UNIT IV - 2 D Elements - Ref

Savitribai Phule Pune University
Faculty of Science & Technology
MARATHWADA MITRA MANDAL’S

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (MMIT)
SYLLABUS IMPLEMENTATION WORKSHOP
Course : Computer Aided Engineering

(302050)
Mr. Amol Bhanage

Department of Mechanical Engineering
MMIT Pune
MARATHWADA MITRA MANDAL’S
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (MMIT)
Course : Computer Aided Engineering

UNIT IV: 2D Elements
Mr. Amol Bhanage

Department of Mechanical Engineering
MMIT Pune
Learning Outcomes
Students should able to
• Understand Plane Stress and Plane Strain problems in 2D elasticity
• Analyze Natural Coordinates and Strain Displacement Matrix of

Triangular Element
• Analyze Shape functions for 2D Triangular Elements
• Interpret and analyze the CAE results and suggest modifications

Sr. Name of Topic Theoretical Numerical
No.
1. Plane Stress-Strain, axi-symmetric problems in 2D Theory (1 Hrs.)
elasticity
2. Constant Strain Triangle (CST) – Shape function, Theory (2 Hrs.)

Strain displacement matrix, Strain
3. Numerical on Shape function - CST Numerical (1 Hrs.)
4. CST Element (Numerical) – Stiffness matrix, Load Numerical (2 Hrs.)

vector, Calculation of displacement and Stress,
Reaction force
5. Post Processing Techniques – Check and validate Theory (2 Hrs.)

accuracy of results, Average and Un-average
stresses, and special tricks for Post Processing.
Interpretation of results and design
modifications, CAE reports.
When to Use 2-D Elements
• Stress
Strain
Linear Constitutive Equations
 The constitutive law expresses the relationship among stresses and strains.
 In theory of elasticity, usually it is considered as linear.
 In one dimensional stress analysis, the linear constitutive law is stress is

proportional to strain and the constant of proportionality is called Young’s
modulus. It is very well known as Hooke’s law.
 The similar relation is expressed among the six components of stresses

and strains and is called ‘’Generalized Hooke's Law”.
 The similar relation is expressed among the six components of stresses
and strains and is called ‘’Generalized Hooke's Law”.
• As D is symmetric matrix [ = ],
there are 21 material properties for linear elastic Anisotropic Materials.
• Certain materials exhibit symmetry with respect to planes within the body.
Such materials are called Ortho tropic materials. Hence for orthotropic
materials, the number of material constants reduce to 9.
 Using the Young’s Modulii and Poisons ratio terms the previous relation
may be expressed as:
- -
- -
- -
 Note that there are 12 material properties

• For Isotropic Materials the above set of equations are further simplified.
An isotropic material is the one that has same material property in all
directions
• For 3 Dimensional Problem
• For 3 Dimensional Problem
 2-D elements are used when two of the dimensions are very large in
comparison to the third dimension.
• Element shape : Quad, tria

• Additional data from user : Remaining dimension i.e. thickness
• Element type : Thin shell, plate, membrane, plane stress, plane strain, axi-symmetric solid
• Practical applications : Sheet metal parts, plastic components like instrument panel etc.
2D Element Shapes
2D Element
 There are cases where a structure’s response to load can be fully
described in two dimensions; this is when 2D elements are used.
 2D elements fall into three categories:

 Plane stress,
 Plane strain, and
 Axisymmetric elements.
2D Element : Plane Stress
 The thin plates subject to forces in their plane only, fall under this
category of the problems.
 Figure shows a typical plane stress problem.

 In this case, there is no force in the z-direction.
= ( +
 The constitutive law reduced to
This is a Plane Stress Condition

2D Element
 There are cases where a structure’s response to load can be fully
described in two dimensions; this is when 2D elements are used.
 2D elements fall into three categories:

 Plane stress,
 Plane strain
 Axisymmetric elements.
2D Element : Plane Strain
 A long body subject to significant lateral forces but very little longitudinal
forces falls under this category of problems.
 Examples of such problems are pipes, long strip footings, retaining walls,
gravity dams, tunnels.
Pipe Plate Retaining Wall Dam

 In this case, the displacement is zero in the
z-direction.
Dam
means
 In this case, the displacement is zero in the
z-direction.
Means,
( )
= (
 The constitutive law reduced to
This is a Plane Strain Condition

Example…
Rectangular
Triangular Element
Element
Example…
Rectangular Element
Triangular Element
T3
Q4
T6
Q8
Triangular Element
Triangular Element
Triangular Element
Triangular Element
=
Triangular Element
=
Triangular Element
Triangular Element
Triangular Element
Triangular Element
= = =
Triangular Element
= Shape Function
Triangular Element
Shape function variation
Strain Displacement Matrix for Triangular Element
𝑢
𝑢
𝑢 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁 0 0 0 𝑢
𝑢 = = 𝑣
𝑣 0 0 0 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
𝑣
𝑣
=
Triangular Element
= = =
Triangular Element
= = =
=
Triangular Element
= = =
𝑢
𝑢
𝑢
𝑣
𝑣
𝑣
Triangular Element
𝑢
𝑢
𝑢
𝑣
𝑣
𝑣
Shape Function – 2D Triangular Element
 We are going to compute the displacement of the nodes at the triangle

vertices but we also need to compute the displacement for points inside
the triangle.
 We will use shape functions to interpolate the nodal displacements to

compute the displacements of arbitrary points inside the triangles.
 We will start by moving only one point on the triangle and holding the
other two fixed.
 Let A1, A2, and A3 be the areas of each of triangular regions and A the
total area of the element.
 All 3 nodal points may move and the motion of the interior point is some
combination of their displacement.
 We can see from the diagram that the area of the triangle is equal to the
sum of A1, A2, and A3.
We derive the shape function as
= ; = ; =
The displacement u is in the X direction and v is in the Y direction.
+ +
+ +
The shape functions are not independent of one another because
=
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
=
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ +
 We can use these same shape functions to compute the coordinates of a

point interior to the triangle where x1, y1, x2, y2, and x3, y3 are the
coordinates of the triangle’s vertices and x and y are the coordinates of an
arbitrary point inside the triangle.
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
Numerical on Shape function
• Find the shape function at point P as

shown in figure.
+
+
+
+
Global Stiffness matrix, B. C. and Stress analysis
 In case of isotropic materials,
For plane stress case,
=
 In case of isotropic materials,
For plane strain case,
=
 The element stiffness matrix is
= Strain displacement matrix
• Strain is
 In a three noded triangular element, the stresses are constant throughout

the element.
Numerical on CST
• The nodal coordinates and the nodal displacements of a triangular

element, under a specific load condition are given below.
If E = N/mm2 and = 0.3, find the stresses in the element

Sr. Name of Topic Theoretical Numerical
No.
1. Plane Stress-Strain, axi-symmetric problems in 2D Theory
elasticity
2. Constant Strain Triangle (CST) – Shape function, Theory

Strain displacement matrix, Strain
3. Numerical on Shape function - CST Numerical
4. CST Element (Numerical) – Stiffness matrix, Load Numerical

vector, Calculation of displacement and Stress,
Reaction force
5. Post Processing Techniques – Check and validate Theory

accuracy of results, Average and Un-average
stresses, and special tricks for Post Processing.
Interpretation of results and design
modifications, CAE reports.
How to Validate and Check Accuracy of the Result
• Finite Element Analysis is an approximate technique. The level of accuracy of the displayed results could be 25%, 60%, or
90% with respect to the experimental data.
How to View and Interpret Results
• Always view the displacement and animation for deformation first, and then any other output
• Always view the displacement and animation for deformation first, and then any other output
• The location and contour in the vicinity of the maximum stress should be observed carefully. Discontinuities, or abrupt
changes, in the stress pattern across the elements in critical area indicates the need for local mesh refinement.
• In general, increasing the number of nodes improves the accuracy of the results. But at the same time, it increases the
solution time and cost. Usual practice is to increase the number of elements and nodes in the areas of high stress (rather
than reducing the global element size and remeshing the entire model) and continue until the difference between the
two consecutive results is less than 5 to 10%.
Interpretation of Results and Design Modifications
• Based on stress and displacement contours
• Using strain energy plot for modification
• Failure is at sharp corner



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Savitribai Phule Pune University

Faculty of Science & Technology

MARATHWADA MITRA MANDAL’S

SYLLABUS IMPLEMENTATION WORKSHOP

Course : Computer Aided Engineering

Mr. Amol Bhanage

Course : Computer Aided Engineering

Mr. Amol Bhanage

Students should able to

• Understand Plane Stress and Plane Strain problems in 2D elasticity

• Analyze Natural Coordinates and Strain Displacement Matrix of

• Analyze Shape functions for 2D Triangular Elements

• Interpret and analyze the CAE results and suggest modifications

2. Constant Strain Triangle (CST) – Shape function, Theory (2 Hrs.)

3. Numerical on Shape function - CST Numerical (1 Hrs.)

4. CST Element (Numerical) – Stiffness matrix, Load Numerical (2 Hrs.)

5. Post Processing Techniques – Check and validate Theory (2 Hrs.)

 In theory of elasticity, usually it is considered as linear.

 In one dimensional stress analysis, the linear constitutive law is stress is

 The similar relation is expressed among the six components of stresses

 Note that there are 12 material properties

• Element shape : Quad, tria

 2D elements fall into three categories:

 Figure shows a typical plane stress problem.

This is a Plane Stress Condition

 2D elements fall into three categories:

Pipe Plate Retaining Wall Dam

This is a Plane Strain Condition

 We are going to compute the displacement of the nodes at the triangle

 We will use shape functions to interpolate the nodal displacements to

We derive the shape function as

The displacement u is in the X direction and v is in the Y direction.

The shape functions are not independent of one another because

 We can use these same shape functions to compute the coordinates of a

• Find the shape function at point P as

 In case of isotropic materials,

For plane stress case,

 In case of isotropic materials,

For plane strain case,

 The element stiffness matrix is

= Strain displacement matrix

 In a three noded triangular element, the stresses are constant throughout

• The nodal coordinates and the nodal displacements of a triangular

If E = N/mm2 and = 0.3, find the stresses in the element

2. Constant Strain Triangle (CST) – Shape function, Theory

3. Numerical on Shape function - CST Numerical

4. CST Element (Numerical) – Stiffness matrix, Load Numerical

5. Post Processing Techniques – Check and validate Theory

• Using strain energy plot for modification

• Failure is at sharp corner

• Using strain energy plot for modification

• Failure is at sharp corner

• Using strain energy plot for modification

• Failure is at sharp corner

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