil), e(vi), dill), efi), fv) 8) atv), bivi), cf), di), et), fi (4) aly), Biwi), efiv), di), etl), (v) Cooling effect a ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456