United States Steel ‘Third Ealtion (Third Printing) This third edition of the “Atlas of Isothermal Transformation Diagrams” is based on investigations conducted by the staff of the Applied Research Laboratory and the Edgar C. Bair Laboratory for Fundamental Research, United States Stee! Corporation Monroeville, Pe. Copyright? 1963 by United States Stee! Corporation Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A. nouss 99.1778 Printed im BSA, Sanary 196 USS. coR-TEN, T-Land STRUK sieeegaeod tidak af RRR Table of Contents Introduction... Index and Table of Compositions .. Isothermal Transformation Diagrams Section! Carbon Steels..... Vanganese Steels. Nickel Steels... Chromium Steels. Molybdenum Steels. Silicon Steels Copper Steels. Vanadium Steals Section X Boron Steels. 7 Section X!__ USS Trade Name Steels... Section XII Alloy Comparist Section Xi!1 Special Comparisons Appendix Significence of the Isothermal Transformation Diaj ‘Shape and Position of Curves of the I-T Diagram. Explanation of a Typical Page in the Atlas... Microstructure. Application of I-T Diagram to Heat Treatment. Transformation on Continuous Cooling... Steels with Severai Principal Alloying Elements... ns at the .2C Level. + 162 163 163 173 174 178evrectoim CARON STEEL 709} eA Introduction The purpose of this Atlas of Isothermal Transformation Diagrams is to make available, in convenient form, much of the inform on transformation of austenite in a wide variety of steels tl been obtained during the Inst three decades at the Resear oratories of the United el Corporation. Tho first edition, ‘issued in 1943, was prompted by the yrowing realization on the part of producers, heat treaters, and users of steel that such infer. mation can be of great practical valun. Cantinued requests tor pies of the Atlas led to a second edition, issued in 1951, contain. ing additional dianrams and data instorma. ‘This, the third edition, is enlarged to rnclude isothermal ti tion diagrams and other data which have become available since 1951. Over half of these diagrams appeared in the previous edi tions, but some have been revised slightly in line with more recen information. Many, but not all, of the ciagrams have been published In addition to data on transformation af austenite at canstant tem: perature, information on martensite formation has been incorpo. rated in the diagrams. Also, for mest of the diagrams a chart repre senting hardenability of the particular stee! sample is meluded Many of the diagrams are for commonly used or standard” steels or more alloying Others are included to show the elfect of one elements on transiormation behavior, 1a several of the diastrams. comparison is facilitated by the use of a subsidiary diagram repre senting the steel or condition with which comparison is made. The vs are arranged in the thicteon sections listed in the Table of Contents, with an introductory statement at the beginning of each An Appendix follows the fast section of diagrams. included in the Append are a complete explanation of the information contained 1 2 typical page in the Atlas, a brief section on microstructure, a discussion of application o| LT diagrams to heat trealment, and a section on the relationship between IT diagrams and continuous cooling treatments.el te_pome sen ome ae 45 061 094 025 088 5160 ate _ O08 46 102 036 033 020 141 002 0.07 52100 . “i a 6 1035 N in 47 Ol 0. 043 0.15 S48 0.4 : 035 037 921 008 005 aod O07 13 2 a oa OM ns aa age a eo ns 49022 058 0.25 06 1248 099 089 029 9.15 ou 1005 ce Ea — =: 18 039 07 1035 Med. € O17 082 007 00% oo oo 003 1048 F = tee i iotyadenum Steels 080 091 0.13 “4 ee et ai ORs O87 0.17 160 Had 2 085 068 023 0m om | cee aa "061 068 022 Oc oor Ce ——_— — 0.26 087 0.29 0.03 005 | 0.35 0.80 024 0.06 0.05 | tanganese Steet ta 08 aie ea) om © ima 5 HN tr 742 020 018 020 188 030 0.03 oot 040 042 019 0.05 043 035 185 019 O01 oor 036 0.17 016 | 043 158 031 001 005 oat 002 M 033 OM 0.20 006 15 | 27 *04 188 030 0.02 004 O02 oo: Carb, 1320 40) 022 079 0.2 093 08 O50 002 28 6 188 030 003 oof 002 OOF Carb. 1320 (6¢) 097 1.04 028 097 068 032 O08 2) 40 188 0.30 03 00 002 O08 Carb, 1320 (1.00) 040 057 0m 3.49 001 2 O41 060 003 3st a2 039 058 003 a8 a7 Nickel Steels _ —___* Se | Fam 6 Sn GM er Me Hee —— Siticon Steels | 2 061 027 021 089 001 O oot a _ ae Soe ts, ee EE SMe 8 Ewe See Tee ome Grade B 056 026 0. oo: a0 oor 20 02 088 002 005 om H 09 025 021 oor ani 00 7 as: 023 127 00 oe 02 3 (0.37 068 0.21 S41 005 000 007 340, 7053 0.24 232 003 os 0.03 - 3 0.10 052 028 §00 0.07 003 & O51 0.25 380 Oot ase 0.05 } 37 04 O82 0.28 600 O07 008 062 082 201 0.03 O07 0.00 9260 8 O68 028 5.00 0.07 O0: 062 095 201 003 016 00s 9261 Ww 40 0.28 6.00 007 003 + 062 086 213 003 o39 0.05 9762 4 008 049 023 a94 005 O01 = 5055 078 182 an ‘2g q Chromium Steels Copper Steels ] a 7 - | Pus G50 wn ai aM Ror Whe We one Grade 038 037 025 007 087 000 005 Be worn 005 00 oor ass 0.35 037 9.21 0.06 005 0.00 007 5140 | “047 057 020 005 0.02 00: 006 43 042 088 916 907 093 0.00 005 78 049 0.51 020 005 0.02 oul 149 03% 045 078 006 187 002 ODS — Be = eee = \ 7 ae Continued on nest page | panier aencret(2at.)enpeawiO = asPage % 55 Mn 9281 JONI %Cr os Me @ 087 005 0.00 911 ae? 10904 089 Oi B 043 8 083 8 023 850.40 a 033. 0 B02 er Me Cu Othe 0.03 000 002 80.0018 10860 6.04 009 O02 1060 049 027 Banoo veo: = 3817 045 024 ay 05 027 Boou7 40815 005. oat ‘65S 083 0.03 B 0.0006 51860 0.83 ee 53L 015 8 0.0009 0820 048 0.13 Boos a1Beo O51 a0 B 0.0025 86820 052 021 8620 065 0.12 Booos 26815 050 021 Boone 6850 O51 022 9650 049 o2t 80.0025 86880 050 021 2580 0400, Boars SUBI7 a7 018 Bo.o0et 98840 ose vors ra 033 00e vare ns ia os voz 2s 125 as voz 105 107 vos eas vais 220 0.48 v0.09 128 059 vor rr) az 090 vost 10 oa vars at 1 j Cr Grade 1 ove 23 % 038 07 O21 182 049 000 ow auto st aut a a . 8 01 04S O18 338 182 003 210 BS 72 7 out y 96 04 045 O18 333 1.62 0.03 Carb. 3310 (40) — a 97 06 045 O18 333 1,62 0.03 Carb. 3310 (60) “WO 045 018 333 182 Gus cab. 3310(1.00) Sic ie ee re USS Trace Name Steels 100 037 077 015 oo: o88 ot ato 56 hue Rh ame ce a il 085 050 92 ass 103 O19 4180 Mod ee ee a me 017 057 027 ta7 4s ae Br 138 012 O45 O40 os ns 028 pare “USS Caten baz Om Oa Le Gee Gat a 13? 015 052 02) O88 O80 048 — Bamstvoss “uss T- To) 062 O6t ost 1a9 asD Og 60 M0 029 059 48 og 086 0s © Bam? vor USS Stux” Ceenue ee is Hl Ou 079 468 10 Ost W008 “stot 200 106 0356 06) 019 184 008 028 “60 : 107 016 052 027 238 007 019 00% i 10s 97 08 027 am 009 O18 OOH 1 815 (LO Alloy Comparisons at the .2C Level’ I 018 019 021 age 056 a9 2 ; © 03 O80 079 O54 O58 O21 : eT et CT Grae i 025 0 M1 059 O89 0.2" 068 064 Oz2 Ma 018 067 O17 107 loz aNi "020 081 016 121 2 0M 090 025 06s 086 O22 18 0M CM cdr om om Oe 7 15019 0.75 018 1.01 Boot 1021-}1NB 1 038 108 @70 03 O40 ott 70930 id 07 146 O16 ior ice MS O57 Og 05 118 tay 85 H7 021 0.75 018 108 04s 10214 1Ni4- Cr 16 01 02% 021 221 105 26 1m 1 Oe ieee NT 013 016 040 308 176 049 019 L094 1001+ INie 20 UB 055 08 0.25 118 Lor OMs uz ips te 1001 INELA Me 1g O51 073 92% 274 099 04s 015108 048 1021+} 16M 120 O41 057 0.21 O17 187 O06 A126 Nitriding an 107 1021 NE MSI 2 oat Min-Nio (wold metal) 203105 1001 INES 148 0.21 M9 0.22 150 0.18 151 0.21 12 018 183, 019 i) page 10Se 10 Poe ES Mn GS GMI HEF She Cu — Other Grade 186 027 142 Line Pipe 137 037 07 098 o2t ao 158 022 079 098 0.50 02 159 087 020 005 0.00 G11 voz? 1095+ 16) 1.02 036 Lal 0.02 907 s2i00 tél 097 10 0.08 0.32 0.08 40]00++Mo Superscript Notes 1 All material, except 23 otherwise noted, was greatly reduced from ingot form by hot working. 2 Aluminum killed 3 Rimmed Steal 4 No alurninum added. tof commercial size unless otherwise noted, 5 Based upon a measured distance from the surface of a carburized speci men whose carbon gradiont was measured; estimated carbon was 0.40%5, 0.60% and 1.0%, bit methad of determination precludes accuracy in the second decimal place. © Appears as subsidiary curve on diagram for preceding composition 7 Small experimental heats. Symbols used in this Atlas A —ausienite F —territe © —carbide P —pearite B —bainite M_ —martensite & —araphite M, —start of martensite formation en cooling ‘Mso—50%5 of austenite transformed to martensite ‘Moo-90%% of austenite transformed to martensite A, —start of austenite formation on heating Ay —disappearance of last trace of ferrite on heating, ‘Acn—equilibrium temperature for transformation to carbide TOE IAA Carbon Steels %C % Mn Grade Page No. 0.06 0.43 1008 12 0.35 0.37 1035 modified Mn! 13 0.54 0.45 1055 modified Mtn? 14 089 0.29 1095: 15 113 0.30 1095 modified c2 16 0.17 0.92 1019 v7 0.20 0.81 1021 18 0.50 ost 1050¢ 19 0.63 0.87 1050 20 0.64 113 1060 moditied Mn# 21 0.79 0.76 1080 22 (2) Mn botow specified range. (8) C above specified range. (2)Cand tin below specitied range. (4) Mn above specified ra The steels represented in this section are all plain carbon steels, they are grouped into a low-manganese series and a high-man. ganese series. The fow-manganese group covers a considerable range in carbon content and includes three hypoeutectokd, a eu: tectoid, and a hypereutectoid composition. The higher-manganese steels are all hypoeutectoid with the highest carson member ap- Proaching eutecteid composition, These diagrams illustrate the effect of earbon on the isothermal transformation diagram, with such modifications ae are introduced by the indicated differences in manganese content.TEMPERATURE * FS 209] 1409) roo} | 200] 600}- 009) 500|~ 00 400{- 08 The hordenabilty of tis steel ~ eo tow to measure by the Eed-Quench Method I-T DIAGRAM TIME - SECONDS 10% 1008 C-0.06 Mn-0.43 immed Stee!) Austenitized at 1675°F Grain Size: 7 (Occasions! 3) 7 ct E-@ HARDENABILITY [(Twe b Bry VE { -T DIAGRAM | | 1035 Wiodif, T=], 1035 MODIFIED ,. ¢-0.35 Mn-0,37 [ Austenitized at 1550 a Grain Size 5 75% 2-3, 25% 7-6 Leceno Am hutente = MarenCF 800. 409} rool 600} 100 ey 500 se 809] Fu 409} a2 soot 609} 50 200}- 409} 100} goo] event 4 4 tt tan | a ia | tour Lpay | WEEK| 66 Lit Patt Celt cll a TIME ~ SECONDS nn E-0 HARDENABILITY | oF ie TIME - SECONDS 1055 MODIFIED Mn 1095 C089 Mn-0.29 ora 0.54 ta00"F Mn-0.46 Austenitized ot 1670°F Austenitized of 1625°F Grain Size: 7-8 Grain Size: 4-5 Leceno Foferite | Be Bainite cen TEMPERATURE ~ | Es al aHE| “LS it tf jo i gabe Po aia _ TEMPERATURE : 2 8 8 fg | 4 = robe | e — : + | ot. i | t { : t | f i } Cxtuinde — PoFeerite a “ms ae | Ceatite ATANCE FROM CUENENED END hy MON UTE a3 ISTIGE FeO ENCMED ERO MON Uns | es " { 7°C 800] Fi i oo] | 600} 500] 4001- TEMPERATURE 300] 200+ 400}- 4 = 1 I | 100}- 200] * I-T DIAGRAM | | 7 sane | | wou | to? 108 wot TIME - SECONDS 1095 MODIFIED C CLANS Mn-0.30 oun { Austenitized at 1670°F ana ns E-Q HARDENABILITY q Grain Size: 7-8 16 Se AH | TEMPERATURE °C) °F; ce reat od 1000 so soo] 00 oof £6) ‘00|~ zoo ob \ “Ty osi2 5 108 Y -0 wanoenaeiiry + sf tos inen oom. Bor) — : Austenitized ot 2400°F Grain Size: 0-2Go) er, TEMPERATURE, Sarma 3 200) 00] cod 0 400] 7 1050 HEA aon tren t LET Te | 0.20 Min-0.81 £-Q HAROENASILTY : 0.50 | L i Austenitized at 1700°F xt rn Mn-0.91 : |e-@ HaRDENABuITY | Grnln Steet 6:9) 2 Austenitized at 1670°F gag OY : i rT] 5 Groin Size: 7-8TATA TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE Austenitized et 1500°F 5 TIME - SECONDS 1060 C0.64 Mn 1.13 Austenitized ot 1670°F Grain Size: 7TEMPERATUR || £-@ HARDE! (5 Inch Diam. Bar) Austenitized ot 1650 F Grain Size: 6 See Manganese Steels mC % Min Grade Page No. 0.20 198 1320 24 0.35 1.85 1335 25 0.43 1.58 1340 26 os 1.88 27 06 188 28 10 188. 29. Isothermal transformation of austenite in a group of steels con taining nominally 1.5 to 2 percent manganese and varying carbon Content is illustrated in this section. The first three steels in the Eroup are standard compositions; the last three represent the car burized case of the 1320 steol at a location corresponding to 0.4, 0.6 oF 1.0 percent carbon, The influence of manganese an the tow side of the specitication range as compared to manganese on the high side is shown by the two Steels containing nominally 0.4 per: cent carbon.TEMPERATURE soa] 77] AtFeG+— Ky, | see) i | 209 100 i h Wo? 108? TIME ~ SECONDS ef | a 1320 \ - 1320 LA | Ee manoenasnrty | Gane \! | Ma 1.88 “Yin Austenitized at 1700°F Grain Size: 7-8 teoene CoCatide TEMPERATURE °F, p00) 1400} 00} 20 600) 1099} sod] 2x0 400} s00f- 89% 200} 409) 100) 200} oF os! 2 1335 6.0.35 Mn 1.85 Austenitized at 1550°F Grain Size: 70% 7, 30% 2 1e08No FaFeniteTEMPERATURE 4 1 ‘00 400 00}- 1200) 600)- | 1009 soo} 00}! 400) soo. 99 200}- 400}- 1e0}- 200 os12 50 a TIME ~ SECONDS irr 1340 Aree leo \ T T el te E-0 HARDENABILITY {low Manganese] | | 0.43 2 a Mn-1.58 I ” fo} Austenitized at 1625°F ied lo Groin Size: 8-9 ee . wsoeno Ira gel 48, te tote Tey Cotas TEMPERATURE, °c, °F 00} tool 00} 1209} 00} 100} s00}- ace! 400 soo} 9) 2oot- 409] 100} 200| of TMT rey py ry \ | 11] ptt b= 1 (ree EE TIME - SECONDS TT] CARBURIZED 132010.4¢) c.0.4 Mn-1.88 Austenitized at 1700°F Grain Size: 75% 7-8, 25% 3-5 econooem el —= 8 DRE | TEMPERAT “N a +0 HARDENABILITY (5 Inch Diam. Ba Ldiitill ull TIME — SECONDS CARBURIZED 1320(0.6C) C06 Mn+ 1.88 Austenitized at 1700°F Grain Size: 5-8 {Oceoslort 2) lesen Corte P= Pearite TEMPERATURE LAY | Week 6s 10% 108 os HR AR RPT ' L ETEENSRS S52 (a8 °C) °F ‘00 1400) 00} 609] 1009] 200 200}- 400} 100] 200 b | E-o WARDENABLITY | fog teh beste] ie IN to® 10? TIME - SECONDS CARBURIZED 1320(1.0¢ C10 Mne1.BB. Austenitized at 1700°F Grein Size: 7-8‘ TRS COURT 18 POM YOUR USE IN PLOTTING IT DIAGRAMS MOT SHOWN IN THIS BOOK. “oF I-T_DIAGRAM THR PUTT pT THE Pay PTT soot 1400 +4. | roo} Nickel Steels mN &e cMin Grado Page No 099 = (Oel(OR7 32 19705626 33 3900 ose 028 3a 3a 037068 2360 25 500 601052 pele 36 yy | aa 500 Oa os 37 1th Uh ALi 5.00 0.6 0.52 38 osi2 50 102 108 5.00 1,0 052 39 B84 008 0.48 2910 40 £-Q HARDENABILITY TIME ~ SECONDS i TTT The influence of nickel in retarding transformation is shown by com- parison of the first three steels containing nominally 0.6 percent Earbon and one, two cr four percent nickel; in addition. page 32 hich represents the 1% nickel steel, contains a subsidiary curve for 2 0.6 percent carbon-.0.3 percent manganese stee! with essen. tially no nickel. (Grade) Alloy Elements, Jo: Two of the steels, 2240 and 2512, are standard compasitions: the former, when compared with the 1338 steel in the preceding s ‘ion, shows thal 3.4 percent nickelis about as effective in retarding austenite transformation as 1.8 percent mangenese. 7 | >| | | || || Austenitized at —p Grein Si The four compositions containing 5 percent nickel represent the core and three locations corresponding to the indicated carbon Content in the carburized layer of case-carburized 2612 steel; they ‘show the effect of carbon at the 5 percent nickel level. btbb dtl ebl = The last stee! contains 9 percent nickel and low carbon and is a comparatively new grade of steel dev temperature, oped tor service at very low SEO HP| | 32 TEMPERATURE 6) sod 1400 | 1009 sed 400 seal. & 200}- 409 | i-T DIAGRAM 100} eool| + * juin +e fe {+} Fvoun |) nae tp oF Littl bp vt [iho [oll 0512 5 10 10? 108 104 108 TIME - SECONDS fe errs be L.ONi-0.6 C T 4 C-0.61 Mn-0.27° Ni-0.99 4 Austenitized at 1480°F 2" —}° » Grain Size: 8-10 3 t tomo i Bp pone Hate at af “| fe C059 Mr m0.01 Austeiied ot 1480°F | San Seer 3-10 if PhP R ROPE RAE Sf TEMPERATURE 6s 108 700} 600} s00} Bs 8 8 2.0 Ni-0.6 C C-0.56 — Mn-0.26 Ni-1.97 Austenitized ot 1480°F Grain Size: 8-10 Potente A= Bonte Cocerbide P= Pearite 33> ee Eee 34 TEMPERATURE, 8 600 soo! #00} 200} ‘00 TIME ~ SECONDS T aa . 4.0 N06 C “he 0.59 Mn-0.25 | Ni-3.90 Austenitized ot 1480°F Grain Size: 8-10 eceno TEMPERATURE 2340 C037 Mn-0.68 Ni-3.41 Austenitized ct 1450°F Grain Size: 7-8 tec NDTEMPERATURE E- HARDENABILITY "(05 Inch Diam Bar) | ta 108 to 2512 €-0.10 Mn-0.52 Ni-5.00 Austenitized at 1700°F Grain Size: 7-8 FoI fag nottt! Ht TEMPERATURE *C)oFy 200) 1409) 700) 1200) 00} seo0! 00} 800 409} |. soo} 300} 200}- 400] | '00}- 200] ° par | swe! a2 €-@ HARDENABILITY — (05 Inch Diam, Bor) i i TIME ~ SECONDS! (CARBURIZED 251 2(0.4C) C04 Mn0.52 Ni-5.00 Austenitized at 1700°F Groin Size: 25% 3, 75% 7-8 teen FoFerite BBs CaConide Pan°C 809) oo) = rT ry . 620} K in A * T © soo ] f e j 2 = it ‘ 65 soo} | 2 = } 4 a - F soot i | zach 409] Ps I-T DIAGRAM | | wa 120) 00h ys at Hour | pay { veh FM basin of E L | 103 1o* 108 os5'2 50 10% 103 10 108 j TIME - SECONDS J TIME ~ SECONDS CARBURIZED 2512(0.6C} 3 7 lao CARBURIZED 2512(1.0C) C-0.6 = Mn-0.52 eg ~ 5 C-1.0 — Mn-0.52 Ni-5.00 1 Ni-5.00 | |__| : | eo HARDEN f Auterilized ot 1700R {) Austenitized ot 1700°F § | —je-0 HaRDENAeILITY J 5 i 7 2 Grain Size: i a FE [coe inn vam gers z £ Grain Size: 6-7 : i 5, | 7 | F 80% 45, 20%7 SET + €-0 HARDENABILITY —lwo 5 | 105 Inen Dion. Ber) | urcino {OS taen Oto. urcin Aine moet ag rt Ll Actatte Wore Ee Foti tale = Sh _ he eg nen vets |wanrensre: hoo 2910 i The effect of chromium in retarding transformation, especially ~~, 0.08 -Mn-0.49 Te Sormation of austenite to peariite, and in altering the shape of 1 re Faeee eee eave LT diagram is well llustrated by the frst three oe steels, co ‘taining nominally 0.4 percent carbon and 0.57, 0.93 and {for a plain carben steel 1.97 percent chromium. Asubsidiery curve 42 serves of similar carbon and manganese content shown on page {5 the base composition for this chromium series, ; *, = { 200} | i rod oR { i = / ow | |B 20g / 2 t oS |} ¢é : Chromium Steels & 00 4 ; §& ‘ Ea Bs 2 soo = Mol] 7 = a en | eo = : nel 057 028 (O87 42 093 042 0.68 5140 43 201- 2c 197 033045 45 oss 061 (0.84 5160 ial 1020.36, 52100 46 ail ; stettit taht aa Sas O11 028 v7 (40.42 Mo) 1218 oat Ona 410 a0 7 1246 022054 (409904020) 49 | 1 1288 Bs et i - * | Austenitized ot 1550°F Grain Size: 10-12 Four of the steels listed are standard types, one of these (52100) being a high-carbon grade often used for bearings. Another (Type 410) is a stainless steel of the martensitic type. The effect of “took ha ORSk EISe rar erate inact) lowe 7 L aL CH Corbide P= Pearle 9 Drolet wus and 05 percent molybdenum is included in this section becouse Chromium s the principal alloying element. This gradeis often used for tubing subjected to moderately elevated temperatures, such 2 in petroleum refining equipment. SHEE°F 200} 700) 2 609) TEMPERATURE 5140 0.42 Mn-0.68 Cr-0.93 €-0.38 Mn-0.37 Cr-0.57 Austenitized ot 1600°F Grain Size; 5-6 lesen 4 O60 C C035 Mn 37 = Morterste Gr-0.05 Be Beinte SHEEDI-T DIAGRAM | 4 TT me TTT - wou | | ypar weed se 108 104 108 10® TIME - SECONDS t + 261-0.3C €.0.33 Mn-0.45 Crl97 Austenitized at 1600 F i ess A AURA TEMPERATURE Grain Size: 6-7 LeceNo PRGER OD TORDE DATE | | TEMPERATURE, io swee Litt 1 5160 €-0.61 Mn-0.94 Cr-0.88 Austenitized at 1550° Groin Size: 7TEMPERATURE 700! 1-7 DIAGRAM i! tt wo | TIME - SECONDS [TTT] 52100 E-@ HARDENABILITY | (05 Inch Oem Bor) 1.02 Mn-0.36 Ni-0.20 Cr-1.41 Austenitized at 1550°F Groin Size: 9 LECeNO °F 1400) . 120 us | 000] Sor b | 2 é 00, Ms Hopes = am © soo) | Mse | | 4d g Ft | | ane soo} 699} | r TT | | | | | i} 200/400} + + 4 ~-1-T DIAGRAM L) | | \ 102 Lt th tae ’ pay wey ser of iby i of6i12 50 rr We TIME ~ SECONDS TTT], $.CA0.S Mo-0.1.6 C-0.11 Mn-0.38 $i-0.44 Cr -5.46 Mo-0.42 Austenitized at 1650°F Grain Size: 7-8 teceno c= Carbide PaesTEMPERATURE — % oF 200 | roo} 100}- 200 Bppt0x Ay Ty at i (E-0 Hi a4 }—| /ARDENABILITY rosy | soar | lof 105 toe 12 Mype 410) C011 Mn0.44 Si-0.37 Ni -0.16 Cr1218 Austenitized et 1800°F Grain Size: 6-7 teceNo Feferie c= Cobide HEHE fi sina | Te 800] roo} 600) 09] 400} TEMPERATURE soo} 200 109} £6 VIO (Type 410+ 1hMos 3v) 12 Cr-Mo-V (type 410 + Into 1 3v) €-0.22 Mn-0.54 Ni-0.64 Cr-12.46 M0-0.99 V -0.29 Austenitized at 1850°F Grain Size: 4-5 uestno Faternte— BaBointeen nn Se SF AGRAMS, WOT SHON NO TS SOCK I-T_DIAGRAM 6 my PTE Tap TTT rym 800) | 190% 1200} 600} 1000) 500) | | t | Molybdenum Steels | | a00}— 4 | | 400). °°) ry : _ Lh 4 BC Other Grade Page No 300} 600} 4 . 0.65 0.68 52 | | 25 One © O87 woo 83 «00 | 3 035 0.80 403754 Eagl- TY ; tr 0.48 0.94 4047 55 | 4 0.65 0.87 4068 56 | 042 0.20 57 vee _ : F 0} 14 oa 0.42 58 L rid sw our | | |ipay | sweex| 026 ©«(0.17 59 of vwlaoal Lovett fr adil FD Lt fa 023 0.41 60 os12 510 102 108 104 105 10% 0.22 0.79 61 097 1.04 62 = ; | vol ET | TEMPERATURE iu li TIME - SECONDS 040 057 (Ni8.49 63 — - 5 O41 0.60 Ni3.51 64 65 Il 039 (0.56 | (Gredey Alloy Elements, Jo: ‘The first diagram in this section (pace 52), when compared wit Its superimpesed subsidiary diagram, illustrates the considerabl retarding effect of only 0.1 percent molybdenum, ‘The second group of four steels (pages 53-56) are al! stander types and illustrate the effect of varying carbon content in ste containing 0.28 percent molybdenum. Austonitized ot——IF The effect of increasing molybdenum in medium carbon steels shown by comparison of pages 57-60. Grain Size: The two diagrams on pages 61 and 62 represent a 0.5 percen molysdenum—0.22 percent carbon grada, which is weldable an used principally for high-pressure tubing, and a high-carbon, molyp enum steel of a too! steel type. The last three diagrams show the effect of increasing molybdenur in steois containing 2.5% nickel. | |meme 52 TEMPERATURE 800 700) 600 109 E-Q HARDENABILITY al ms | Dilip | 10> 10% TIME ~ SECONDS Woe 0.1 Mo - 0.65 _Mn-0.68 pe ‘Mo-0.10 Austenitized at 1600°F Grain Size: 6-8 5 Lec i a | — css woe ATA TEMPERATURE, 3 800) 09} 600) 00) 400}- 309] 200 00| 0 oF TIME ~ SECONDS 4027 , €0.26 Mn-0.87 4 Mo-0.26 £ putenwad ot 575° z cin Size: 7 |g rein Size ‘ heen ccemmweSUGL [ae | °C — ; ~~ t+ at pe eo } 2 ai 6) Fr rt ToT } 300} Soe 0d | | a : | 400} : =, Woops Ah fi = ai roof FT : 7 ‘200 : 8 soo | oa fe eo : cs : 5 s09) es & 09} aa a 0d o 400} & soo} S| = | B och 69 i B soo 200} s09}! 1 sod F || | 1-7 iGRam 10} 2c +H 109 Pt sate oF i U ° os512 50 10? 108 10% 10° 108 TIME - SECONDS TIME - SECONDS Pree oo 4037, 7 4047 a P Co > = my axe epee naroeueonity— fp C085 Nn080 pp C048 Mn0.94 1 1 1 Mo-0.25 | Mo-0.25 i Austenitized ot 1575°F — SEB alate Austenitized ot 1500 F : Grain Size: 7 { } ; Groin Size: 6-7 ca — * tien ewe EY freee Pate 1 = 54.°C, °F 0 | soo 09} 1200) «00 wy _ | 1000 B ooh & soo = 800) 5 sool- “°° 2 a 300} = 200}- 400) | | / Ff 19}- zoo — | 9 ft I-T DIAGRAM 4 10% TIME - SECONDS 4068 C068 Mn-0.87 Mo-0.24 Austenitized at 1650°F Groin Size: 7-8 TEMPERATURE, 1800 r00}- 609} 509} 409) ao} L | 7 DIAGRAM tect gool | 1 * seems || | a on | | Loar ° | out cu oll FP ese 5 wt TIME - SECONDS or 0.2 Mo-0.4 C iy €-0.42 Mn-0.20 “ Mo-0.21 e Austenitized ot 1600°F 5 3 leceno Be Pointei *0) 1 Dogo, 2800! g oo : 400) 700) . zoo} j 1200) ‘09 20 600 ow 1000} | & sco, soo {| = 2 E col = | cod fF 300 & ool gs = # Fa | F209 Bi | 600 | 200} 400} ' zoot- 400 to0) 109} 200 1 Teen ° of Py Pl at 0512 80 we SC TIME ~ SECONDS TIME - SECONDS AR 1... 0.5 Mo-0.4 = TT] 0.8 Mo-0.4 € | " oo \ 7 €-0.40 Mn-0.42 | I E-Q HARDENABILITY — 0.38 Mn-0.17 4 E-@ HARDENAGILIT' ° ~ fGen, bar vo oe Mo-0.53 ea { 168 Gel Ham, Beet M0-0.82 — + . be, 4 i Aestentized ct 1600 F gee t { Austonitized at 1600 F ae | Grain Size: 6-7 | | Groin Size: 6.7 ee leceno | ctw Piwerap jaar | tere See. ets Laps {bE . ! Caeomide —P=Pee : it : CCanie — Pohew ; = 39eS TEMPERATURE ier 800) 700} 600} 400| 200}- 400} to9| a sony vere! or wo 108 TIME - SECONDS 2.0 Mo-0.3 C €-0.33 Mn-0.41 Mo-1.96 Austenitized at 1900°F Grain Size: 3-4 | Leceno TEMPERATURE °G) 00} 700 600} 409 200 109 oi hb} * 7 108 TIME - SEGONDS 05 M0026 €-@ WARDENABLITY (0.5 Inch Diam. Bar) ORR Marre Mo-0.50 Austenitized at 1650 F Groin Size: 8-9TEMPERATURE Mae so TIME - SECONDS > E-0 HARDENABILITY ‘ (05 Inch Diam Dor) | 0.3 Mo-1.0 C 0.97 Mn-1.04 Mo-0.32 Austenitized at 1550 F Grain Size: 7-8 3 TEMPERATURE, vim raere pe bth tbl bald AHHH t s Dparinc OH OUENONED RDI MOH UTS -T DIAGRAM) | Pend il C=cante ot 10° ~ SECONDS 4 C, 3.5 NiO Mo C040 Mn-0.57 Ni-3.49 Mo-0.01 Austenitized at 1600°F Groin Size: & leceno ee SRR &64 TEMPERATURE, *¢, 809] ‘o0| 609} 50 400 300) 200} 109} Tr }- 400 +++ I-T DIAGRAM {4 TIME - SECONDS C-0.41 Ni-3.51 Austenitized ot safes x manrensire\ Groin Size: t = [ E-0,HARDENABILITY "Sy — LrciNo | set I | tron LE F tilut Led Tif Paid fie 108 10% 10° we 04 C, 3.5 Ni-0.2 Mo Mn-0.60) Mo-0.21 1600°F 7-8 6 71 800 | | 400) } | ! roo FY ANY soc] 1009) soo 800 409} soot £0°] 200}- 409 + | 109 ° 4H | | | | -T DIAGRAM 4 108 10% TIME - SECONDS par eo 105 €-0.39 Mn-0.56 Ni3.53 Mo-0.74 Austenitized ot 1600°F Grain Size: 8-9 108 0.4 C, 3.5 Ni-0.7 Mo1-T DIAGRAM Gy SF THM TN | pA [TTI aE Ty 800} 7 | 7 1800} ~ aff Le ae 4 roof 4 ! ito | | soot EL] | | | | | | | ooo} potoit tt | | s85f- | | Silicon Steels 00|~ t J}. 400 00] es = %C Nn %Gr Grade Page No 058050 0.23 68 400) 1.27 0.54 0.23 69 232 053 024 70 389 051 0.25 n t 201 062 082 926072 wun 201 062 0.95 926173 uu wilt Faun 213° 062 © 0.86 9262 74 7s 162 05578 108 ‘ot TIME - SECONDS The effect of silicon is shown by comparison af the charts on page 68 to 71 attention is called, however, to the prasence of highe chromium in the third and fourth steels in this group. The presenc 0 0.32 percent chromium, which was purposely added to prever grephitization, undoubtedly had a considerable effect in retardin transformation (Grede} Alloy Elements, J: The second group of steels are standard types often used fe springs; the individual members of this group differ in chramiur content and illustrate the considerable effect of relatively sma percentages of chromium in silicon: manganese steels. Austenitized ot — > Grain Size: = | w Ty |, J e r 7 & | | | & scot | | 2 L | 1 J = Tf a | L_ F sc0} T } | | 4 200) + { |. | | - | | <| Noel oof ff | b an) luoay | 1weeK) or uu Autti yy cs io? 108 108 = HARDENABILITY — L || - —t | re | |ririicemilteaint ili al oor / m a 200 coal 1400, rog= Too] 1209 600}- sok wy | 1009 5 seo pale = 800 £b 00, 400}- = 00 E sool. seok- 200}. 400 aool- ool 100! p00) roo a ° ry E-Q HARDENABILITY t €-Q HARDENABI €-0.50 Mn-0.23 (OE Inch Diem, 8 0.53 Cr -0.05 Austenitized al 16 ‘ Austenitized at 1550 F : we Grain Size: Grain Size: lo $ 20% 2-3, 20% 7 40% 3-4, 60% LeoTEMPERATURE. °C, °F, 800 200} 709} | 1209) 600) a 200 +00] a | & Ltt 2 so0f- © 7 # al ~ 200|- 400} {4 | | ss ‘ | C | pp ft | | | al iacram | 1d | 1-T DIAGRAM. 100} 2 4+} $4 [+ t — | ppt L 1} sa eu oar | 1M | | 1 ssa | mee u of Lut n in tol L th will val Til Ji o512 50 10? 103 108 108 os12 510 10? 10 10% | 1 TIME - SECONDS TIME - SECONDS epee 2.3 Si-0.5 C Pepe 38 E-Q HARDENABILITY C-0.51 Mn-0.25 E-@ HARDENABILITY €-0.53 Mn-0.24 . 705 Inch Diam Bar | (05 Inch Diem Bet) 32 Cr-0.32 $i-3.80 Cr -0.32 Austenitized at 1800 F ‘Austenitized at 1900°F reg Grain Size: 30% 3-5, 70% 7-8 Grain Size: 50% 2-3, 50% 7 leceno Co caride Pe Pe Lec3 °C, oF “Fr cr 7 my yy ui Ty TT Tamonees-ne- | Soe | 09 B 00 - 1 '409} : 1409} eee TT | ook se root ] 1209) 7 200}— soo! 39 600 38 36 400}- TEMPERATURE 300] 200}-- 40% {7 DIAGRAM’ | ool oo] yr 1 [ina | wwe uj 1 Td 7 Ot 1 woe ~ SECONDS 9262 0.6 C, SiCr C062 Mn-0.86 €-0.55 Mn-0.78 $i-213 Cr-0.23 Sie1.62 Cr -0.77 : Austenitized ot 1650°F Austenitized ct 1600 F ; coon sea Grain Size: 6 i tecewo aesenot® patente metas Achninite PAEEEHHHEH