Advanced Electrical Principles (AEP611S) - Laboratory 2

Student’s Initials: BM______

Student’s Surname: KAYOMBO

Bench No: ________ Student No: 218103352 Date: 25 JUNE 2020

SIMULATION OF THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS (BALANCED AND UNBALANCED)

USING PSPICE

OBJECTIVE:

To build, simulate and analyze three-phase circuits using OrCAD Capture Pspice Schematics under
balanced and unbalanced conditions, and to understand the characteristics of 3-phase electrical systems.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

All students must complete the pre – labs before commencing with the lab experiments. No student will
be allowed into the lab without a completed pre-lab. Each and every student must ensure that the pre –
lab is truly his/her own work. Plagiarism or coping others work is an academic offence.

NB: Start date: 21-June-2020: Time: 10:00 AM

: Due date: 25 -June-2020: Time: 23: 59 PM

EQUIPMENT:

1. Computer/Laptop
2. Pspice simulation software

MARKS OBTAINED:

Part 1 30

Part 2 40

TOTAL Marks 70

NB: Submit one (1) lab document with the following:

: Section 1: Pre-lab
: Section 2: Post lab
: Section 3: Lab report

: Show all your calculations.

: Make the cover page of this manual the cover page of your lab document.

AEP611S Lab 2 – Three phase circuits (Balanced and Unbalanced) , 2020 Page 1 of 7 G Gope & R Tjiwemu

Brian Kayombo 21810352 08BEET

Background
Computer Simulations are used in industry to shorten the overall design process, since it is
usually easier to study the influence of a parameter on the system behavior in simulation, as
compared to accomplishing the same in the laboratory on a hardware breadboard.

Cadence Pspice is a software that allows you to perform circuit analysis by literally drawing the
schematic of the circuit, and therefore can provide an intuitive insight of the circuit. Numerous
circuit analysis tasks can be done using Cadence Pspice such as time domain analysis, dc sweep and
ac sweep. In this experiment, we will learn how to build the schematic of three-phase circuits and
then perform the time domain analysis on them using the Cadence Pspice.

PART 1: Pre-Lab

Figure 1: Three phase circuit with line and load impedances

1. In Figure 1, let’s assume that the three-phase circuits are balanced and each has a magnitude (peak
value) of 220 V at 50Hz in the positive sequence with V1 = 220 V∠0°, V2=220V∠120° and
V3=220V∠120° . The line impedance is (3 + j15) Ω and the load is (25 + j25). Find:

a) The line currents (I1, I2, I3) and the neutral current (In) in peak values
b) The power loss in each line, including the neutral
c) The power factor for each phase of the load.

2. Repeat problem 1, but let’s now assume that the three-phase circuits are unbalanced and V1 =
220 V∠0°, V2=220V∠120° and V3=220V∠-120°. Use the same line impedance as in number 1, but the
load is now (20 + j20) Ω for phase V1, (50 + j15) Ω for phase V2, and (10 + j50) for phase
V3.

Brian Kayombo 21810352 08BEET

 3. Fill the following tables with the correct Values. Take note you will use these values in
your simulations.

 Calculations
a) Currents:
V1
I 1=
Z

Z=15.297 ∠ 78.69+ 35.355∠ 45 ¿ ¿ 48.826 ∠−55 0Ω

220 ∠ 0
Hence , I 1= 0
48.826∠−55

I 1=4.506 ∠−55 A 0

I 2=4.506 ∠−175 A
0

I 3=4.506 ∠ 65 A
0

IN = I 1+ I 2 + I 3 =0

b) Power Loss:

P=I ¿)
2

2
P=(4.506 A) ¿)

P = 568.5W per phase

Thus, total power = 1705.5W

Table 1: Balanced three phase circuit

Line Parameters Load Parameters

R4 = 3Ω L4=47.76mH R1=25Ω L1=79.58mH

R5=3Ω L5=47.76mH R2=25Ω L2=79.58mH

R6=3Ω L6=47.76mH R3=25Ω L3=79.58mH

Rn=3Ω Ln=47.76mH

II) Unbalanced Three-Phase system

Brian Kayombo 21810352 08BEET

  Calculations

a) Currents:
V1
I 1=
Z1

Z1 =( 3+ j 15 ) +(20+ j 20) ¿ 41.881 ∠56.70 Ω

220∠ 0
Hence , I 1=
41.881∠ 56.70
0
I 1=5.253∠ −56.68 A

V2
I 2=
Z2

Z2 =( 3+ j 15 ) +(50+ j15) ¿ 60.902 ∠ 29.50Ω

220∠−120
Hence , I 2=
60.902 ∠ 29.50
0
I 2=3.612∠−149.5 A
V
I 3= 3
Z3

Z3 =( 3+ j 15 ) +(10+ j 50) ¿ 68.297 ∠78.70 Ω

220 ∠ 120
Hence , I 3 =
68.297 ∠ 78.70
I 3=3.319 ∠41.310A

Applying KCL: we obtain

I N =I 1+ I 2 + I 3

0
I N =0.256 ∠47.61 A

b) Power Losses:
2
P1=I 1 ¿ )

2
P1=(5.253 A) ¿)

P1 = 630.32W

2
P2=I 2 ¿ )

P2=(3.612 A)2 ¿)

Brian Kayombo 21810352 08BEET

 P2 = 691.46W

2
P3=I 3 ¿ )

P3=(3.319 A)2 ¿)

P3 = 143.20W
Total Power:
P= P1 + P2+ P3=1464.98 W

Line Parameters Load Parameters

R4 = 3Ω L4=47.76mH R1=20Ω L1=63.66mH

R5=3Ω L5=47.76mH R2=10Ω L2=159.59mH

R6=3Ω L6=47.76mH R3=50Ω L3=47.75mH

Rn=3Ω Ln=47.76mH

Brian Kayombo 21810352 08BEET

22. Post –Lab question
1. Besides the ones mentioned in the background section, list three other advantages of using
Computer Simulation in circuit design process.

 Pspice can be ued to find faults and unexpected behavior in the system.
 Can be used to test and make changes to a system and observe the effects without having
to build the whole system in real time. changes are made to the circuit
 You study the behavior of a system without building it which effectively reduces the
costs

2. How do your simulation results compare with your calculated ones from the Prelab?

The results from the simulation do conform to a degree that is of acceptable experimental
difference. This is because calculated values do not always conform to simulated values and
practical values.

3. From balanced three phase simulation, what is the value of the neutral current?
The resultant current is zero

Why?
The analysis and simulation show that if it is in the normal condition whether distorted,
balanced or unbalanced the total resultant neutral earthing current should be zero when there
is no insulation leakage to ground

4. What happened with the line current when the three-phase circuit is unbalanced? Why
There will be a current that will in the neutral when the system is unbalanced. This current usually
results from the unbalanced loads and phas

Brian Kayombo 21810352 08BEET

23. Report

INTRODUCTION

PSpice stands for Personal (Computer) Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis. It is
a tool to design and develop analog circuits and to simulate the behavior of a circuit. One can
design a schematic diagram and develop a PCB of several layers. Using this tool, we are able to
know how a circuit is likely to behave in real world and when we prepare a PCB assembly, it is
likely to follow nearby result of circuit designed in PSpice simulator.

OBJECTIVES
To determined and compare the line and phase voltages and currents and to the calculated values
and analyze balanced and unbalanced three phase circuits using PSPICE.

Experimental setup – circuit diagram

RESULTS
Balanced Three-Phase system

Line Parameters Load Parameters

R4 = 3Ω L4=47.76mH R1=25Ω L1=79.58mH

R5=3Ω L5=47.76mH R2=25Ω L2=79.58mH

R6=3Ω L6=47.76mH R3=25Ω L3=79.58mH

Rn=3Ω Ln=47.76mH

Brian Kayombo 21810352 08BEET

 1. Phase currents.

Figure 1: Phase/Line currents of the balanced 3 phase system

The balanced 3 phase system, the figure above shows the three phase line currents. Line current= 4.5042A.

1. Phase voltages

Figure 3: Phase voltages of balanced 3 phase system

The phase voltages are 120 degrees apart. The magnitude of the phase voltages is 159.290V.

2. The power loss.

Figure 4: Power loss per phase

The power lost in the line and at the load is shown in the figure above. The power loss on the line is 60.889W.
The power loss on the load per phase is 507.411W. The total power loss is 568.3W

Brian Kayombo 21810352 08BEET

 II) Unbalanced Three-Phase system

Line Parameters Load Parameters

R4 = 3Ω L4=47.76mH R1=20Ω L1=63.66mH

R5=3Ω L5=47.76mH R2=10Ω L2=159.59mH

R6=3Ω L6=47.76mH R3=50Ω L3=47.75mH

Rn=3Ω Ln=47.76mH

c) Simulation Results

The simulation determined the unequal phase currents, neutral currents and phase voltages
1. Phase currents

Figure 6: Phase/Line currents for Unbalanced 3 phase system

Figure above shows the three phase line currents

Brian Kayombo 21810352 08BEET

 2) Neutral line current:

Figure7: Phase voltages for unbalanced 3 phase system

The Neutral line current not expected to be zero because of the unequal impedances. Thus,
it is 231mA. The plot for this current is shown in Figure above.

3) The power loss:

Fi
gure 8: Power losses in each phase and total power.
The figure above shows power losses in each phase and the total power lost in all 3 phases.

The total power = 1481.952W.

Discussion/Analysis of Results
Balanced 3 phase system

Attribute Calculated Simulated

|I 1| =|I 2|=|I 3| 4.506A 4.5042A
|I N| 0 4.5E-14A
|P1|=|P2|=|P3| 568.5W 568.3W
Table 1: Results of a balanced 3 phase systems

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Unbalanced 3 phase system

Attribute Calculated Simulated

|I 1| 5.235A 5.3297A
|I 2| 3.612A 3.2694A
|I 3| 3.319A 3.6707A
|I N| 256mA 231mA
|P1| 630.32W
653.330W
|P2| 691.46W 689.135W
|P3| 143.20W 139.487W
Table 2: Results of an unbalanced 3 phase circuit

 These results obtained from the simulation show that the results were within acceptable experimental deviation
of the calculated values.

Conclusion
The results show us that values obtained from calculations and simulations are not exact but do
conform within acceptable engineering tolerances.
This draws us to a conclusion that Pspice is indeed an effective tool for carrying out simulations of
systems we intend to build. This is so because even when it comes to the practical values of a real
system, some values calculated or used in the simulations might not be available as exact
components and we will need to pick what are termed as practical values in real world applications.

Brian Kayombo 21810352 08BEET