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29“þ› !mîy!¡ìÅ„þ ö„þw#ëû x!•öì

!Ÿœ‰þîû
26– 27– 28 šþy•˜ 1428 îDy·
S11– 12– 13 ›y‰Åþ– 2022 !…ʃV

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29“þ› !mîy!¡ìÅ„þ ö„þw#ëû x!•öì– 1428 îDy· S2022 !…ÊÞÝþy·V
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Souvenir published on the occasion of 29th General Session of Barak Upatyaka Banga Sahitya O Sanskriti Sammalen, Edited by Paritosh
Chandra Dutta, Published by Jayanta Deb Roy, General Secretary, Reception Committee, Silchar, Cachar and Printed at Silchar
Sungraphics, Premtola, Silchar-1.

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òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì 15

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¢½þî“þ ~îû£z ¢)e •öìîû xyîyîû 2018 ¢yöìœ S3/7/18V
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SfontV £z“þÄy!”îû ‰%þœöì‰þîûy !îöìÙÕ¡ì’ „þöìîû ~„þ!Ýþ !œ!…“þ
²Ì!“þöì ”y!…œ „þöìîÐû ~îû „þöìë„û þ!Ýþ x‚Ÿ ~…yöì˜ vþzkþyîû „þîûy
²Ìy¢!D„þ-
Our main concern with the vernacular
schools is connected with the text books. As the
primary or elementary education suffers an initial
setback with the introduction of translated
primers, the tertiary stage has to bear the brunt of
the same. Here too the translated text books
produced by untrained, unprofessional, non-
creative scribes. The printing quality, the
production quality of book is just inadequate for
the young learners.
û “þyŠéyvþüyç xyîûç îœy £öìëöû Šì é - …we would draw
your attention to the poor Bengali translation,
wrong spelling, and inapt use of technical
vocabulary. A language is Bengali not because of
Bengali words used to frame the sentences. As a
matter of fact, it is not word or vocabulary that
makes a sentence Bengali or Assamese. The
16 òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì
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sentence has to be syntactically Bengali or
Assamese in order to be identified as Bengali or
Assamese. In the recent decades the Bengali
books of social sciences, general science,
mathametics (and in some case literature) are
Bengali in names only. A critical study would
reveal the fact that these fail in being Bengali
linguistically.
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The growing trend of apathy towards
learning mother-tongue is a lamentable
lacuna of our education system, which, in
turn, is frustrating the very basic ideal of
national education in this country. Whatever
be one’s mother-tongue an Indian should be
able to learn three-R in it …. The English
medium schools (also some Hindi schools)
very often do not have provision for
imparting lesson in mother-tongue to many
of the different linguistic communities. A
generation seems to have emerged in Assam
(also in other states) who can not read and
write their mother-tongue and have a poor
capacity of understanding. Our organization

believes that the true national feelings can
only be developed out of awareness of the
culture and tradition of the country, and
knowledge in one’s mother-tongue is the
access to this domain.
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31/07/2016
To
Mr.Pratik Hazela.
The State NRC Coordinator, Assam,
Guwahati
Assam.

Ref: ‘Original Inhabitants`In Assam— the statement made on 30th July, Samayik Prasanga.

Sir,
With reference to the subject-matter cited above, we on behalf of Barak Upatyaka BangaSahitya O Sanskriti
Sammelan, have the honour to place before you the following facts for your kind information and for taking effective
measures to allay our suspicion in this regard.
1. That Sir, it has come to the public notice that the term OI (Original Inhabitants) is presently being used against
the citizens of Assam excluding Bengalis in the NRC document which is being prepared now under your
prudence. As the NRC Coordinator your explanation (as published in the news papers) in this regard was that,
the Bengalis cannot be passed off as original inhabitants because there is a possibility of Bangladeshi citizen
finding entry in the NRC under the circumstances. This is not only unjustified, but also a gross abnegation of
the right of the Indian in Indian soil. In a meet with K.Dey Purkayastha, Hon’ble MLA, Karimganj, on 30th July
further clarification offered by you that a Kalita or Rabha could be easily termed as original inhabitant (OI), for,
in all probability they could not be the resident of Bangladesh. This, however, is not based on fact. People of
Bodo origin, Rajbanshi, Garo, Manipuri, Marowari and tea labourers of North Indian origin are also the genuine
citizens of Bangladesh still located at Rangpur, Dinajpur, Sylhet and also in some other districts of the country,
many of whose forefathers, however, were displaced at the time of partition and had moved across the Indian
territory the same way the Bengalis had done.

2. We would like to reiterate that, for the up-gradation of NRC in Assam, the Application Forms distributed by the
NRC Authority contained the following items:
(i)Name, (ii) Father’s Name, (iii) Mother’s Name, (iv) Sex, (v) Date of Birth, (vi) Relationship with the
head of family, (vii) Place of birth, (viii) Marital status – if married, the name of the spouse, (ix)
Residential address – present & permanent, (x) Photograph, (xi) Legacy data / other specified documents
and (xii) Proof of linkage.
There was no query regarding one’s caste, creed, race, religion or language in the said application form. The

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people of Assam filled up and submitted the same common application form throughout the State for inclusion
of their names in the NRC. Now marking a group as OI to the exclusion of Bengali Hindus and Muslims is
contrary to the approved rules in this regard.
3. It is justified that the persons whose applications will be found genuine on scrutiny as per guidelines are the
‘Originally Inhabitants’ of the State of Assam, and naturally their children and descendants are also citizens of
India. It is also reasonable that there should not be any doubt or dissatisfaction after genuine scrutiny of an
application.
4. The Hon’ble Supreme Court of India (in the order dated 21/07/2015 relating to NRC up- dation process) has
given an instruction to the NRC Authority of Assam to consider the ‘Tea Tribes’ living in Assam as the
‘Original Inhabitants of the state of Assam’ for the purpose of inclusion of their names in the consolidated
Register of Citizens (NRC). But, in the said order there is no mention of marking them as ‘Original Inhabitants’
in the Register of Citizens. We express our appreciation for declaring the ‘Tea Tribes`, who were bought by the
European planters in Brahmaputra valley in the forties (after 1840) of 19th centuries, and in the fifties (after 1856)
of the 19th century in the Valley of Barak as the Original inhabitants of Assam. We humbly bring it to your
notice, the Bengali Hindu and Muslims were the natural citizens of Cachar long before Cachar was annexed to
the British territory in 1832, and thereafter brought within the territory of Assam in 1874. It has become evident
that the clause 3(3) of Section 4(A) 4 of Citizenship Rule 2003 has been misinterpreted by your good self to
aggravate the situation. We would like to reaffirm that the Bengalis (Hindus and Muslims) were the natural
inhabitants of Cachar even in the 14th, 15th century and were the part of village formation process in the land
which gained momentum during the Dimasa rule in the 18th century, when almost the entire country of Cachar,
an independent Kingdom, was populated by the Bengalis. Their bona fides cannot be challenged simply
because they are not Kalita or Rabha.
5. The Section 2(3) (a) of the Citizenship Rule 2003 specifies the categories of the persons who should be
included in the NRC and the Section 2(3) (b) clarifies their ‘Children and descendants’. The order of the
Hon’ble Supreme Court dated 21/07/2015 (Annexure-I) read with the Clause 3(3) of Section 4(A) 4 of Citizenship
Rule 2003 regarding the special provision as to the manner of preparation of NRC of Assam confirms that the
people who have submitted valid documents as per NRC guidelines and passed in the scrutiny are ‘Original
Inhabitants’ of the State and only their names shall be included in the consolidated NRC. The clause 3(3) of
Section 4(A)4 of Citizenship Rule 2003 does not allow the Registering Authority to define the term ‘Original
Inhabitants’ or to take any decision arbitrarily or to affix the term ‘Original Inhabitants’ before the name of any
Citizen in the consolidated Register.
6. We express our grievance for showing disregard to the Bengalis (both Hindu-and Muslims) who have made
Assam their homeland the same way the people of Mongolian, or Tai origin have done in the long course of
history. These Bengalis have come not from across the Himalayas, not from across the Bay of Bengal, but from
the pan Indian sub-continent in a natural process of eastern migration. They are the natural citizens of Assam
by being Indian first and the rightful citizens of Cachar and Assam in the pre and post-British periods. Their
right can never be discarded on the assumption that some Bangladeshi might slip into the NRC under the
circumstances.
7. We end this humble submission with a note of dissent on your comment on the Bengalis, and on your decision
to continue marking OI to some linguistic communities in the state excluding the Bengalis, we assure co-
operation with the Government in the process of Up-dation of NRC in the state.

Thanking you,

Yours trully,

Sanjib Deblaskar Taimur Raja Choudhury

President Presdent
Silchar town Committee Cachar District Committee
Barak Upatyak Banga sahitya O sanskriti Sammelan

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09/08/2016
To
The Hon’ble Chief Minister of Assam
Dispur, Guwahati-5
Assam.

Subject: Marking of OI (original inhabitants) against a group of citizens excluding the Bengalis (Hindu and
Muslims), in the NRC document—a representation from Barak Upatyaka Banga Sahitya O Sanskriti O
Sammelan, Silchar

Sir,
In view of the NRC un-dation process in Assam, particularly when the work is coming to an end, it has come
to the public notice that a section of people is being designated as OI (original inhabitant) by the NRC authority to
the exclusion of the Bengalis (Hindu and Muslims)—we, on behalf of Barak Upatyaka Banga Sahitya O Sanskriti
Sammelan, the premier socio-cultural and literary organization in Barak valley have the honour to place before you
the following for your kind information and taking effective measures to allay our suspicion in this regard.
That Sir,
1. For the up-dation of NRC in Assam, the Application Forms distributed by the NRC Authority contained 12
items like name, residential address, legacy data, proof of linkage etc. The people of Assam filled up and
submitted a common application form throughout the State for inclusion of their names in the NRC.
2. It is reasonably understood that the persons whose applications will be found genuine on scrutiny as per
guidelines are to be construed as the ‘Originally Inhabitants’ of the State of Assam; and naturally, their
children and descendants are also citizens of India. There is no scope of doubt or dissatisfaction in this
regard after genuine scrutiny of the applications.
3. The Hon’ble Supreme Court of India (in the order dated 21/07/2015 relating to NRC upgradation process) has
given an instruction to the NRC Authority of Assam to consider the ‘Tea Tribes’ living in Assam as the
‘Original Inhabitants of the state of Assam’ for the purpose of inclusion of their names in the consolidated
Register of Citizens(NRC). But, in the said order, there is no mention of marking them as ‘Original Inhabitants’
in the Register of Citizens. We express our appreciation for declaring the ‘Tea Tribes`, who were bought by
the European planters in Brahmaputra valley in the forties (after 1840), and in the Valley of Barak in the fifties
(after 1856) of the 19th century— as the Original inhabitants of Assam. But would most humbly like to bring
it to your notice that, the Bengali Hindu and Muslims (particularly in Barak valley) were the natural citizens of
Cachar long before it was annexed to the British territory in 1832, and thereafter brought within the territory
of Assam in 1874. It has become evident that the clause 3(3) of Section 4(A) 4 of Citizenship Rule 2003 has
been misinterpreted in designating a section of the population as OI. We would like to reaffirm that the
Bengalis (Hindus and Muslims) were the natural inhabitants of Cachar even in the 14th, 15th century and were
the part of village formation process in the land which gained momentum during the Dimasa rule in the 18th
century, when almost the entire country of Cachar, which was an independent Kingdom, was populated by
the Bengalis (along with Dimasas, and later on the Manipuris and other groups). Their bona fides cannot be
challenged simply because they are not Kalita or Rabha.
3. The Section 2(3) (a) of the Citizenship Rule 2003 specifies the categories of the persons who should be
included in the NRC and the Section 2(3) (b) clarifies their ‘Children and descendants’. The order of the
Hon’ble Supreme Court dated 21/07/2015 (Annexure-I) read with the Clause 3(3) of Section 4(A) 4 of Citizenship
Rule 2003 regarding the special provision as to the manner of preparation of NRC of Assam confirms that the
people who have submitted valid documents as per NRC guidelines and passed in the scrutiny are ‘Original
Inhabitants’ of the State and only their names shall be included in the consolidated NRC. The clause 3(3) of
Section 4(A)4 of Citizenship Rule 2003 does not allow the Registering Authority to define the term ‘Original
Inhabitants’ or to take any decision arbitrarily or to affix the term ‘Original Inhabitants’ before the name of any
Citizen in the consolidated Register.
1. Mr. P. Hazela, the State NRC Coordinator, Assam, has interpreted the clause 3(3) of Section 4(A) 4 of Citizenship
Rule 2003 in his own way which creates doubts in the mind of non-Assamese people particularly of the

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Bengali Hindu and Muslims. In a meet with K.Dey Purkayastha, Hon’ble MLA, Karimganj, on 30th July further
clarification offered by Mr.Pratik Hazela that a Kalita or Rabha could be easily termed as original inhabitant
(OI), for, in all probability they could not be the resident of Bangladesh. This, however, is not based on fact.
People of Bodo origin, Rajbanshi, Garo, Manipuri, Marowari and tea labourers of North Indian origin are also
the genuine citizens of Bangladesh still residing in Rangpur, Dinajpur area, Sylhet and also in some other
districts of the country, many of whose forefathers, however, were displaced at the time of partition and had
moved across the Indian territory the same way the Bengalis had done.
4. In this connection, it is to be mentioned that the report of the Cabinet Sub-Committee constituted in July, 2011
for ascertaining the definition of ‘Assamese People’ is still pending (Annexure-II). Under the circumstances
this practice of terming OI is sure to create division among the people of Assam, and would make ways for
deprival of one particular class (the non-OI category) of their legitimate rights relating to job, education and
other social and political rights, in future.
5. We express our grievance for not accepting the Bengalis (both Hindu-and Muslims) as the original inhabitants
of the state. These Bengalis also have made Assam their homeland the same way the people of Mongolian or
Tai origins has done in the long course of history; they also have contributed their lot in the field of agriculture,
industry, education, and in the sphere of art, culture and literature of the state along with their Assamese
speaking brethren besides making sacrifices in the freedom movement and in several movement for the
development of the state in the post-independence era with them.

Bengalis were part and parcels in the social life of Brahmaputra valley also in the pre-colonial and in the
colonial period. They, have come not from across the Himalayas, not from across the Bay of Bengal, but from
the pan Indian sub-continent in a natural process of eastern migration. They are the natural citizens of Assam
by being Indian first and the rightful citizens of Cachar (in the case of Barak valley) and Assam in the pre and
post-British periods. Their rights can never be discarded on the assumption that some Bangladeshi might slip
into the NRC under the circumstances. It is also the earnest wish of the Bengalis in Assam that the NRC
updation is completed successfully for the future progress of the state and for the protection of it against
unauthorized illegal migrants. But it would be rather painful if they are excluded en bloc from within the
purview of OI simply because they are not Kalita or Rabha, or they happen to speak a language which is
shared by the neighbouring country which once was theirs too.

6. We end this humble submission with an appeal to your good self to take steps to discontinue marking OI to
some linguistic communities in the state excluding the Bengalis. We assure co-operation with the Government
in the process of Up-dation of NRC and look forward to seeing Assam emerge as a prosperous and developed
state under your able leadership safeguarding the interest of all the linguistic, ethnic and religious communities
in the state.

With sincere wishes and regards from the people of Barak valley, we remain,

Yours truly

Gautam Prasad Dutta

General Secretary

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10/10/2016
To
The Hon’ble Prime Minister,
Government of India,
New Delhi

Subject: Renewal of National Register of Citizens in Assam— A representation from Barak Upatyaka Banga Sahitya
O Sanskriti Sammelan, Silchar—praying justice for Non-Assamese people in the state of Assam

Sir,
In view of the recent program of updation of NRC we would like to make a humble submission regarding the fate
of millions of non-Assamese people residing in Assam. They may be categorized as follows: (a) Peple residing in
Assam since time immemorial, (from ancient and mediaeval period of history); (b) The people residing since nineteenth
century from the dawn of British rule); and (c) The people who had settled in Assam in the immediate pre-partition
and post- partition days, and also the people who had settled in Assam in the seventies, eighties and in the recent
time irrespective of language, caste and religion.
Before coming to our main point we would like to recount briefly the historical process by which the present
state of affairs emerged. Assam formed the part of British India in 1826 when the original Ahom Kingdom covering
the area of 6 districts of Brahmaputra valley was annexed to the British territory. Even that time some petty kingdoms
within the vicinity of Ahom kingdom remained independent chief of which was Cachar to be annexed to the British
territory in 1832. Since its inception the demography of Asam is formed by a process of accommodation and
assimilation of different ethnic groups; some of them are exclusively indigenous, some however, are from across the
hilly terrains in the eastern borders.; a very sizable portion, again had arrived even in the mediaeval period from
northern India—from Kanauj, traditionally known as Kanvakubja (in modern Uttar Pradesh), from which place the
forefathers of Saint Shankardeva had hailed; some from Utkal (modern Orissa), mostly the Brahmins, Mahanta,
Goswamis, Sharmah etc, and from Bengal who became part of Assamese population. Mention must also be made of
the of the Sikh settlers from Punjab and followers of Ajan Faquir, the Sufi saint from Bagdad in 17th century; the
Bodos, Kachari, Aka, Dafla, Miri, Mishmi and numerous ethnicities have been residing the core area of Brahmaputra
valley, while Bengali have been residing in the lower and Southern part since mediaeval times. The British colonial
masters had several times reconstituted the map of Assam for their sinister administrative design incorporating
districts of Bengal Presidency to it just to return a portion of it, once again to regain the land and finally to transfer
the Sylhet and part of Cachar portion to Pakistan before leaving the country to its fate. Obviously the fateful
partition of the country resulted in displacement of Bengalis from East Pakistan, chiefly from the Sylhet (the Surmay
Valley division of undivided Assam) which was a part of the administrative and legislative unit of Assam from 1874
to 1947. The six decades following independence had been rather a nightmare for the Bengalis who were maligned,
dubbed as intruders/infiltrators/foreign nationals, their constitutional right challenged and sought to be denied
without taking note of their historical past, the period of the settlement or the role they played in giving a shape to
the society and polity of the state of Assam. The Assam Accord in 1985 in its 6th clause has a provision to ‘safeguard
the whole of the Assamese community’, but no mention has been made of the other communities who are also
historically an integral part of Assam excepting the fact that they do not speak Assamese language. It is on this issue
attempts are made to de-franchise them, delete their name in the voters list, term them as D-voters, send them in
detention camp, and even throw them across the international border at random. Thousands of Indian citizens this
way have been subjected to inhuman treatment in the state of Assam in the name of detection of illegal migrants, and
presently the final offensive is directed towards dropping their names in the NRC that is being prepared. It is on the
above background we want to draw your attention to it that:
1. The people, Indian by birth in all respect who had settled in Assam from different provinces of Indian union—
like Tripura, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Meghalay, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Punjab— now, in absence of Legacy data, stand the chance of denial of inclusion in National
Register of Citizenship. This is in contrary to the provisions of the Constitution of India.
2. Before the partition of undivided Assam (forming several provinces in the post-independence era) the citizens
who had been living in Meghalay, Tripura, Nagaland, Mizaram in connection with employment in Government

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or non-Government sectors, or the people engaged in different trade—who are presently residents of Assam
should never be looked upon as illegal migrants/infiltrators/intruders simply for not being able to produce
Legacy Data which was not made available in the states from which they had come to settle here. It would be
severe violation of constitutional rights guaranteed to all the citizens of India within the territory of India.
3. The women who had come to Assam following matrimonial relation with the men folks in the state obviously
are not in a position to furnish Legacy Data. But that cannot be the reason why their name should not be
entered in the NRC. In it the provision of Indian constitution should be followed.
4. Regarding NRC, the documents enlisted for submission to prove the bona fides are not very easy for the
people to obtain. Assam has always been a flood- prone state, and its swampy and damp countryside is not
conducive for perpetuation of these documents particularly under the possession of ill-literate, semi or half
literate population who constitute the majority of its population; also the occasional social turmoil and unrest
since independence is another reason for the destruction of the documents under the possession of the
hapless people.
5. Regarding the NRC document of 1951, and the voters’ list in Assam, we would like to apprise you that the
complete document is not available in the state as admitted by the Government of Assam officially. The NRC
updation in 1951 was also incomplete according to Government, and numerous districts including Cachar, the
Char areas in Brahmaputra valley were not covered by the NRC team. In such state, people cannot produce
copy of voters’ list of 1951 indicating their fathers’ name or Legacy data, even though their names occur in
the voters’ list of 1966. It was not their fault but the state Governments’ inability to preserve records, but the
victims are the innocent Indian. At the time of determining the modalities of NRC the serious matters (particularly
regarding Assam) were not weighed upon to the utter dismay of the people. If the modalities are not reviewed,
there is possibility of millions of genuine Indian losing their citizenship. They would be rendered stateless just
for inability to produce documents which are virtually non-existent in the records of the state government.
6. Regarding the bona fides of the Bengalis, it should never be forgotten that, at the time of constituting Assam
under Chief Commissioner’s state in 1874 the Sylhet, Cachar and Goalpara portion of the then Bengal Presidency
have been taken away and incorporated to it, firstly, to make up for the revenue deficiency and secondly, to
increase population of the state to qualify it for a full-fledged state. Viewed from this perspective, a Bengali
born in Sylhet, Cachar (and Goalpara) after 1874 is firstly a bona fide citizen of India, and then a citizen of
Assam; his bona fides could in no way be minimized no question what language he may speak. When at the
time of partition the portion of Sylhet, (including a portion of Karimganj sub-division, now a district in
Assam)have been transferred to Pakistan ( a Muslim theocratic state), the Indians who never subscribed to
Islamic state of Pakistan—be they Hindu, even Muslim, Christian, Buddhist, Sikh speaking Bengali, Bihari,
Marawari, Manipuri and the dialect of tea garden (Bagania), displaced and had moved across the border, their
entrance cannot be justifiably construed to be infiltration but a natural and obvious movement of Indian from
the lost Indian territory to a portion which fortunately could be retained within the territory of India. The
displaced people from East Pakistan from 1947 to 1971, till the formation of Sovereign, Democratic, SECULAR
republic of Bangladesh at the cost of thousands of Indian soldiers need not be looked upon as infiltrators; their
forefathers had fought for India’s freedom and suffered atrocities in British jail but unfortunately rendered
homeless in their own land by the fateful partition. Their bona fides should in no way be challenged in their
own land. They were Indian before Assam was constituted into a Chief Commissioners’/ Governor’s state
during British rule, they remained Indian after Assam was constituted into a full-fledged state in the pre-
independence period, and they are still Indian in the post-independence period after a portion of the state
(major portion of Sylhet excluding a portion of Karimganj sub-division) transferred to Pakistan. They have not
come from any foreign land across the Himalayan or Patkai or Naga Hill Range or across the Indian Ocean any
way. Denial of their citizenship would offer a serious blow to the concept of Indian statehood.
7. While demanding justice for the Bengalis (a very sizeable portion of them residing in Assam since 16th and 17th
century AD, particularly in Barak valley, a natural extension of Gangetic Bengal plains, who even fit well in the
formulated definition of indigenous population in the state), and the victims of partition, we assure full co-
operation with the government in the present venture with an appeal to your good self to see unnecessary
harassment and injustice not done to them.
8. We would like to inform you that the proforma offered to the people is too clumsy and the hundreds of

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thousands of people would not be able to fill in the form correctly. The form be simplified and redistributed for
the greater interest of the people of the land.
9. We would like to recount it that in your visit to Assam months back you assured protection to the displaced
people, the victims of partition by offering them citizenship in legal ways. The linguistic minorities in Assam
look forward to see your assurance turn into reality.
10. The Bengalis in Assam had never taken recourse to violence and always treaded the path of peace and
peaceful coexistence upholding the spirit of nationalism and national integrity. It is a fact, those who have been
maligning the Bengalis and other non-Assamese communities had even cherished the idea of seceding from
India. It is needless to explain as to who is a genuine Indian and who is not. Our humble prayer to you is
simple—to weigh the cause of non-Assamese people in Assam in the context of the history and consider the
impact of the fateful partition in this part of India’s north east, and to see the interest of the Assamese be
safeguarded, and along with it justice done to others whose mother tongue do not happen to be Assamese.
11. The Constitution of India provides clearly for a single citizenship. But the process of updation of the NRC has
empowered the authorities in Assam to virtually create two categories of citizens; one, who is exclusively a
citizen of Assam, to be included in the Register naturally without much ado; the other—Indian by birth, settled
in Assam for vocation— the Marawaris, Biharis and, of course, Bengalis who may not be included in the
register for being incapable of establishing legacy under the present system. Moreover, the denial of citizenship
to the women married to a resident in Assam (which is in no way an excluded area to bar their marriage) is a
gross violation of the provision of the constitution of India. The matter seems to create serious constitutional
complexity in near future and should be reviewed immediately for the integrity of the country.
12. Sir, before it is too late, we shall request you to take necessary measures to (a) simplify the NRC form, (b)
withdraw insistence of Legacy data, (c) treat the case of displaced people from East Pakistan with sympathy
and reason.

Look forward to hearing from you at an early date.

With regards,

Gautam Prasad Dutta

General Secretary

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04/04/2017
A selected portion of the memorendum to
The Hon'ble Prime Minister of India,
New Delhi
On the issues in Assam concerning the Bengalis and their claim to the status of Original inhabitants in the state.
Sir,
In view of the recent issues centring the foreign nationals, NRC operation, D-voters, along with CAB,
implementation Article VI of Assam Accord 1985, 100% reservation for Assamese, definition of khilanjia Assamese/
original inhabitants in Assam we would like to make a humble submission before you as under:
1. Assam is a state of numerous minorities, a conglomeration of different tribes and plains representing different
ethnicities and linguistic entities in its upper fringe as well in the lower front, along with an altogether different
front in its southern part across the tall wall formed by Barail Hills, the valley of Barak. Prior to its annexation
to the territory of British India in 1826, the core area of Assam was confined to the five districts in the valley of
Brahmaputra valley resided by different linguistic communities, however, with Assamese-speaking forming
majority in the area. It was at the behest of the British colonial rulers the adjoining areas in the western border
were gradually acceded to it to give it a shape of a province firstly under a chief Commissioner (1874) with
Cherapunji/ Shillong as the Head Quaqrter/capital which thereafter again, brought under the composite state
of ‘East Bengal and Assam’ (1905) with Dhaka as its capital. Following annulling of the Bengal partition and
dissolution of the state of ‘East Bengal and Assam’ in 1912, Assam was reversed to the provincial status under
Chief Commissioner, again to be ungraded to the status of Governors State in 1921.
During these transitions Assam had embraced the non-Assamese districts of Sylhet, Cachar, Goalpara,
Rongpur, as well as Khasi and Jayantia Hills under Bengal Presidency with new group of Bengali, and other
tribal population forming the composite demography adding more to its already existing multi ethnic, multi
cultural, multi lingual and multi religious mileu.
The composite state of Assam owes to the participation of numerous communities imported at the initiative
of British colonists for extension of wet cultivation, tea plantation, mining and for running the railways throughout
the state by constructing bridges, tunnels across the hills, by constructing motor roads, ferry-ghats besides
establishing courts and revenue offices and educational institutions for sustaining the colonial administration.
The forerunners of these people occupy an important place in the demography of the state. They are not to be
equated with the illegal migrants in the state, as they had a long antecedence in the socio-economic life in
Assam.
2. Prior to the British annexation Assam was under a number of ruling houses like Koch, Motok, Chitiya, Kamta,
Kachari, Jainta, and of course Ahom kingdom, which, however, consolidated the different independent petty
kingdoms under its own banner establishing its supremacy over other aboriginal tribes, who, however, retained
their own culture and language. The Ahoms, an off-shot of Shans across the Patkai hills, had their own
language and customs, notwithstanding their merger with the mainstream Assamese communities restricting
the use of Tai language only in their traditional religious rites and rituals.
3. When the treaty of Yandaboo enacted in 1826 between the Burma and the British, Assam was confined to the
five areas later on to be termed as districts by the colonial rulers—Kamrup- Nowgaon- Darang –Sibsagar-
Lakhimpur. These five districts comprise the core area of original Assam , to which, however, was added
Goalpara, Cachar (plains and Hills, presently termed as Barak valley and Dima Hasao-Karbi Anglong), the
Hill districts (Lalung, Tiwa) Hills, Khasi-Jaintia Hills, Garo Hills, Naga Hills), and Sylhet enabling Assam qualify
for being constituted firstly as a Chief Commissioners’ province separating it from Bengal Presidency. During
the process, the already existing ethnic, linguistic and cultural variety received more inclusions in the
demography of the state. These are recounted here just to show that Assam never emerged as a uni-lingual
state. This multi-linguality never caused any conflict in its formative stage of socio-economic reconstruction
during early colonial period till the immediate pre-independence time when the different ethnic and lingual
groups fought unitedly against the British rulers, suffered persecutions, courted arrest and martyrdom.
4. The fateful partition had resulted in displacement of a vast populace in East Bengal; and particularly the
portion which formed part of Assam state since 1874 had witnessed relocation of its population in the Indian
part of undivided Assam—in Brahmaputra as well as in Barak valley. This travel of the displaced Indian
continued in stages—in the 1947-48s, 50s– which supposed to have come to an end in 1971 with the termination
of theocratic state of East Pakistan (an important component of Islamic Pakistan) and emergence of Sovereign
Democratic Republic of Bangladesh embracing the ideal of secularism (according to the Constitution adopted

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in 1972) barring political and social discrimination on the ground of religion. But following the assassination
of Shaikh Mujibur Rahman (15 August, 1975) Bangladesh virtually reversed to Islamic statehood in utter
disregard to Indira-Mujib Pact, 1971 and with, however, no reaction from the Government of India side, in spite
of the fact that the country owes much to the sacrifice of our soldiers, the support of our people for nine
months with the expectation to see the process of migration comes to an end for good. The religious coercion
and persecution during the regime of Jia-ur Rahman (1977-81), Ershad (1983-90), and Khaleda Begum (1991-96)
had compelled the Hindus flees their land, and following the ascendency of Shaikh Hasina (since 1996) the
state policy virtually reversed assuring safety, security and freedom of religion to all, notwithstanding the fact
that some induction in the constitution to disturb its secular character remains un-touched.
[At present the Constitution of Bangladesh declares Secularism as one of the four fundamental principle of
the state policy in Article-8 of Part-II and also declares Islam as the state religion in Article-2A of Part-I]
Such being the state of things, India had to accommodate a large number of displaced persons from the East
Bengal part of undivided India which constitute Bengalis, Manipuris, Maroaris, tea labourers, Rajbanshis,
Garos, Hindustanis, Hmars, Chakmas and other minor tribes.
5. It need be admitted that language had been the bone of contention in Assam since the mid-colonial days when
the British had made Bengali its official language which continued for 37 years from 1836 to 1873. The clerical
and technical workers brought by the British were Bengali and for obvious reasons Bengali emerged as the
medium of instruction in schools and colleges and for all official purposes. This was, however, reversed at the
behest of the American Baptist missionaries who also , in the name for the restoration of the Assamese
language created a divide between Assamese and Bengali, in spite of the fact that the Bengalis took initiative
in developing the Assamese language by offering hand in establishing printing press, writing primers, starting
schools. Assamese men of letters in the early 19th century had the basic initiation in developing their language
during their schooling under Calcutta University which by that time made considerable progress in printing,
compilation of dictionaries, and publication of papers, journals and books. In the entire process Bengali
teachers, clerics, bureaucrats in Assam played a positive role in seeing Assamese language find its own place
of honour, the forerunners of whom are presently facing the ordeal of NRC operation and hunt for foreign
nationals.
With the restoration of Assamese language, the Bengali schools and colleges were never closed or Bengali
language was banned in offices or in administrations. Both the languages continued to flourish in the state and
Bengali-medium institutions received government patrons as usual with no discrimination, Bengalis received
equal treatment in matters of appointments as usual. It is a fact, with the emergence of enlightened middle class
among the Assamese in the early 20th century, the dependence on the Bengalis from West Bengal or from East
Bengal (during the pre-independence period) continued to lessen, and some sort of professional rivalry tended
to crop up, which culminated in valleyism (between Brahmaputra valley with Assamese and Surma valley with
Bengali forming the majority) in the floor of Assam Legislative Council. Of course, that was a healthy competition,
not only in politics, but in professional life as well as in art, culture, language and literature, and it never created
any communal hatred towards any.
The clarion call of Sepoy Mutiny in 1857 reached both the valleys, — Maniram Dewan and Piyali Barua in
Jorhat courted martyrdom while over a hundred of mutineers of 34 Native Infantry, Chittagaon in their military
expedition towards Manipur had involved in mortal battle in various places in Cachar with the British force and
laid down their life in direct encounter as well as in firing squad in Silchar.
Coming over to the tempestuous days of Swadeshi, non-cooperation and Khilapet and quit-India movement
Assamese and Bengalis came forward on equal footing.
6. It was after partition and independence seeds of discontent began to crop and the state experienced occasional
racial violence, linguistic rivalry in spite of the earnest wishes of all the communities to live peace and amity.
From last part of 70s the issue of illegal migrations, foreigners’ infiltration dominated the mass psyche and
violent genocide (1983), insurgencies, racial hatred destabilized the social harmony, and the present hunt for
foreign infiltration in electoral roll, NRC, and legal battles draw the attention of all and afflict the people with
unforeseen apprehensions.
On the above backdrop, the nation has been given to understand that most of the Bengali speaking people in Assam
are illegal infiltrator, intruder, ghospatia, a sort of termite with no antecedent to this land. In other words, Bengali has
virtually been equated with Bangladeshis without taking note that Bengalis had been the dwellers in Assam in the
medieval and pre-colonial period when the term Pakistan never evolved, no question of Bangladesh could arise.
(Shortened and edited)
From General Secretary

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4 December, 2019
To,
The Hon’ble Minister of Home Affairs,
Govt of India, New Delhi

Subject: Regarding the proposed Bill in Parliament relating to the declaration of State language of Assam

Sir,
In view of the proposal for amendment of the constitution to make Assamese as the sole official language of the
state notwithstanding the existing Assam Official language Act, 1960 (with amendment in 1961) we, on behalf of
Barak Upatyaka Banga Sahitya O Sanskriti Sammelan, the premier socio-cultural and literary organization in Barak
valley in South Assam, have the honour to place before you the following (in part I&II) for your kind information and
taking effective measures to allay our suspicion in this regard.
Language in the past decades had been the bane of content in the Northeast India leading particularly to the
disintegration of the state of Assam carving out four separate states out of the undivided Assam in the last fifty
years, with more prospects of breakup in future.
It is a historical fact that, the southern portion of Indian subcontinent had already witnessed a great turmoil
leading to the disintegration of the Islamic state of Pakistan (Eastern part of it) to form a separate nation-state,
Bangladesh based on linguistic affinity cutting across the religious bondage that once had resulted in partition of
the country in 1947.
Here, in this portion of Indian subcontinent, we have witnessed how the introduction of Assam State Language
Bill in 9th September, 1960 had created a great social and political commotion leading to racial, ethnic, linguistic
distrust and tussle resulting in looting, arson and butchery of hundreds of linguistic minorities ( chiefly the Bengalis)
in Nowgaon, Goreshwer, Rongiya. Agitation against the bill reached its climax in the valley of Barak and police
opened fire against the peaceful demonstrators in Silchar rail station in 19th May 1961 when 11 demonstrators
including one girl student of barely 15 years courted martyrdom. All the representatives of Cachar (except for one) in
Assam Legislative Assembly had resigned offering their support to the agitation. It includes the Manipuri and
Hindustani legislatures too. It was a demand just for a provision of Bengali ( a language spoken the majority of the
people since, ancient and medieval period of history in the pre-colonial as well as in the British period) and other
minor languages (like Manipuri, Dimasa, Nepali) in the state in the Bill. At the intervention of the Home Ministry, Lal
Bahadur Shastri a three-lingual formula, known as Shastri-formula was adopted and an amendment was made in the
Bill safeguarding the interest of Bengali (Sec.V).
The other linguistic communities, particularly the hill as well as plain tribes in the Brahmaputra valley too had
opposed the Bill. The Khasi leader, Williamson Sangma resigned from the Assam Cabinet protesting against the
decision of enacting the Language Bill. Subsequently organization came into existence in 1960 like All party Hill
leaders Conference (APHLC) which could succeed in returning 11 of their members in the Assam Legislative Assembly
Election in 1962, and on winning the election they resigned en bloc against the linguistic chauvinism of the ruling
party; and, that had started non-cooperation movement in the demand for a separate state for the Khasis in the name
of Meghalayas (1972), which had its root in the Language Bill of 60. The Bill proved to be counter-productive again,
when it was seen, in the election of 1962 all the three seats in Mizo hills (known as Lushai hills) were begged by the
members of APHLC and its alley, Eastern India Tribal Union (EITU). Like the Khasis the two Mizo legislators resigned
from the Assam Assembly following observation of Demand day on 24, October, 1962.
To come to the other important section among the dejected plain tribes in the state, the Bodos, who had
asserted their identity long back in 1928 (14 September) by submitting a memorandum to Simon Commission, demanding
a provision for the Bodos in Assam Legislative Council; similar memorandum was submitted in August 8, 1928 on
behalf of the Bodos, Rabhas and Garos of Goalpara. Prior to the introduction of Assam State Language Bill, the Bodo
Sahitya Sabha had raised the demand for introduction of Bodo language in the schools in Bodo inhabited areas (in
1952), to which the leading party leadership turned a blind eye. The Bodos had staged a series of agitation in the 60s,
and in 1972 the demand for a centrally administered area named ‘Udayachal’ raised; the demand for adaptation of
Roman script against Assamese script began in 1974 spearheaded by Bodo Sahitya Sabha and Plain Tribal Council,
which was met with strong repressive measures. Police firing took the toll of 6 lives in Bijni and Sidli, 50 agitators
received bullet injury, and 1500 demonstrators arrested. Opinion against the Assamese linguistic chauvinism gathered

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among the Bodos, who felt that the Assam movement of 1979-81 was anti-tribal and the Assam Accord detrimental
for them. When, again, the Board of Secondary Education of Assam (SEBA) during AGP rule in 1986 had issued a
circular for introduction Assamese language as the only medium of instruction in the state to the utter dismay of all
the minor ethnic and linguistic groups, the Bodos reacted sharply, demanded withdrawal of the circular. It was at that
juncture the Bodo leadership had gathered in Nagaon on September 27-28, 1986 and the dream for a separate
Bodoland was hatched therein. Next year Guwahati had witnessed a a great mass rally of the Bodos in 12 June, 1987
with the slogan ‘Divide Assam fifty-fifty’, ‘No Bodoland No rest’. These were the outcome of the Language policy
of the state springing from the Bill of 1960. In a memorandum submitted to the Central Government on November 10,
1987, All Bodo Students’Union expressed their feelings about the chauvinists who during the early decades following
independence sought to project the Bodos as a community in the process of assimilation with the Assamese
nationality giving up their own identity. The memorandum reads thus:
The Assamese people are following the policy of expansionism and imperialism to capture and dominate
all corners of Assam including the tribal areas. …(they) do not want to agree or recognize the
existence and pre-dominance of tribal people in their majority areas too. …The Assamese people have
no political toleration. They cannot tolerate the existence of tribal communities and other democratic
organizations who oppose the policies of Assamisation and assimilation. (see Sujit Choudhury, The
Bodos: Emergence and Assertion of an Ethnic Minority, 2007, Indian Institute of Advance Study,
Rastrapati Nivas, Shimla, pp.203)
In this context, a brief reference be made to the observation of the State Reorganization Commission in 1953 which
termed Assam as the ‘multi-linguistic province and opined that Assamese linguistic people cannot demand for any
particular facility and Assamese language cannot be considered as the primary language of the province’. (See
Mrinal Talukdar, Post Colonial Assam-1947-2019, Guwahati, Assam, pp.42-44)) It was in 1950 Assam Sahitya Sabha
raised the demand for making Assamese as the State Language and raised the issue to State Reorganization Commission,
and the seed of discontent watered to see it germinate leading towards disintegration of united Assam in the
following years.
To come to Barak valley in the 80s, the violation of S.5 of Assam State Language Act, 1960 (with its amendment)
by the issue of the SEBA circular evoked great protest and 2 among the peaceful protesters courted martyrdom on
21 July, 1986 when police opened fire on the demonstrators in the Court compound in Karimganj, that too in presence
of the then Chief Minister, Prafulla Kumar Mahanta himself. Subsequently, the circular was temporarily withdrawn,
‘kept in abeyance’ in the official terminology.
Under the above backdrop when once again, a Bill is purported to be introduced in the Parliament by the
Central Government, these historical accounts need be recounted here to apprise you of the aftermath of the
introduction of Language Bill in 1960 in the state Assembly to give the state a uni-lingual feature against the multi-
lingual milieu. The situation in Assam, the demography, the community wise diverse linguistic scenario remains
unchanged; the state rather witnessed emergence of different ethnic assertion as a reaction against aggressive
linguistic hegemony of the Assamese. Under the circumstances, if a Bill introduced in the Indian Parliament to
resolve the linguistic right of the majority without taking note of the demographic condition of the state on historical
perspective, it will threaten the very foundation of the state itself.
(ii)
The Assam as we have today is a colonial construct, which emerged as a part of British territory in 1826 to be
brought under Bengal Presidency, and thereafter elevated to the status of a Province under a Chief Commissioner in
1874, again to be brought under the newly formed state of East Bengal and Assam in 1905 with Dhaka as the capital
following the partition of Bengal carried out by Lord Curzon. The Partition of Bengal having been annulled in 1912,
Assam was reconstituted as a Governor’s State with Shillong as the capital which continued till 1947 during the
colonial rule, and after independence having portion of its territory severed emerged as a province under Indian
Union, Shillong being its capital, which, however, was shifted to Dispur in Guwahati after Khasi Hills separated from
it forming a new state in 1972.
In support of our submission we take the privilege to add a brief note on the historical background for your
ready reference point wise:
The nation has been given to understand that the bulk of the Bengalis in Assam are illegal migrants without
taking note of the fact that the inclusion of the Bengali populated districts of Cachar, Sylhet and Goalpara from
Bengal Presidency in Assam in 1874 had increased the Bengali population of the state by more than 2.5 lakhs over the

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existing Assamese and other population. According to the Census 1871 the population status of the area was:
Sylhet : 17, 19,539
Goalpara : 4, 44,761
Cachar : 2, 05,027
Total : 23, 69,327.
While the total population of the five districts of Darang, Kamrup, Lakhimpur, Nowgong and Sivsagar was: 14,
91,227. Now this 23, 69,327 added to 14, 91,227 and the grand total of 38, 60,554 numbers had qualified Assam to be
constituted into a Chief Commissioner’s State(Dispatch of Lord Northbrook, dated 23 October, 1873 to Argyll, in
CHA, Vol-IV, p.271). The root of the numerical strength of the Bengalis could be traced in this act of reorganization
of the state that way, not in random illegal migration as has been publicized nationally and internationally. If the
Citizenship amendment Bill is enacted without consideration of the fact, it would fail to represent the hopes and
aspiration of the non-Assamese citizen.
In view of the distinctive geo-political and demographic feature of Indias’ Northeast it would be well if the Bill
mentions the fact that, despite their existence in Brahmaputra valley the Bengalis in Barak valley (which is a
‘geographical extension of Gangetic Bengal’) are the original inhabitants with a history of settlement of over six
centuries when the land was ruled by several state powers in parallel/ or in succession of which, however, the
Dimasas were the last whose rule terminated with the British annexation of the country of Cachar in 1832 (August 14).
The bulk of the present Bengali population along with the Dimasa, Manipuri and others of the then Cachar (which
included the plains of Cachar, the present Dima Hasao, and portion of Nowgaon district of Assam) are the descendents
of the original inhabitants of the state, not to be confused with the displaced victims of partition of 1947. Cachar
(Present Barak Valley) was, however, never a part of Assam in the pre-colonial period.
The Hon’ble Supreme Court of India (in the order dated 21/07/2015 relating to NRC up gradation process) has
given an instruction to the NRC Authority in Assam to consider the ‘Tea Tribes’ living in Assam as the ‘Originally
Inhabitants of the state of Assam’ for the purpose of inclusion of their names in the consolidated Register of Citizens
(NRC). We express our appreciation for declaring the ‘Tea Tribes`, bought by the European planters in Brahmaputra
valley in the forties (after 1840), and in the Valley of Barak in the fifties (after 1856) of the 19th century as the Original
inhabitants of Assam. These same tea tribes in Cachar-Sylhet area, however, were not allowed to vote in 1947 in
Sylhet Referendum being declared as floating populace. Sixty nine years after the partition these same people
qualified to be original inhabitants, but not so the case with the people inhabiting both the Brahmaputra and Barak
valley since the medieval period. It may be noted that people of Tai origin (immigrating in 13th century, specifically
since 1228 AD) could be accepted as natural or indigenous inhabitant of Assam even though Thailand had never
formed a part of Assam or India; but there is reservation in accepting the people of East Bengal as indigenous,
original inhabitants or khilanjia in Assam in spite of the fact that, a significant portion of East Bengal was very much
within the map of Assam in the recent history.
In regard to Barak valley, it has always been populated by the Bengalis as the majority, with a number of other
linguistic groups: We may recount the observation of the British civilian, R.B.Pamberton that ‘the people in Sylhet
and Cachar are identical; in every respect—appearance, customs and language’ (Report of North East frontier, 1832).
Also the first British Superintendent of Cachar, Thomas Fisher observed the predominance of Bengalis in the
country (annexed) and to introduce schools in Cachar had suggested (in 1834) that ‘The entire instruction in this
district is to be conveyed in Bengali (Cachar District Records: Letters subsequent to the Annexation of Cachar,
Asiatic Society, Calcutta, 2007, p.17).
Regarding Brahmaputra valley, we may refer to Professor H.K.Barpujari in The Comprehensive History of
Assam (Publication Board Assam, Guwahati, 2004, vol-V, p153):”The Brahmans were however settled in Assam from
very early times, from fifth century if not earlier, and they were imported from time to time not only from Bengal but
Upper India also by the Koch kings and Ahom rulers.”… He also added, “When king Siva Simha (1714-44) was
initiated into Hinduism by Krishnaram Bhattacharya, the mahunta of Nawadvip (Bengal), the latter took the
opportunity of introducing smarta tenets of Raghunanda, a Bengalee authority of Hindu laws of the sixteenth
century, which were observed in some parts of Assam”.

(Shortened) Yours truly

Gautam Prasad Dutta
General Secretary

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October, 7th, 2020

To,
The Hon’ble Chief Minister,
Assam,
Dispur,

Ref: The Cabinet Decision dated 7th October, 2020, regarding the Associate Official language of Assam

Sir,
With reference to the above, we congratulate you for offering a special status to a minority language in the
state of Assam by declaring Bodo as an Associate Official language. In this context we would most humbly like to
state the case of Bengali, the second large language in the state which also needs your attention, in view of the
present situation when under your able leadership rights and privileges of the minorities are being attended with
kind sympathy.
Since the reconstitution of Assam as a Chief Commissioner’s province in 1874 with the induction of Sylhet-
Cachar, and Goalpara from the areas outside the traditional map of Assam the Bengalis have become a part and parcel
of the state and had been playing their role in its socio-economic life traversing the era of the ‘East Bengal and Assam
Province’, and the era of Governors’ rule. The balk of the Bengali population in Brahmaputra valley are the descendents
of the extended portion of Assam in 1874 to 1912, and from 1912 till 1947; and they bear the pan Indian legacy in
Assam which formed a part of Indian federation with the participation of different ethno-linguistic groups in its
already diverse demography. Even if when, the Sylhet-portion of Assam was transferred to Pakistan, those who
moved across the border were but Indian of Assam state shifted to the Indian Territory (their own home land) that
could be saved from being severed by the knife of Cyril Radcliff. Their original homeland was very much within the
map of India and, of course, of Assam.
We recount this episode to you because your sympathetic attitude towards the different communities and
genuine feelings for the diverse communities in Barak-Brahmaputra valley with its hills and plains, reflected in your
numerous addresses and messages for which you are hailed as the champion of the minorities in the state; the
creation of numerous development councils, and declaration of a tribal language as the Associate Official language
are the examples of your benevolence.
We expected that, while acknowledging the Bodo as an Associate language, Bengali, as the second large
community in the state would also receive its due acknowledgement. As the peace loving citizens the Bengalis have
always been loyal to the national ideal, and in spite of persecutions and intimidations since independence have
never taken recourse to violence or indulged in secessionist activities. Their democratic movements have always
been peaceful and non-violence.
Following the peaceful language movement and the martyrdom of 11 agitators they have been awarded a
provision of Safeguard of Bengali language in the official matters and educational institution in Cachar (Barak valley)
(Sec 5, Assam State Official Languge Act, 1960 with amendment 1961), and due to the good will of the people of
Assam Bengali still continues as the medium of instruction in several schools in other districts. This language is held
in high esteem in the Assamese society and great stalwarts of Assam like Bhupen Hajarika, had created immortal
songs in the language, and this was reciprocated by the Hemanga Biswas and others, and this tradition is still being

òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì 111

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carried by Bengali literary and cultural luminaries in both the valleys whose creative works reflect the history and
society of Assam which are acclaimed in the state as well as in outside. The literary bond of the two languages has
a legacy of centuries.
This language was used as a link language in all the political, socio-economic transactions, enactment of
peace-treaty or declaration of war among the Royal families of Ahom, Koch, Kachar, Jayantia and Tripura kingdom
during the pre-colonel period. . The most accepted edited versions of Kachari Burunji, Tunkhangia Burunji, edited
by SK Bhuiya (1932, 36) contain letters from the court of Sargadeo Rudra Singh(1705, in page no.121), Sargadeo
Kamaleshwer Singh (1795, page no.137), and the letters from the court of Dimasa King Krishnachandra (p.138-139,
p.164, 165-67) in between 1795 to 1803 written in Bengali about which S K Bhuiya said, “the business portion of the
letters is in Bengali...they are good specimens of Bengali as it was used for court purpose outside Bengal...” In an
article [ The Renaissance in Assam: The Role of Non-Assamese (x¢›îû ˜î ‹y†îû’ƒ x˜yéôéx¢!›ëûyîû ¦)þ!›„þy– x¢› ¢y!£“þÄ ¢¦þy–
öëyîû£yÝþ– 1987– þ™,Ûþy 39), the great historian H K Barpujari said that ‘even though Assamese language was prevalent
in Ahom Court, yet Bengali was used in diplomatic writings’.
We are sure, you will understand that, a language so much honoured and used liberally in the 18th, 19th century
surely deserves recognition, and this will send a good message throughout the country and abroad. A language
which is a part of heritage of the state may kindly be accepted as an Associate Official language which would elevate
the status of Assam to a great height.

With regards,

Taimur Raja Choudhury Sanjib Deblaskar

President Presdent
Cachar District Committee Silchar town Committee
Barak Upatyak Banga sahitya O sanskriti Sammelan

112 òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì

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òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì 131

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134 òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì

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1. 1383 îDy· S1977 !…ÊÞÝþy·V !²Ìëû˜yí ö”î ö²Ìöì›w ö›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›#
2. 1384éôé85 îDy· S1978éôé79 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
3. 1385éôé86 îDy· S1979éôé80 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
4. 1386éôé87 îDy· S1980éôé81 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
5. 1387éôé88 îDy· S1981éôé82 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ›£#öì“þy¡ì þ™%îû„þyëûßþi ––
6. 1388éôé89 îDy· S1982éôé83 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
7. 1389éôé90 îDy· S1983éôé84 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
8. 1391éôé92 îDy· S1984éôé85 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
9. 1392éôé93 îDy· S1985éôé86 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
10. 1392éôé93 îDy· S1986éôé87 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
11. 1393éôé94 îDy· S1987éôé88 !…ÊÞÝþy·V Ÿ!_«•îû ö‰þï•%îû# ––
12. 1394éôé95 îDy· S1988éôé89 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ö²Ìöì›w ö›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›# ¢%!‹ê ö‰þï•%îû#
13. 1395éôé96 îDy· S1989éôé90 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
14. 1396éôé97 îDy· S1990éôé91 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
15. 1397éôé98 îDy· S1991éôé92 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– !î‹ëû „%þ›yîû ”y¢
16. 1398éôé99 îDy· S1992éôé93 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ˜,þ™!“þ îûO˜ ö‰þï•%îû# ––
17. 1399éôé1400 îDy· S1993éôé94 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ²Ì¦þy¢ ö¢˜ ›‹%›”yîû !î!‹ê ö‰þï•%îû#
18. 1400éôé1401 îDy· S1994éôé95 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
19. 1401éôé1402 îDy· S1995éôé96 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ˜,þ™!“þ îûO˜ ö‰þï•%îû# !î‹ëû „%þ›yîû ”y¢
20. 1402éôé1403 îDy· S1996éôé97 !…ÊÞÝþy·V !î!‹ê ö‰þï•%îû# ˜#“þ#Ÿ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ
21. 1403éôé1404 îDy· S1998éôé99 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ¢%î#îû „þîû ––
22. 1405éôé1407 îDy· S1999éôé2001 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ˜,þ™!“þ îûO˜ ö‰þï•%îû# ––
23. 1407éôé09 îDy· S2001éôé2003 !…ÊÞÝþy·V !î‹ëû „%þ›yîû •îû !îöì˜y” !î£yîû# ö”î˜yí
24. 1409éôé11 îDy· S2003éôé2005 !…ÊÞÝþy·V Ÿ!_«þ™” îÊáþ‰þyîû# “þîû&’ ”y¢
25. 1411éôé13 îDy· S2005éôé2007 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ŸÄy›ö율% ‰þe«î“Åþ# ––
26. 1413éôé15 îDy· S2007éôé2009 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
27. 1415éôé17 îDy· S2009éôé2011 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ˜#“þ#Ÿ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ ––
28. 1417éôé19 îDy· S2011éôé2013 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
29. 1419éôé21 îDy· S2013éôé2015 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ö†ï“þ› ²Ì¢y” ”_
30. 1421éôé23 îDy· S2015éôé2017 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
31. 1423éôé25 îDy· S2017éôé2019 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ö¢ïîû#w„%þ›yîû ¦þRy‰þyëÅ ¢îÄ¢y‰þ# îûyëû
32. 1425éôé28 îDy· S2019éôé2022 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ˜#!“þŸ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ ö†ï“þ› ²Ì¢y” ”_

„þyŠéyvþü ö‹œy „þ!›!Ýþ

1. 1389éôé90 îDy· S1983éôé84 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ö‹Äy!“þ›Åëû ö¢˜ !î!‹ê ö‰þï•%îû#
2. 1390éôé91 îDy· S1984éôé85 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––

òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì 135

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3. 1391éôé92 îDy· S1985éôé86 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––

4. 1392éôé93 îDy· S1986éôé87 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
5. 1393éôé94 îDy· S1987éôé88 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ²Ì¦þy¢ ö¢˜ ›‹%›”yîû ––
6. 1394éôé95 îDy· S1988éôé89 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
7. 1395éôé96 îDy· S1989éôé90 !…ÊÞÝþy·V „þîû&’yîûO˜ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ x˜hsþ ö”î
8. 1396éôé97 îDy· S1990éôé91 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
9. 1397éôé98 îDy· S1991éôé92 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
10. 1398éôé99 îDy· S1992éôé93 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ö¢ïîû#w „%þ›yîû ¦þRy‰þyëÅ ¢%!‹ê „%þ›yîû ¦þRy‰þyëÅ
11. 1399éôé1400 îDy· S1993éôé94 !…ÊÞÝþy·V x˜%îû*þ™y !îÙ»y¢ ö†ï“þ› ²Ì¢y” ”_
12. 1400éôé01 îDy· S1994éôé95 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
13. 1401éôé02 îDy· S1995éôé96 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ›,’yœ„þy!hsþ ”_ !îÙ»y¢ ¢›#îû „%þ›yîû ”y¢
14. 1402éôé03 îDy· S1996éôé97 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
15. 1403éôé05 îDy· S1997éôé99 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ¢%!‹ê „%þ›yîû ¦þRy‰þyëÅ !îöì˜y” !î£yîû# ö”î˜yí
16. 1405éôé07 îDy· S1999éôé2001 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ²Ì¢˜) „þy!hsþ ö”î !îÙ»öì“þy¡ì ö‰þï•%îû#
17. 1407éôé09 îDy· S2001éôé03 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ŸÄy›ö율% ‰þe«î“Åþ# ‹ëûhsþ ö”îîûyëû
18. 1409éôé11 îDy· S2003éôé05 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ”#öì˜w ˜yîûyëû’ !îÙ»y¢ ²Ì”#þ™ xy‰þyëÅ
19. 1411éôé13 îDy· S2005éôé07 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
20. 1413éôé15 îDy· S2007éôé09 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
21. 1415éô17 îDy· S2009éôé11 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
22. 1417éôé19 îDy· S2011éôé13 !…ÊéÞÝþy·V ÷“þ›%îû îûy‹y ö‰þï•%îû# ”#þ™„þ ö¢˜=®
23. 1419éôé21 îDy· S2013éôé15 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
24. 1421éôé23 îDy· S2015éôé17 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– þ™!îûöì“þy¡ì ö”
25. 1423éôé25 îDy· S2017éôé19 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– þ™!îûöì“þy¡ì ö”/‹ëûhsþ ö”îîûyëû
26. 1425éôé27 îDy· S2019éôé22 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ‹ëûhsþ ö”îîûyëû

„þ!îû›†O ö‹œy „þ!›!Ýþ

1. 1385éôé86 îDy· S1979éôé80 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ˜!œ˜#„þyhsþ ”y¢ ›“þ#w ¦þRy‰þyëÅ
2. 1386éôé87 îDy· S1981éôé82 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
3. 1387éôé88 îDy· S1982éôé83 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
4. 1388éôé89 îDy· S1982éôé83 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
5. 1389éôé90 îDy· S1983éôé84 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
6. 1390éôé91 îDy· S1984éôé85 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
7. 1391éôé92 îDy· S1985éôé86 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
8. 1392éôé93 îDy· S1986éôé87 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
9. 1393éôé94 îDy· S1987éôé88 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ¢%!‹ê ö‰þï•%îû# ¢%î#îû „þîû
10. 1394éôé95 îDy· S1988éôé89 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ‰þwöì‹Äy!“þ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ ––
11. 1395éôé96 îDy· S1989éôé90 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
12. 1396éôé97 îDy· S1990éôé91 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
13. 1397éôé98 îDy· S1991éôé92 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
14. 1398éôé99 îDy· S1992éôé93 !…ÊÞÝþy·V –– ––
15. 1399éôé1400 îDy· S1992éôé93 !…ÊÞÝþy·V ¢“%þ îûyëû “þîû&’ ”y¢
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136 òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì

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òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì 137

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138 òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì

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òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì 139

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1. „þyŠéyvþü £z!“þ£yöì¢îû ¢õþyöì˜ ö”îîÊ“þ ”_ þ™yíÅ¢yîû!í ‰þ¨ 2ëû x!•öì þ™,Ûþy ¢‚…Äyîû
1348 îy‚œy– !Ÿœ‰þîû vþzöìÍÔ… ö˜£z
2. xyMþé!œ„þ ¢y!£“þÄ ¢%•#îû ö¢˜ –– –– ––
3. „þ!î îûy›„%þ›yîû ˜¨# ƒ x›ö율% ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– ––
‹#î˜ ç ¢y!£“þÄ
4. ÷î¡Œî ö²Ì›¢y!£“þÄ ç x˜%îû*þ™y !îÙ»y¢ –– –– ––
¢y‚ßþ,ñ!“þ„þ ¢›§ºëû
5. „þyŠéyöìvþü îy‚œy ¢y!£“þÄ ‰þ‰Åþy ƒ „þîû&’yîûO˜ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– ––
xyîûöì½þîû £z!“þ£y¢
6. „þyŠéyöìvþüîû !ŸÒ!‰þe Ÿyhsþ˜% ö‡y¡ì –– –– ––
7. îy’# þ™!îû¡ì” îûy•yîûO˜ ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– ––
8. „þyŠéyöìvþüîû þ™ÍÔ# ¢y!£“þÄ ›y£î%î vþzœ îyîû# –– –– ––
9. îD¦þy¡ìy ç ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þîû ¢%Ÿ#“þ „%þ›yîû ”_ –– –– ––
þ™Ýþ¦)þ!›„þyëû „þyŠéyvþü
10. !ŸÇþyîû •yîûyëû „þyŠéyvþü ƒ ¢%£y¢ ‰þöìRyþ™y•Äyëû –– –– ––
xy•%!˜„þ „þyœ
11. xyMþé!œ„þ öœy„þ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þîû •yîûy „þyœ#²Ì¢§¬ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– ––
12. ˜öì†w ‰þw ŸÄy› ƒ þ™yíÅ¢yîû!í ‰þ¨ –– –– ––
‹#î˜ ç ¢y!£“þÄ ¢y•˜y
13. „þyŠéyöìvþü ¢y‚îy!”„þ“þyîû öîû…y!‰þe !î˜öìëûw „%þ›yîû ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– ––
14. „þyŠéyöìvþüîû ‹˜!î˜Äy¢ ¦þ!_«›y•î ‰þöìRyþ™y•Äyëû –– –– ––
15. „þyŠéyöìvþüîû ¢y!£“þÄ !‰þhsþyëû ›˜%öì‹w ŸÄy› –– –– ––
ö›ïœ¦þ# xy·%œ îyîû#
16. „þyŠéyöìvþüîû ¢y!£“þÄ ‰þ‰Åþyîû ¢%•#îû ö¢˜ ›öì˜y!‹ê ”y¢ ç 3ëû x!•öì 1
›•Äþ™îÅ S1832éôé1926V ²Ìö¢ì ˜!‹ê ‰þe«î“Åþ# 1385 îy‚œy– „þ!îû›†O
17. îy‚œy ¢y!£öì“þÄîû ~„þ xKþy“þ ¢%î#îû „þîû –– –– 9
x•Äyëû éôé ò‹D#ëûyîû †#“þó
18. ×#£R „þyŠéyöìvþüîû ¢y•%þ™%îû&¡ì ‹§Ã!‹ê îûyëû –– –– 13
19. „%þ!Ÿëûyîûy „þíy „þëû ¢%!‹ê ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 46
20. „þyŠéyöìvþü ›!’þ™%îû# ¢y!£“þÄ ç ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ ~› ›˜#w x˜%îû*þ™y !îÙ»y¢ 5› x!•öì– þ™,Ûþy ¢‚…Äyîû
1388 îy‚œy– !Ÿœ‰þîû vþzöìÍÔ… ö˜£z
21. ²Ìy‰þ#˜ „þyŠéyöìvþüîû ‹y“þ#ëû †¤yíyîû x˜%îû*þ™y !îÙ»y¢ –– –– ––
„þ!î ‰þwöì›y£˜ î›Å’

140 òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì

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 îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þy îD¢y!£“þÄ ç ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ ¢öìÁ¿œ˜

e«.˜‚ ²Ìîöìõþîû !Ÿöìîûy˜y› öœ…„þ ¢Á™y”„þ î¡ìÅ/x!•öì þ™,Ûþy

22. xÜTy”Ÿ Ÿ“þy·#îû xKþy“þ „þ!îîû ‹ëûhsþ¦)þ¡ì’ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– ––

x…Äy“þ ”%ó…y!˜ îû‰þ˜y
23. vþz!˜Ÿ Ÿ“þöì„þ ”!Çþ’ „þyŠéyöìvþü Gþ’Åy ”y¢ –– –– ––
¢y›y!‹„þ !îî“Åþöì˜îû •yîûy
24. „þyŠéyöìvþüîû „,þ¡ì„þ ç @ùÌy› ‹#î˜ î”îû&Iy›y˜ ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– ––
25. „þyŠéyöìvþüîû †”Ä¢y!£öì“þÄîû ›öì˜y!‹ê ”y¢ –– –– ––
ö¢„þyœ ç ~„þyœ
26. „þyŠéyvþü xMþéöìœîû ›%¢!œ› ›y£î%î%œ îyîû# –– –– ––
!îöìëûîû †y˜
27. ~ xMþéöìœîû ¢y!£öì“þÄîû !îÙ»öì“þy¡ì ö‰þï•%îû# x›ö율% ¦þRy‰þyëÅ ¡ìÛþ x!•öì– 9
!îKþyþ™˜/ö¢„þyœ 1390éôé1392– !Ÿœ‰þîû
28. ²Ìy†y•%!˜„þ„þyöìœîû „þ!î x˜%îû*þ™y !îÙ»y¢ –– –– 14
ŸÄy›y‰þîû’ ¦þRy‰þyöìëÅîû òö„þï“%þ„þ!îœy¢ó
29. ¢‚@ùÌy›# ~„þ ‹#îöì˜îû ˜y› ›y£î%î%œ îyîû# –– –– 24
ýîû›“þ xyœ# îvþüœßþñîû
30. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ¢y!£“þÄ x›ö율% ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 30
¢öìÁ¿œöì˜îû vþzöìjŸÄ
31. ¢y!£“þÄ ç ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ ‰þ‰Åþyëû £z›y” vþz!j˜ î%œî%œ î”îû&Iy›y˜ ö‰þï•%îû# 7› x!•öì– 1
„þy!Ýþ†vþüy xMþéöìœîû vþz_îûy!•„þyîû 1391éôé1392– „þy!Ýþ†vþyü
32. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû öœy„þ¢D#öì“þ x›ö율% ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 3
¢›¢y›!ëû„þ ‡Ýþ˜yîû ²Ì!“þšþœ˜
33. öœy„þ†yíy ƒ †y‹#îû †y˜ šþ‹œ%œ îyîû# –– –– 8
34. ~„þ˜‹öìîû „þy!Ýþ†vþüy ›£z˜%œ £„þ –– –– 20
35. î”îûþ™%öìîûîû ¢yÁ±!“þ„þ ˜yÝþÄ ç ¢%¦þy¡ì „þ›Å„þyîû –– –– 24
¢y!£“þÄ ‰þ‰Åþy
36. 19öŸ ö› ö”îîÊ“þ ”_ –– –– 31
37. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ”%!Ýþ vþzê¢î xyÖöì“þy¡ì ”y¢ –– –– 45
38. îîûy„þéôé¢%îû›y vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû î”îû&Iy›y˜ ö‰þï•%îû# x›ö율% ¦þRy‰þyëÅ 8› x!•öì– 8
@ùÌy›#˜ ¢y!£“þÄ 1393 îy‚œy– …y¢þ™%îû
39. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ²Ìí› ö›ï!œ„þ x˜%îû*þ™y !îÙ»y¢ –– –– 15
vþzþ™˜Äy¢ ˜yîû#Ÿ!_« îy x×&›y!œ˜#
40. Ý%þ¢%†y˜ ƒ îîûyöì„þîû ‰þy îy†y˜ „þy‹œ ö”›“þy –– –– ––
×!›„þöì”îû ¢%…”%ƒöì…îû öîûy‹˜y›‰þy
41. vþz•yîûî¨ …[þ vþz§¬ëû˜ xMþéœ !„þöìŸyîû ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 31
42. …y¢þ™%îû ç ¢!§¬!£“þ xMþéöìœîû ˜,öìþ™w „%þ›yîû î›Å’ –– –– 35
ßþiy˜˜y› ƒ vþzêþ™!_ ç !î„þyöìŸîû •yîûy
43. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû „,þ!ÜT ç ö”îîÊ“þ ”_ –– –– 38
¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þöì“þ …y¢þ™%öìîûîû xî”y˜
44. vþz•yîûî¨ …[þ vþz§¬ëû˜ xMþéöìœîû Ÿ‚„þîû ö”î –– –– 41
¢›„þyœ#˜ öœy„þyëû“þ ¢y!£“þÄ

òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì 141

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 îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þy îD¢y!£“þÄ ç ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ ¢öìÁ¿œ˜

e«.˜‚ ²Ìîöìõþîû !Ÿöìîûy˜y› öœ…„þ ¢Á™y”„þ î¡ìÅ/x!•öì þ™,Ûþy

45. „þyŠéyvþü ö„þŸîû# ¢˜ê „%þ›yîû ”y¢ öÇþï’#Ÿ ‰þw ‰þe«î“Åþ# –– –– 49

éôé ¢‚!Çþ® ‹#î˜#
46. …y¢þ™%îû îûy‹¢¦þyîû ë%öì†îû ¢y!£“þÄ x›ö율% ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 51
47. „þyŠéyvþü# îûy‹öìc ¢îû„þyîû# ¦þy¡ìy îÊöì‹w ˜yîûyëû’ î›Å’ x›ö율% ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– 55
îy‚œy ƒ !„þŠ%é ˜›%˜y
48. ò„þyŠéyvþü ö› öîy›y !†îûy ”y!îÅ îy†y˜ó xyŸ#¡ì þ™%îû„þyëûßþi –– –– 57
49. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû îD¦þy¡ìy ç ›öì˜y!‹ê ”y¢ ˜#!“þŸ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ ”Ÿ› x!•öì 1
¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þîû vþzê¢ ¢õþyöì˜ 1395 îy‚œy– £y£zœy„þy!¨
50. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ²Ìy‰þ#˜ öœy„þ!ŸÒ x!›ëûy îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû –– –– 9
51. îûî#w˜yí ç ×#¦)þ!› ¦)þöì”î ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 13
52. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû !‰þe!ŸÒ# ›%„%þ¨ ö”î˜yí –– –– 17
53. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ²Ìb“þy!_´„þ ¢Á™” „þy›yœ vþz!j˜ xy£öì›” –– –– 21
54. vþzk,þ!“þîû îû*þ™îöì˜ „þyŠéyöìvþü „þîû&’yîûO˜ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 26
îy‚œy ¢y!£“þÄ ‰þ‰Åþyîû ²Ìy‰þ#˜ þ™îÅ
55. x“þ#“þ „þyŠéyöìvþüîû îû*þ™öìîû…y ƒ îÄî£y!îû„þ
‹#î˜ ƒ ¦þy¡ìy ¢y!£öì“þÄîû !î„þyŸ x˜%îû*þ™y !îÙ»y¢ –– –– 32
56. Ÿ“þš%þœ !î„þ!Ÿ“þ ö£y„þ xyî%œ ö£yö좘 ›‹%›”yîû –– –– 41
57. ¦þy¡ìy ¢›¢Äy ç ÷î¡ì›Ä›)œ„þ xy‰þîû’ !î‹ëû „%þ›yîû •îû –– –– 1
58. îûî#w›y˜¢ ç ²Ìy‰þ#˜ ¦þyîû“þ#ëû xyŸy ”y¢ –– –– 5
†!“þîy”
59. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû †Ò îû’î#îû þ™%îû„þyëûßþi –– –– 22
60. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ”%!…˜# î’Å›yœy ¢%!‹ê ö‰þï•%îû# xþ™)îÅy˜¨ ›‹%›”yîû ~„þy”Ÿ x!•öì– 3
1397 îy‚œy– !Ÿœ‰þîû
61. ›•Äë%öì† „þyŠéyöìvþüîû ¢îû„þyîû# ¦þy¡ìy ‹ëûhsþ¦)þ¡ì’ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 15
62. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyëû îy‚œy x›ö율% ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 21
¢y!£“þĉþ‰Åþy ƒ îûy‹¢¦þyîû ë%†
63. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû @ùÌy›‹#î˜ ç @ùÌy›#’ î”îû&Iy›y˜ ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 30
¢y!£“þÄ ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ ƒ ú!“þöì£Äîû vþz_îûy!•„þyîû
64. ˜y†!îû„þ ›˜˜ ç xy•%!˜„þ“þyîû vþzöì§Ã¡ì ƒ
!Ÿœ‰þîû Ÿ£öìîûîû ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ ‰þ‰Åþyëû ßþºy•#˜“þy
þ™)îÅî“Åþ# „þöìëû„þ ”Ÿ„þ þ™!îû›œ ö” –– –– 39
65. xy›yöì”îû ¦þy¡ìy !ŸÇþy !î!‹ê„%þ›yîû ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 47
66. ²Ì¢D ƒ îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû îy‚œy „þ!î“þy “þöìþ™y•#îû ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 53
67. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû îy‚œy „þíy¢y!£öì“þÄîû
‹#%…# e«›!î„þyŸ ƒ ~„þ!Ýþ ¢‚!Çþ®
îû*þ™öìîû…y !îÙ»öì“þy¡ì ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 64
68. „þ!î þ™Äyîû#‰þîû’ ”y¢ ƒ ²Ì¢D ç þ™!îû!‰þ!“þ ‹§Ã!‹ê îûyëû ¢%î#îû „þîû my”Ÿ x!•öì– 16
1398 îy‚œy– „þ!îû›†O
69. xöìŸy„þ !î‹ëû îûy£y ƒ ²Ì¢D ç þ™!îû!‰þ!“þ „þîû&’yîûO˜ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 21

142 òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì

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 îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þy îD¢y!£“þÄ ç ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ ¢öìÁ¿œ˜

e«.˜‚ ²Ìîöìõþîû !Ÿöìîûy˜y› öœ…„þ ¢Á™y”„þ î¡ìÅ/x!•öì þ™,Ûþy

70. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ›%¢!œ› !îîyöì£ ›y£î%î%œ îyîû# –– –– 30
öœy„þy‰þyîû
71. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû öœy„þ¢y!£öì“þÄ x›ö율% ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 37
‹#î˜ ç ¢›y‹
72. îîûyöì„þîû ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ ö‰þ“þ˜yëû !Ÿ“þyœ‚ Ÿy£ „þy›yœ%!j˜ xy£öì›” –– –– 40
73. !ŸîÊy£z†y›y!vþ vþzþ™y¢˜y ƒ “%þ¡ìyîû„þy!hsþ ˜yí –– –– 46
!vþ›yŠéy ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þîû ~„þ!Ýþ !”„þ
74. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ²Ìîy” ²Ìî‰þöì˜ ›öì˜y!‹ê ”y¢ –– –– 50
¢›y‹ ç ‹#î˜
75. þ™)îÅ„%þœ²Ìö씟 ƒ £y£zœy„þy!¨ –– îûbö쟅îû ¦þRy‰þyëÅ eöìëûy”Ÿ x!•öì– 13
1399 îy‚œy– œyœy
76. !Ÿœ‰þöìîû x˜%!Ûþ“þ þ™ÍÔ#¢y!£öì“þÄîû ~. ö„þ. ›“þ#˜ xy£öì›” –– –– 16
‹œ¢yîû ~„þ ßþ¿îû’#ëû ¢õþÄy îvþüœßþñîû
77. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû xyMþé!œ„þ xyî%œ ö£yö좘 ›‹%›”yîû –– –– 20
vþzþ™¦þy¡ìyîû îû*þ™öìîû…y
78. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyëû ¢‚îy”þ™e ç ¢y‚îy!”„þ x“þ#˜ ”yŸ –– –– 25
79. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ¢y‚îy!”„þ“þyîû ~„þ!Ýþ îîû&’ „%þ›yîû !¢‚£ –– –– 28
vþzIœ µ x•Äyëû ƒ The Chronicle ²Ì¢öìD
80. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ¢y‚ßþ,ñ!“þ„þ Ÿ‚„þîû ö”î –– –– 30
‹#yîûyëû šþy=ëûyîû „þy!àþ˜y‰þ
81. ¢%•#îû ö¢˜ Sßþ¿,!“þ‰þyîû’V „þîû&’yîûO˜ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 32
82. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyëû ¢y‚ßþ,ñ!“þ„þ „þy›yœ%!j˜ xy£öì›” –– –– 37
!î„þyöìŸ vþzþ™‹y“þ#ëû ²Ì¦þyî
83. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ›!’þ™%îû# …öìëûîûvþz!j˜ ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 41
¢y!£öì“þÄîû †!“þ ç ²Ì„,þ!“þ
84. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû !ŸÒ‰þ‰Åþy ŸÄy›ö율% ‰þe«î“Åþ# –– –– 48
85. xy•%!˜„þ îy‚œy †öì”Äîû xy!”þ™öìîÅ ¢%î#îû „þîû –– –– 44
x¢›#ëûy öœ…„þöì”îû xî”y˜
86. ²Ìy„äþ !vþ›y¢y ë%öì† îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þy ‹ëûhsþ¦)þ¡ì’ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ ¢O#î ö”îœßþñîû ‰þ“%þ”ÅŸ x!•öì– 11
1400 îy‚œy– !Ÿœ‰þîû
87. £yŠé˜îûy‹y ç “¤þyîû †yöì˜îû ”ŸÅ˜ ç xyî%œ ö£yö좘 ›‹%›”yîû –– –– 21
x•Äydîy”
88. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ¢y!£“þÄ ƒ Ÿ!_«þ™” îÊáþ‰þyîû# –– –– 29
xy›yöì”îû ¦þyî˜y
89. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû öŠéyÝþ†Ò ƒ !îÙ»öì“þy¡ì ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 37
xy!D„þ ç ²Ì„þîû’
90. †’›y•Ä› ç ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ “þöìþ™y•#îû ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 47
91. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû œ%®²Ìyëû ŸÄy›ö율% ‰þe«î“Åþ# –– –– 55
öœy„þ!ŸÒ ƒ ~„þ!Ýþ ¢›#Çþy

òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì 143

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e«.˜‚ ²Ìîöìõþîû !Ÿöìîûy˜y› öœ…„þ ¢Á™y”„þ î¡ìÅ/x!•öì þ™,Ûþy

92. xÜTy”Ÿ Ÿ“þöì„þîû öŸ¡ìþ™îÅ xþ™)îÅy˜¨ ›‹%›”yîû –– –– 61
ò¢›“þœ „þyŠéyvþüó ‹˜¢‚…Äy ƒ
~„þ!Ýþ ²Ìyí!›„þ x˜%¢õþy˜
93. ö„þw#ëû !îÙ»!î”Äyœëû ç xy›yöì”îû Kþy˜‰þ‰Åþy ¢%!‹ê ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 75
94. ö¦þïöì†y!œ„þ xîßþiy˜ ç ¦þy!¡ì„þ ›y˜!‰þe ƒ ‹ëûhsþ¦)þ¡ì’ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ ˜#!“þŸ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ ö¡ìyvþüŸ x!•öì– 1
²Ì¢D îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þy 1402 îy‚œy– £y£zœy„þy!¨
95. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ¢y!£“þÄ ƒ xy!” ç ›•Äë%† x˜%îû*þ™y !îÙ»y¢ –– –– 5
96. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû öœy„þ×&!“þöì“þ x›ö율% ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 20
xy!” ›•Äë%öì†îû £z!“þ£yöì¢îû vþzþ™y”y˜
97. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ›%¢œ›y˜ ¦þyÝþ„þ!î !Ÿî“þþ™˜ î¢% –– –– 26
98. ö£vþüÁºîûy‹ „þ“,Åþ„þ „þyŠéyöìvþü vþzþ™y!• ²Ì”y˜ ~ ö„þ ›“þ#˜ xy£›” –– –– 30
îvþüœßþñîû
99. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ²Ìy‰þ#˜ þ™%¤!í ŸÄy›y˜¨ ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 32
100. !Ÿœ‰þöìîû ö˜“þy‹# ö”îîÊ“þ ”_ ö†ï“þ›²Ì¢y” ”_ ¢®”Ÿ x!•öì– 13
1403 îy‚œy– !Ÿœ‰þîû
101. ¢›§ºëû ç ¢£yîßþiyöì˜îû ‰þyœ!‰þe ƒ ¢O#î ö”îœßþñîû –– –– 17
ú!“þ£y!¢„þ ”,!ÜTöì“þ îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû
‹˜!î˜Äy¢
102. îîûyöì„þ îy‚œy ›y•Äöì› !”œ#þ™„%þ›yîû ö” –– –– 27
þ™àþ˜þ™yàþöì˜îû ¦þ!î¡ìÄ“þ
103. ¦þy¡ìy ¢‚@ùÌyöì›îû ö‰þ“þ˜y ƒ £z›y” vþz!j˜ î%œî%œ –– –– 29
xy›yöì”îû vþz_îûy!•„þyîû
104. ›•Äë%öì†îû „þyŠéyöìvþüîû ¢îû„þyîû# ¦þy¡ìy ‹ëûhsþ¦)þ¡ì’ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 35
105. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ”%!…˜# î’Å›yœy ¢%!‹ê ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 39
106. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû xyMþé!œ„þ xyî%œ ö£yö좘 ›‹%›”yîû –– –– 45
vþzþ™¦þy¡ìyîû îû*þ™öìîû…y
107. îîûyöì„þîû ¢y!£“þÄ ƒ ¢)‰þ˜y x˜%îû*þ™y !îÙ»y¢ –– –– 51
öíöì„þ ²Ìy„äþßþºy•#˜“þy
108. îîûyöì„þîû îy‚œy !ŸÖ¢y!£“þÄ ç !îÙ»öì“þy¡ì ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 58
þ™C#îûy‹ ö‹Äy!“þ›Åëû ö¢˜
109. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû œ%®²Ìyëû ›£yÁ¿” šþ‹œ%œ îyîû# –– –– 67
öœy„þ¢D#“þ ƒ Šéy”öìþ™Ýþyîû †y˜
110. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ¢y‚ßþ,ñ!“þ„þ‰þ‰Åþy ƒ ö”îy!Ÿ¢ ”y¢ –– –– 70
!Ÿœ‰þîû Ÿ£öìîû îûî#w¢D#“þ‰þ‰þÅy ç ²Ì¦þyî
111. !Ÿœ‰þöìîû ˜yîû# ²Ì†!“þ xyöì¨yœöì˜îû xþ™îûy!‹“þy ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 76
þ™%öìîûy•y ›yœ“þ# ŸÄy›
112. îîûyöì„þ xyMþé!œ„þ vþzþ™¦þy¡ìyîû x˜hsþ ö”î –– –– 79
˜yÝþĉþ‰Åþy ƒ ¢›¢Äy ç ¢½þyî˜y
113. îîûyöì„þ ‰þœ!F‰þe !˜›Åy’ xyöì¨yœ˜ ƒ !îÙ»!‹ê Ÿ#œ –– –– 81
!îî“Åþöì˜îû îû*þ™öìîû…y

144 òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì

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114. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þy îD¢y!£“þÄ ç ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ ö²Ìöì›w ö›y£˜ ö†yßþºy›# –– –– 87

¢öìÁ¿œöì˜îû ö†yvþüyîû !”˜=öìœy
115. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû îyˆy!œ ¢›y‹ ƒ ¢%!‹ê ö‰þï•%îû# ö¢ï!›e þ™yœ xÜTy”Ÿ x!•öì– 1
x!hßþöìcîû ¢‚„þÝþ 1405 îy‚œy– „þ!îû›†O
116. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyëû ¦þy¡ìyîû !î„,þ!“þ ˜,þ™!“þ îûO˜ ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 9
ç ²Ìöìëûy† ”)¡ì’
117. îœy„þyë%öì†îû ”%£z „þ!î ƒ ‹§Ã!‹ê îûyëû –– –– 13
›,’yœ„þy!hsþ ç xöìŸy„þ!î‹ëû
118. x›“ÅþÄ ö¢˜– ¦þîöì“þy¡ì ”_ ç ¢%Ÿyhsþ„,þ¡Œ ”y¢ –– –– 20
!e=’y ö¢˜ ~„þ îû“þ˜ ”%£z ‹ý!îû
119. ¢%îû›yéôéîîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ›öì˜y!‹ê ”y¢ –– –– 23
òþ™£zó îy ò¦þyDy˜#ó
120. îîûyöì„þîû öœy„þ¢D#“þ „þy›yœ%!j˜ xy£öì›” –– –– 29
121. ¢›yíÅ„þ îû*öìþ™îû ßþºîû*þ™ ç ²Ìöìëûy† Ÿ!›ÅÛþy …y‹y!Mþé –– –– 36
÷î!‰þöìeÄîû öîû…y!‰þe ƒ !ŸÜTîy‚œy ç
ßþiy˜#ëû vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ö²Ì!Çþöì“þ
122. ò!£îû’ƦÅþó ƒ ›£yîûy‹y „,þ¡Œ‰þw x›ö율% ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 41
˜yîûyëû’ „,þ“þ ›£y”y˜
123. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû „þ!î“þy ƒ xy•%!˜„þ“þyîû !„þîû’ŸBþîû îûyëû –– –– 45
²Ìí› þ™îÅ ç þ™öìîûîû ”%£z ”Ÿ„þ
124. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyëû îy‚œy ¦þy¡ìy ¢%!‹ê ö‰þï•%îû# ˜#!“þŸ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ |˜!î‚Ÿ!“þ“þ› x!•öì– 1
1407 îy‚œy– £y£zœy„þy!¨
125. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þy îD¢y!£“þÄ ç ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ ¢%Ÿyhsþ„,þ¡Œ ”y¢ –– –– 6
¢öìÁ¿œ˜ ƒ ²Ìhßþyî˜y ç vþz_îû’
126. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyëû ¦þy!¡ì„þ ç ¢y‚ßþ,ñ!“þ„þ xyî%œ ö£yö좘 ›‹%›”yîû –– –– 17
xy@ùÌy¢˜ ƒ ö²ÌÇþyþ™Ýþ ç ²Ìy¢!D„þ !î¡ìëû
127. xy ›!îû îy‚œy ¦þy¡ìy Ÿ!_«þ™” îÊáþ‰þyîû# –– –– 22
128. îy‚œy ¦þy¡ìy ç ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þîû ¢‚„þÝþ x“þ#˜ ”yŸ –– –– 28
129. ~„%þŸ Ÿ“þ„þ– xy›yöì”îû ¢öìÁ¿œ˜ ƒ “þöìþ™y•#îû ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 31
ŸBþy ç ¢½þyî˜y
130. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû îy‚œy „þ!î“þy ƒ ‹§Ã!‹ê îûyëû –– –– 34
~„%þöìŸîû “þ#öìîû
131. òö”Ÿ›%…Äóéôéö”îû Ÿy¢˜ Çþ›“þy x›ö율% ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 36
132. ¢y‚ßþ,ñ!“þ„þ xy@ùÌy¢öì˜îû ö²ÌÇþyþ™öìÝþ ²Ì¦þy¢ ö¢˜ ›‹%›”yîû –– –– 41
¢öìÁ¿œöì˜îû ²Ìöìëûy‹˜#ëû“þyîû ö†yvþüyîû
„þíy éôôôé vþzöìjŸÄ ç œÇþÄ
133. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þy îD¢y!£“þÄ ç ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ ÷“þ›%îû îûy‹y ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 44
¢öìÁ¿œ˜ ƒ ¢y‚†àþ!˜„þ !„þŠ%é „þíy
134. ~„þ xy„þyŸ– ˜y˜y þ™,!íî# ¢y•˜ ‰þöìRyþ™y•Äyëû –– –– 45

òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì 145

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135. ö…yœ xî=Zþ˜ £z!“þ£yöì¢îû !”!“þ¦)þ¡ì’ ‰þe«î“þÅ# –– –– 47

136. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû îy‚œy öŠéyÝþ†Ò îû’î#îû þ™%îû„þyëûßþi –– –– 50
137. xíÅ÷ì˜!“þ„þ !‰þhsþy ƒ !î!þ™˜ ‰þw þ™yöìœîû ¢%Ÿyhsþ„,þ¡Œ ”y¢ ö¢ï!›e þ™yœ îû‹“þ ‹ëûhsþ# î¡ìÅ ¢‚…Äy– 1
²Ì!“þ¦þyîû ~„þ!Ýþ xîöì£!œ“þ !”„þ 1408 îy‚œy– „þ!îû›†O
138. ¦þy¡ìy !î„,þ!“þ ²Ì¢D ˜,þ™!“þ îûO˜ ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 8
139. îy‚œy îy˜yöì˜îû ’céôé¡ìc ‹§Ã!‹ê îûyëû –– –– 12
140. !îöìëûîû þ™”Ä ƒ îD ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þîû ~„þ!Ýþ x›ö율% ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 14
œ%® ú!“þ£Ä
141. îîûyöì„þîû @ùÌy›#˜ ¢y!£öì“þÄîû ~„þ!Ýþ „þy›yœ%!j˜ xy£öì›” –– –– 19
œ%®•yîûy
142. ˜“Åþ„þ#ëû „þ›œy²Ì¢D ¢%î#îû „þîû –– –– 31
143. ˜yÝþĉþ‰Åþyëû „þyŠéyvþü ö‹œy ŸÄy›ö율% ‰þe«î“Åþ# ö¢ï!›e þ™yœ îû‹“þ ‹ëûhsþ# î¡ìÅ ¢‚…Äy 35
1408 îDy·– „þ!îû›†O
144. îû‹“þ‹ëûhsþ#îû xyöìœyöì„þ îîûy„þ ˜#!“þŸ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 37
vþzþ™“þÄ„þy îD¢y!£“þÄ ç ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ ¢öìÁ¿œ˜
145. ›£yîûy‹ ö†y!þw•¹‹ ˜yîûyëûöì’îû xy˜¨öì›y£˜ ›£hsþ !îÙ»öì“þy¡ì ö‰þï•%îû# !î‚Ÿ!“þ“þ› x!•öì– 21
~„þ!Ýþ îûyöì¢yê¢î †#“þ›yœy ƒ
²Ìyí!›„þ ¢›#Çþy 1409 îy‚œy– !Ÿœ‰þîû
146. xydy˜%¢õþyöì˜îû x!¦þKþ“þy ƒ ¢y!£öì“þÄîû ¦)þöì”î ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 28
!î²Ì“þ#þ™ Ýþy˜yöìþ™yöìvþü˜
147. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû îy‚œy ¢y!£“þÄ xîû&’ „%þ›yîû î¢% –– –– 31
148. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû öŠéyÝþ†Ò îû*þ™îûy‹ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 35
þ™¤y‹öìîû ”¤yöìvþüîû Ÿ·
149. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû îy‚œy ¢y!£öì“þÄ îû›y þ™%îû„þyëûßþi –– –– 39
öŠéyÝþ þ™!e„þyîû ¦)þ!›„þy
150. ›%_« îûî#w˜yí ƒ ò‹†ê ²Õy!îëûy ¦þ!_«›y•î ‰þöìRyþ™y•Äyëû –– –– 44
öîvþüyî †y!£ëûyó
151. !îÙ»yëû˜ ç ~£z ¢›ëû ƒ þ™yöìàþ– þ™yàþyhsþöìîû ‹ëû”#þ™ !îÙ»y¢ –– –– 46
152. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû öœy„þ„þíy ƒ x!›ëûy îöì¨Äyþ™y•Äyëû –– –– 50
~„þ!Ýþ ¢‚!Çþ® ²Ì!“þöì
153. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ›Dœ‰þ[þ#îû îÊ“þ ç x›ö율% ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 53
‹y†îû’ ƒ ~„þ!Ýþ ²Ì!“þöì
154. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ¢y‚†#!“þ„þ ú!“þ£Ä ƒ ¢O#î ö”îœßþñîû –– –– 62
þ™pþ™%îûy’ öíöì„þ îûy›„%þ›yîû
155. vþz!˜öìŸ ö› ƒ xydþ™!îû‰þöìëûîû x˜%¢õþy˜ x˜%îû*þ™y !îÙ»y¢ –– –– 68
156. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ˜yÝþĉþ‰Åþy ƒ öœy„þ˜yÝþÄ ë#Ö ‰þ¨ –– –– 71
öíöì„þ ›Mþé ˜yÝþöì„þ vþz_îû’
157. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû !‰þe!ŸÒ ƒ ŸÄy›ö율% ‰þe«î“Åþ# –– –– 77
¢)‰þ˜y öíöì„þ ¢yÁ±!“þ„þ

146 òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì

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158. !ŸÇþyîÄîßþiy ç !ŸÇþyîû ‰þyœéôé‰þœ˜ ƒ ˜,þ™!“þ îûO˜ ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 81

xy‹öì„þîû ”,!ÜTöì“þ
159. ò¢öìÁ¿œ˜ó~îû !„þŠ%é ²Ìy¢!D„þ „þíy ˜#!“þŸ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 83
160. îy‚œy îy˜y˜ „þ›ÅŸyœy ²Ì!“þöì !îöì˜y” !î£yîû# ö”î˜yí –– –– 86
161. ë“þ#w ö›y£˜ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ ƒ ‹§Ã!‹ê îûyëû ›,^ùéÂëû îûyëû ~„þ!î‚Ÿ!“þ“þ› x!•öì– 9
Ÿ“þîöì¡ìÅîû xyöìœyöì„þ 1411 îy‚œy– „þ!îû›†O
162. !î¦þy!‹“þ îyˆy!œîû ¦þ!î¡ìÄê ¢%!‹ê ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 13
163. ˜îyî îûy•yîûy›/£z!“þ£y¢ ƒ „þy›yœ%!j˜ xy£öì›” –– –– 17
öœy„þ „þy!£˜# ƒ öœy„þ !îÙ»y¢
164. ›%‹“þîyîû öœ…yîû þ™,!íî# ƒ “þöìþ™y•#îû ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 23
öœy„þyëûöì“þîû ²Ì“þÄy‡y“þ
165. îy‚œy¦þy¡ìyîû vþz¦þëû ¢‚„þÝþ ƒ x“þƒ !„þ›Ú xyî%œ ö£yö좘 ›‹%›”yîû –– –– 28
166. „þ!î†y˜éôôôé ~„þ!Ýþ vþzöìþ™!Çþ“þ ¢y!£“þÄ•yîûy x›ö율% ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 33
167. ¦þy¡ìyîû ¢‚„þÝþ ƒ ¢‚„þöìÝþîû ¦þy¡ìy ›,^ùéÂëû ö”î –– –– 40
168. xy›yöì”îû £z!“þ£y¢ ‰þ‰Åþyëû xþ™!îû£yëÅ ¢O#î ö”îœßþñîû –– –– 45
„þöìëû„þ!Ýþ xy„þîû @ùÌsþi ²Ì¢öìD
169. îûy‹öì›y£˜ ˜yí ƒ ”!Çþ’éôéþ™)îÅ ~!Ÿëûyîû xy!Ÿ¢îûO˜ ˜yí –– –– 49
þ™%îûy“þöì_´îû ›£y˜ þ™![þ“þ
170. ²Ì¢D ƒ îûî#w˜yí Ÿ!_«þ™” îÊáþ‰þyîû# –– –– 51
171. îMþé˜y !î¡ìëû„þ ¢îûœéôé!‰þhsþy ¢%!‹ê ö‰þï•%îû# ¢%îÊ“þ þ™%îû„þyëûßþi my!î‚Ÿ!“þ“þ› x!•öì– 1
1413 îy‚œy– £y£zœy„þy!¨
172. îîûyöì„þîû îyˆyœ# ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ éôôôé „þy›yœ%!j˜ xy£öì›” –– –– 4
!„þŠ%é !î!Çþ® ¦þyî˜y
173. vþz_îûþ™)îÅ ¦þyîûöì“þîû îy‚œy ¢y!£öì“þÄîû !î!‹ê„%þ›yîû ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 13
÷î!ŸÜTÄ
174. îûî#w˜yöìíîû Çþ’²Ì¦þyëû xy›yîû ÷ŸŸî– vþz¡ìyîûO˜ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 18
xy›yîû ÷ŸŸöìîîû Ÿ£îû
175. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû „þ!î“þy ƒ !îö쟡ì þ™yàþ “þöìþ™y•#îû ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 23
Ÿ!_«þ™” îÊáþ‰þyîû#
176. 1857 ƒ ²Ì!“þ!e«ëûy ç ¢%îû›yéôéîîûyöì„þîû ¢%î#îû „þîû –– –– 45
öœy„þ›y˜¢
177. îîûy„þîy¢#îû ¢›y‹ ‹#îöì˜ ¢›§ºëû ƒ xyî%œ ö£yö좘 ›‹%›”yîû –– –– 57
îyhßþî“þy– ¢½þyî˜y ç ¢›¢Äy
178. ö£vþüÁº ç !eþ™%îûy îûy‹¢¦þyëû þ™%îûy’‰þ‰Åþy ƒ x›ö율% ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 61
²Ì¢D î,£§¬yîû”#ëû þ™%îûy’
179. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyëû þ™%!í‰þ‰Åþy “%þ¡ìyîû„þy!hsþ ˜yí –– –– 74
180. vþz‹y˜ †yöìˆîû ›y!Gþ éôôôé x˜%îû*þ™y !îÙ»y¢ –– –– 84
Ÿ!_«þ™” îÊáþ‰þyîû#
181. Gþyvþü…[þ îûyöì‹Ä îy‚œy¦þy¡ìy !î„þyŸ ›%…y!‹Å –– –– 85
xyöì¨yœöì˜îû ¢‚!Çþ® £z!“þ£y¢

òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì 147

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 îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þy îD¢y!£“þÄ ç ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ ¢öìÁ¿œ˜

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182. ˜y†yœÄyöì[þ îy‚œy þ™!e„þy ç ö”îy!Ÿ¡ì ”_ –– –– 89

îy‚œy ‰þ‰Åþy
183. !Ÿœ‚ ~î‚ !Ÿœöìˆîû îy‚œy ›y˜öìîw ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 95
¢y!£“þÄéô颂ßþ,ñ!“þîû „þíy
184. xy¨y›yöì˜ îy‚œy¦þy¡ìyîû î“Åþ›y˜ x˜y!”îûO˜ !îÙ»y¢ –– –– 104
xîßþiy˜ ç îy‚œy þ™e þ™!e„þy
185. x¢›#ëûy ¢y!£öì“þÄ ö‹y˜y„þ# ë%† ŸBþîû ²Ì¢y” „þy„þ“þ# îîûy –– –– 108
~„þ xyöìœy„þþ™y“þ
186. x¢›#ëûyöì”îû îy‚œy ‰þ‰þÅy ƒ 1826éôé1860 ›!¨îûy ”y› –– –– 111
187. ~ xMþéöìœîû îy‚œy ˜yÝþÄ ¢y!£“þÄ ƒ !îÙ»öì“þy¡ì ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 120
Ÿ“þîöì¡ìÅîû xyöìœyöì„þ
188. !îKþy˜# ç !îKþy˜ ¢y!£“þÄ !î›y˜!î£yîû# ˜yí –– –– 125
189. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû vþz§¬ëûöì˜ xíÅ÷ì˜!“þ„þ !˜îûO˜ îûyëû –– –– 127
vþz§¬ëû˜ þ™!îû¡ì” †àþöì˜îû ²Ìy¢!D„þ“þy
190. îîûyöì„þîû xíŘ#!“þ ƒ ²Ì¢öìDîû ö…¤yöì‹ ‹ëû”#þ™ !îÙ»y¢ –– –– 130
191. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ‰þyéôéîy†yöì˜îû þ™yœy þ™îûî G%þ›%îû þ™yöì[þ –– –– 135
192. ²Ì¢D ƒ îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyëû ~¢ îÊöì‹Ù»îû !¢‚£ –– –– 140
›!’þ™%!îû ¢y!£“þÄ ‰þ‰Åþy
193. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû !£!¨ ¢y!£“þÄ ƒ xöìŸy„þ îy›Åy –– –– 142
!î„þyŸ ç !îhßþyîû
194. îîûyöì„þ !vþ›y¢y ¢y!£“þÄ ‰þ‰Åþy vþz_›‰¤þy” î›Å’ –– –– 146
195. !î¡%Œ!²Ìëûy ›!’þ™%!îû ¢y!£öì“þÄîû ¢öìhsþy¡ì !¢‚£ –– –– 150
~„þ!Ýþ ¢‚!Çþ® îû*þ™öìîû…y
196. ~„þ!î‚Ÿ!“þ“þ› „þ!îû›†O x!•öì ƒ ›yÖ„þ xy£öì›” –– –– 155
²Ì“þÄyŸy ç îÄy!®
197. ¢%îû›yéôéîîûyöì„þ îûy‹÷ì˜!“þ„þ ¦)þöì†yöìœîû !îöìî„þy˜¨ ö›y£hsþ ö†ï“þ›²Ì¢y” ”_ eöìëyû !î‚Ÿ!“þ“þ› x!•öì– 1
!îî“Åþ˜ ƒ èþ™!˜öìî!Ÿ„þ þ™îÅ 1415 îDy·– !Ÿœ‰þîû
198. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ²Ìy„,þ!“þ„þ ú!“þ£Ä ƒ íy‚‹› þ™yvþzö윘 !¢‚£ –– –– 18
î˜Ä²Ìy’#
199. xîûöì’Äîû xœBþyîû ƒ îy!’!‹Ä„þ ¢½þyî˜yîû ‹ëûhsþ ö”îîûyëû –– –– 23
xyöìœyöì„þ „þyŠéyöìvþüîû x!„Åþvþ
200. xy›yöì”îû £y!îûöìëû ëyçëûy þ™y!…îû ”œ ‹œ”îîû’ ö”îœßþñîû –– –– 29
201. þ™!îûöìîŸ ¢‚„þöìÝþ îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû þ™y!… !î¦þy¢ ö”î –– –– 33
202. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ˜”#îû vþzê¢ ¢õþyöì˜ !˜îûO˜ îûyëû –– –– 38
203. £z!“þ£y¢ @ùÌöìsþi îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ¢O#î ö”îœßþñîû –– –– 40
!˜¢†Å ç ²Ì„,þ!“þ
204. “þyÁËšþœ„þ ~î‚ îûy‹¢¦þy!דþ “%þ¡ìyîû„þy!hsþ ˜yí –– –– 45
†#!“þ„þyöìîÄ !˜¢†Å²Ì„,þ!“þ
205. öœy„þ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þöì“þ îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû xy!Ÿ¢îûO˜ ˜yí –– –– 55
!˜¢†Å ç ²Ì„,þ!“þ

148 òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì

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206. öœy„þ„þíyëû þ™!îûöìîŸ ƒ ”#öìþ™¨% ”y¢ –– –– 59

îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyëû ²Ì‰þ!œ“þ îÊ“þ„þíy–
òîû£z” îûy‹yîû !„þFŠéyó– ~„þ !îö쟡ì þ™yàþ
207. îy!†‰þyîû ö”y„þy˜éôéîy‹yîû ƒ îû›y²Ì¢y” !îÙ»y¢ –– –– 62
‹#îöì˜îû ‹œŠé!î
208. ö„þyíyëû ~›˜ £!îûê öÇþe ƒ ¢%”#® ö”îîûyëû –– –– 65
îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû „,þ!¡ì
209. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû „,þ!¡ìéô颂ßþ,ñ!“þ ‹†§¬yí ‰þe«î“Åþ# –– –– 69
~î‚ !î!‰þe ç œ%®²Ìyëû •yöì˜îû „þíy
210. „þ!î“þyëû îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû !˜¢†Å ²Ì„,þ!“þ !îÙ»öì“þy¡ì ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 76
211. „þíy¢y!£öì“þÄ îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû !˜¢†Å îû*þ™îûy‹ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ
212. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû þ™öìíîû þ™¤y‰þy!œ £z›y” vþz!j˜ î%œî%œ –– –– 86
213. ˜y››yœyëû îîûyöì„þîû xydþ™!îû‰þëû ¢%î#îû „þîû –– –– 89
214. îîûyöì„þîû !˜¢öì†Å ¢›ëû ¼›’ x!›“þy¦þ ö”îöì‰þï•%îû# –– –– 93
215. ~„þ¡ì!Rîû ¦þy¡ìy xyöì¨yœ˜ ƒ !šþöìîû ö”…y îû’!‹ê ö‰þï•%îû# ›yÖ„þ xy£öì›” ‰þ“%þ!îÅ‚Ÿ!“þ“þ› x!•öì– 14
1417 îDy·– „þ!îû›†O
216. ö›£öìîûyey „þ!›Ÿöì˜ ¢yÇþ#öì”îû îëûy˜ x!îû!‹ê ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 24
217. 50 î¡ìÅþ™)!“Åþîû xyöìœyöì„þ !îöìÙ»îû !”œ#þ™„þy!hsþ œßþñîû –– –– 29
ö×Ûþ ›y“,þ¦þy¡ìy ¢‚@ùÌy› ~î‚ x¢!›ëûy
¦þy!¡ì„þ xy@ùÌy¢öì˜îû îû*þ™öìîû…y
218. îûî#w˜yí ç ‰þœ!F‰þe ›,^ùéÂëû ö”î –– –– 38
219. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû †”Ä¢y!£“þÄ ƒ ‹§Ã!‹ê îûyëû –– –– 42
vþzöì§Ã¡ì ë%† îy „þ!îû›†Oéôéþ™îÅ
220. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ëyeyþ™yœy ç ˜yÝþĉþ‰Åþy ¢O#î ö”îœßþñîû –– –– 47
221. xíÅ÷ì˜!“þ„þ vþz§¬ëûöì˜ ›y˜î ¢Á™öì”îû !˜îûO˜ îûyëû –– –– 53
²Ìy¢!D„þ“þy ç îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyëû ~îû
xîßþiy˜
222. £z!“þ£yöì¢îû xyöìœyöì„þ îûy‹yîû ŸÄy›y²Ì¢y” ö” –– –– 56
!Ýþœy éôé ¢%öìîy•˜†îû
223. £z!“þ£yöì¢îû x˜%¢õþy˜ ƒ x!î¦þ_« „þy›yœ%!j˜ xy£›” –– –– 58
„þ!îû›†O ›£„%þ›y
224. îy‚œy ¢y!£öì“þÄîû ²Ì¢yîû›y˜ ¦%þî˜ !î!‹ê„%þ›yîû ¦þRy‰þyëÅ ¢%îÊ“þ þ™%îû„þyëûßþi þ™Mþé!î‚Ÿ!“þ“þ› x!•öì– 1
1419 îDy·– £y£zœy„þy!¨
225. xy¢yöì› îyˆy!œ ÷î!îû“þyîû vþzê¢ „þy›yœ%!j˜ xy£›” –– –– 6
ç þ™Ýþ¦)þ!›
226. „þ!î ç ¢§¬Äy¢# ƒ ¦þyîû“þþ™öìíîû “þöìþ™y•#îû ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 12
”%£z þ™!îûîÊy‹„þ
227. £yîûîyÝÅþ ¢yöì£î– £zîÊy!£› xyœ# ~î‚ .... vþz¡ìyîûO˜ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 18
228. ¢¦þy þ™!îû¡ì” ç ¢y!£“þÄ ¢öìÁ¿œ˜ ¢%î#îû „þîû –– –– 21

òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì 149

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229. îûî#wéôévþzqy!î“þ ˜,“þÄ÷쟜#îû ßþºîû*þ™ þ™)öì’Ũ% ›%öì…yþ™y•Äyëû –– –– 32

¢õþyöì˜
230. ö£›yD !îÙ»y¢ ƒ ‹§ÃŸ“þîöì¡ìÅ ×kþy‡Å x›ö율% ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 37
231. !î¡%Œ!²Ìëûy ›!’þ™%îû# ¢Á±”yöìëûîû îÊöì‹w„%þ›yîû !¢‚£ –– –– 41
îy‚œy ¦þy¡ìy‰þ‰Åþy
232. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ¢›y‹éôé¢y!£“þÄéôé “%þ¡ìyîû„þy!hsþ ˜yí –– –– 45
¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þöì“þ ÷ŕyîûy ç “þyîû ²Ì¦þyî
233. !eþ™%îyû ëû îyˆy!œîû öœy„þ‹#î˜ ç ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ ˜˜#öì†yþ™yœ ‰þe«î“Åþ# –– –– 52
234. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyëû îyˆy!œ– îy‚œy ¦þy¡ìy ¢O#î ö”îœßþñîû – –– 56
~î‚ îyˆy!œîû x!hßþöìcîû ¢‚„þÝþ
235. ²Ì¢D ƒ îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû vþz§¬ëû˜ ç !˜îûO˜ îûyëû –– –– 62
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236. ö‹Äy!“þ!îûw ˜¨#îû †Ò!îÙ» ƒ ‡y¢ ç !îÙ»öì“þy¡ì ö‰þï•%îû# –– –– 65
˜Çþöìeîû „þí„þ“þy
237. xy›yöì”îû ²Ìë%!_« „þíy ƒ œ"#îû vþz”Äyöì˜ ¢O#î ö”îœßþñîû “%þ¡ìyîû„þy!hsþ ˜yí ö¡ìyvþü!î‚Ÿ“þ› x!•öì 1
!îÙ»„þ›Åyîû x˜%²ÌöìîŸ 1421 îDy·– !Ÿœ‰þîû
238. xy›yöì”îû ²Ìë%!_« ëyey ƒ ›•Äë%† ö›y‹y!Á¿œ xy!œ œßþñîû –– –– 6
öíöì„þ xy•%!˜„þ ë%öì†
239. ú!“þ£Äîy£# !ŸÒ ²Ìë%!_« ƒ ˜„þ!Ÿ „¤þyíy– xy!Ÿ¢îûO˜ ˜yí –– –– 8
î%˜˜!ŸÒ– £hßþ#”hsþ– „þyöìàþîû „þy‹
öíöì„þ †,£!˜›Åy’ ²Ìë%!_«
240. öœy„þ²Ìë%!_« ç öœy„þéôéú!“þöì£Äîû ”þ™Å’ ƒ “%þ¡ìyîû„þy!hsþ ˜yí –– –– 11
ý¤öì„þy
241. ‰þyöìëûîû „þyöìþ™ ò›Äy!‹„þ !œšþóéôé~îû ¢%î#îû „þîû –– –– 15
”%ó‰þyîû „þíy
242. ‰þy îy†yöì˜îû xKþy“þ ²Ìë%!_«!î”öì”îû „þíy ¢%öìîûŸ‰þw !möìî”# –– –– 35
243. ëyöì”îû „þíy ö„þvþz îöìœ ˜y îyî%œ˜yîûyëû’ „þy˜% –– –– 37
244. îyœÄ ç ÷„þŸöìîû ‰þy îy†yöì˜ ¢öìhsþy¡ìîûO˜ ‰þe«î“Åþ# –– –– 42
xy›yîû ²Ìë%!_«éôéx!¦þKþ“þy
245. ‰þy îy†yöì˜ ²Ìë%!_« x!¦þKþ“þy ƒ ¢›îû!î‹ëû ‰þe«î“Åþ# –– –– 42
ësþf öíöì„þ ësþfyhsþîû
246. ‰þy îy†yöì˜îû îÊy“þÄ ²Ìë%!_«!î”öì”îû „þíy îû›y²Ì¢y” !îÙ»y¢ –– –– 45
247. xy›yöì”îû öîûœ x›ö율% ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 47
248. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyëû öîûœ ²Ìë%!_« ›œëû ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 51
249. î”îûþ™%îûéôéœy›!vþ‚ öîûœþ™í ƒ !îöì˜y”œyœ ‰þe«î“Åþ# –– –– 54
²Ìë%!_«îû !„þŠ%é „þíy
250. x’Åîöìþ™y“þ „þíy ƒ ²Ì¢D ‹y£y‹ !˜›ÅyœÄ ”y¢ –– –– 57
þ™!îû
251. îîûyöì„þîû ‹œþ™í vþz_›„%þ›yîû ¢y£y –– –– 61
252. ¢¤yöì„þy öíöì„þ „þ‚!e«öìÝþîû !îÊ‹ ¢Oëû ö”îœßþñîû –– –– 64

150 òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì

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 îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þy îD¢y!£“þÄ ç ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ ¢öìÁ¿œ˜

e«.˜‚ ²Ìîöìõþîû !Ÿöìîûy˜y› öœ…„þ ¢Á™y”„þ î¡ìÅ/x!•öì þ™,Ûþy

253. !Ÿœ‰þîû Ÿ£îû “þíy îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyëû ¢˜ê„%þ›yîû ÷„þîû# –– –– 67

²Ìë%!_«îû xyd²Ì„þyŸ
254. xy›yîû ö”…y ²Ìë%!_«éôé!îî“Åþ˜ x!›ëû ˜y† –– –– 71
255. £zÝþéôé„þyàþéôéþ™yíîûéôé„þ‚!e«öìÝþîû ‹Oyöìœ ”#þ™„þ ö¢˜=® –– –– 73
xy›yöì”îû ²Ìë%!_« x!¦þKþ“þy
256. ²Ìë%!_«éôé„þíy ƒ Ÿ£îû !Ÿœ‰þöìîû !îÙ»îûy‹ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 75
257. òvþz!àþœ xy„þyŸîy’#ó ƒ îîûy„þ x!›“þ !¢!„þ”yîû –– –– 77
vþzþ™“þÄ„þyëû ²Ì‰þyîû ›y•Ä›
258. !Ÿœ‰þöìîû ›%oöì’îû ö¢„þyœ xîû&’ ”_ –– –– 83
259. !Ÿœ‰þîû Ÿ£öìîû xy›yîû ²Ìë%!_« x!¦þKþ“þy ¢öìhsþy¡ì ”_ –– –– 85
260. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ›!’þ™%!îû ö¦þï“þ ¢‚ßþ,ñ!“þ ›!’•˜ !¢‚£ –– –– 88
ç öœy„þéôé„þy!îû†!îû
261. !vþ›y¢yöì”îû ú!“þ£Äîy£# !ŸÒéôé²Ìë%!_« ¢%”#®y ö…îû¢y –– –– 94
262. œyDœ öíöì„þ ÝþÆÄyQîû ƒ îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyëû ¢%”#® ö”îîûyëû –– –– 99
„,þ!¡ì²Ìë%!_«îû !îî“Åþ˜
263. xy›yöì”îû ‹œ“þ_´ þ™yíŲÌ!“þ› ”y¢ –– –– 101
264. ²Ìë%!_«éô颽þyî˜y ƒ ˜”#éôé‹œ¢Á™”éôé ŸÄy›œ„þy!hsþ ö”î –– –– 103
„,þ!¡ì ç ‹œö좉þ
265. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû !îKþy˜‰þ‰Åþyîû îû›y²Ì¢y” !îÙ»y¢ –– –– 106
x@ùÌ’# þ™%îû&¡ì îûö웟‰þw ¦þRy‰þyëÅ
266. !îKþy˜# „þy!hsþ¦)þ¡ì’ ö¢˜– ˜öìëû# x²Ì!“þ› ˜y† “%þ¡ìyîû„þy!hsþ ˜yí ö¡ìyvþü!î‚Ÿ!“þ“þ› x!•öì 109
!îKþy˜# îû˜yÓþ îû¢ ~î‚ £y£zœy„þy!¨ 1421 îDy·– !Ÿœ‰þîû
!îKþy˜›!¨îû ²Ì¢D
267. ö†ïîûöìîyIµœ „þ!îû›†O ƒ !„þŠ%é “þíÄ îû’!‹ê ö‰þï•%îû# ¢®!î‚Ÿ!“þ“þ› x!•öì 1
1423 îDy·– „þ!îû›†O
268. ~£z ¦%þîöì˜îû îyˆy!œîû ¢‚„þÝþ ƒ ¢öìÁ¿œ˜–
¢y›!ëû„þ þ™eéôéþ™!e„þy ç îûî#wéôéx˜%¡ìD ¢%î#îû „þîû –– 6
269. îyˆy!œ ›%¢œ›yöì˜îû xy!d„þ ¢‚„þÝþ „þy›yœ%j#˜ xy£›” –– 16
270. ²Ì¢D ƒ îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû !¢öìœ!Ýþ ˜yÝþ„þ þ™yíÅ¢yîû!í ö¢˜ –– 20
271. †ÒéôéöŠéyÝþ†Ò– x’%†Ò !›!íö윟 ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– 21
272. !î˜ëû ›‹%›”yîû ƒ ö›y£˜yîû Ÿ)˜Ä“þy “þöìþ™y•#îû ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– 23
273. ²Ì¢D ƒ xöìŸy„þ!î‹ëû îûy£y vþz¡ìyîûO˜ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– 26
274. ¢%î%!kþ îûyöìëûîû òxÙ»ö웕 þ™îÅó ƒ
!î£D› ”,!ÜTþ™y“þ ‹§Ã!‹ê îûyëû –– 29
275. “,þ“þ#ëû ¦%þîöì˜îû „þíy¢y!£“þÄ îû’î#îû þ™%îû„þyëûßþi –– 32
276. !šþöìîû ö”…y ƒ îû¢›ëû ”y¢ ¢#“þy‚Ö ‰þe«î“Åþ# –– 42
„þ!î ç „þ!î“þy S1904éôé71V
277. xy¢yöì› îyˆy!œîû ¢‚„þöìÝþîû ßþºîû*þ™ x!îû!‹ê ö‰þï•%îû# –– 46
278. ×#£R#ëûy þ™y¡ìÅ” ç xyd#ëûî†Å¢£
×# ö†ïîû¢%¨îû îûy!•„þyîûO˜ ‰þe«î“Åþ# –– 51

òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì 151

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279. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû xíŘ#!“þöì“þ

îÄy!Bþ‚ öÇþöìeîû ¦)þ!›„þy xy!Ÿ¢ ö‰þï•%îû# –– 54
280. þ™Ýþ¦)þ!› ›,^ùéÂëû îûyëû –– 60
281. ‰þëÅyþ™” ƒ îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû ²Ì¢öìD
„þöìëû„þ!Ýþ x˜yöìœy!‰þ“þ “þíÄ¢)e “%þ¡ìyîû„þy!hsþ ˜yí –– 66
282. !ŸÒ î˜y› !îKþy˜ ƒ
¢,!ÜT î˜y› !˜›Åy’ ›,^ùéÂëû ö”î –– 71
283. ˜#œ þ™y£yvþü œyœ ˜”#îû ö”Ÿ
ç îy‚œy !œÝþœ ›Äy†y!‹˜ ²Ì¢)˜ î›Å˜ –– 75
284. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû xíŘ#!“þîû
xyMþé!œ„þ ¢#›yîkþ“þy ç ~îû vþz_îû’ !˜îûO˜ îûyëû –– 83
285. !¢öìœÝþ öîûšþyöìîûuþy› ƒ @ùÌy› îîûyöì„þîû
²Ì!“þ!e«ëûy !îöìî„þy˜¨ ö›y£hsþ –– 87
286. ò×#¦)þ!›ó ~î‚ îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû
¢y!£“þÄþ™e xy!Ÿ¢îûO˜ ˜yí –– 99
287. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyëû y˜ ¢y‚ßþ,ñ!“þ„þ
xyöì¨yœ˜ ƒ ¢›öìëûîû ¢!õþÇþöì’ ”#þ™„þ ö¢˜=® –– 102
288. !ŸÇþyîÄîßþiyëû ²Ì!“þ„þyîû›)œ„þ
þ™yàþ”y˜ ç !„þŠ%é ¦þyî˜y îûí#w„%þ›yîû ‰þe«î“Åþ# –– 106
289. ~¢. xyîû ¦)þ¡ì’ ƒ ~„þ!Ýþ
x˜%¢õþy˜ ¢¨#þ™˜ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– 108
290. þ™!îû!ŸÜT éôôé ôé é –– 111
291. îûî#w˜yöìíîû xy¢y› ¼›öì’îû vþz¡ìyîûO˜ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ ¢%îÊ“þ þ™%îû„þyëûßþi xÜT!î‚Ÿ!“þ“þ› x!•öì 1
£y£zœy„þy!¨
292. ¢y‚ßþ,ñ!“þ„þ xyöì¨yœ˜ ç ¦þyîy”ŸÅ “þöìþ™y•#îû ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 7
293. xydþ™!îû‰þöìëûîû œvþüy£zéôôôé ö†ï“þ› ²Ì¢y” ”_ –– –– 16
‹œ¢%…y öíöì„þ £y£zœy„þy!¨
294. vþzꢦ)þ!› öíöì„þ !îhßþyîû¦)þ!› ƒ ¢O#î ö”îœßþñîû –– –– 21
îyˆy!œîû xydþ™!îû‰þöìëûîû ¢õþyöì˜
295. îîûy„þ vþzþ™“þÄ„þyîû xíÅ÷ì˜!“þ„þ vþz§¬ëûöì˜îû !˜îûO˜ îûyëû –– –– 26
˜“%þ˜ !”Ÿy
296. þ™)îÅ„þyŠéyöìvþüîû œÇþ#þ™%îû xMþéöìœ xy!î” îûy‹y ›‹%›”yîû –– –– 29
‹˜î¢!“þîû ö²ÌÇþyþ™Ýþ
297. £y£zœy„þy!¨îû !„þŠ%é öœy„þ„þy!£!˜ !î‹ëû„%þ›yîû •îû –– –– 34
ç öœy„þ„þíy
298. xí xy˜¨éôé„þíy vþ. !˜‹y› vþz!j˜ œßþñîû –– –– 37
299. £y£zœy„þy!¨ ö‹œyîû ößþºFŠéy îû_«”y˜ þ™!îûöì“þy¡ì‰þw ”_ –– –– 44
xyöì¨yœ˜ !˜öìëû !„þŠ%é „þíy
300. !î”Äy¢y†îû xy‹ç ²Ìy¢!D„þ ˜#!“þŸ ¦þRy‰þyëÅ –– –– 53

152 òßþ¿îû!’„þyó 29“þ› x!•öì

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