Date 26-Nov-06

Wind Loads Dsn. By ZAS

Chk. By SKK
As per MBMA 2002 / IBC-2000 / ASCE 7-98 Rev. No. 0

Mean Height (h) = 6.00 m Low Rise Building Sec. 6.20 ASCE 7-98
(Eave height may be used if θ<=10°) Sec. 6.5.6.2.2 ASCE 7-98
Roof Slope = 0.50 :10 2.86 Degrees

Length of the building (L) = 25.00 m Horizontal dimension measured parallel to the wind

Width of the building (B) = 50.00 m Horizontal dimension measured normal to the wind

Basic Wind Speed (V) = 130 km/hr 3-Sec. gust wind speed at Sec. 6.20 ASCE 7-98

Building Category = II Table 6-1 ASCE 7-98

Exposure Category = B Sec. 6.5.6 ASCE 7-98

Structure Type = Main Wind Force Resisting System Table 6-6 ASCE 7-98

Ao = 50.00 m2 Sec. 6.20 ASCE 7-98

Ao = Total area of opening in a wall that receives positive external pressure (m2)

Aoi = 0.00 m2 Sec. 6.20 ASCE 7-98

Aoi should be set to 0 for open buildings
Aoi = The sum of the areas of opening in the building envelope (Walls & Roof) not including Ao (m2)

Ag = 500.00 m2 Sec. 6.20 ASCE 7-98

Ag = The gross area of that wall in which Ao is identified (m2)

Agi = 0.00 m2 Sec. 6.20 ASCE 7-98

Agi should be set to 0 for open buildings
Agi = The sum of the gross surface areas of the building envelope (Walls & Roof) not including Ag (m 2)

Enclosed Building

Velocity Pressure Exp. Coeff. (Kz) = 0.62 For Main Wind Force - Table 6-5 ASCE 7-98
- Resisting system (MWFRS)
Velocity Pressure Exp. Coeff. (Kz) = 0.62 For Components and Clad Table 6-5 ASCE 7-98

Topographic Factor (Kzt) = 1.00 Figure 6-2 ASCE 7-98

Directionality Factor (Kd) = 0.85 Table 6-6 ASCE 7-98

Basic Wind Speed (Vs) = 36.11 m/sec V / 3.6

Importance Factor ( I ) = 1.00 Table 6-1 ASCE 7-98

qz = qh = 0.613 x 10-3 Kz Kzt Kd Vs2 I kN/m2 Eqn. 6-13 ASCE 7-98

Enter 'q' value if provided
qz = qh = 0.44 qz = qh = 0.44 kN/m2 For Main Wind Force Resisting system (MWFRS)

qz = qh = 0.44 kN/m2 For Components and Claddings

Gust effect factor (G) = 0.85 For Rigid Structures Sec. 6.5.8

Design Wind Pressure (p) = qh [ (Gcpf) - (Gcpi) ] kN/m2 Eqn. 1.4.2 MBMA 2002
 TRANSVERSE DIRECTION

-0.55 -0.31
-0.39 -0.15

0.19 End Zone -0.27

0.35 Err:523

-0.38 -0.24
-0.22 -0.08

0.28 Interior Zone -0.21

0.38 -0.11

-0.48
-0.48

-0.48
-0.48

End Walls
Note:- The Values are Wind Loads in kN/m2

TRANSVERSE DIRECTION

-0.38
-0.22 -0.24
-0.08
0.28
0.38 -0.48
-0.55 -0.48
-0.39

0.19
0.35 -0.31
-0.15

-0.48 -0.21
-0.48 -0.11

-0.27
Err:523
Roofs
Figure 1.4.5(a) Walls
End Zone

-0.38 -0.24
-0.22 -0.08
-0.31
-0.55 0.28 -0.15
-0.39 0.38 -0.48
-0.48

0.19
0.35

-0.21
-0.11
-0.48
-0.48 -0.27
Err:523
Figure 1.4.5(b)
Note:- The Values are Wind Loads in kN/m2

LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION

Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 2 Zone 3

-0.38 -0.24 -0.38 -0.24
-0.22 -0.08 -0.22 -0.08

-0.28 -0.28
-0.12 -0.12

LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION (OPEN BUILDING)

Values shown are recommended ( GCp - Gcpi )

-0.50 -0.50
-0.75*

-0.75* -0.75*

0.75*

1.3 N

where,
N - Number of Frames
for following limits
1) 0.1 <= ϕ <= 0.3
2) 1/6 <= h/B <= 6
3) S/B <= 0.5
See MBMA 2002 page 1-30 for more details

* - Denotes coefficient on Sheeted portion only.

Note:- The Values are Wind Loads in kN/m2

LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION

-0.24
-0.08
-0.28
-0.12
-0.38 -0.21
-0.22 -0.05

-0.27
-0.11

-0.31
-0.15

0.27
0.43 -0.28
-0.12
0.19
0.35 -0.55
-0.39

Figure 1.4.5(c)
Roofs
Walls
End Zone

-0.55
-0.39 -0.31 -0.24
-0.15 -0.08
-0.38 -0.21
-0.22 -0.05

-0.27
-0.11

-0.28
-0.12

-0.28
-0.12
0.27
0.43 0.19
0.35

Figure 1.4.5(b)
Note:- The Values are Wind Loads in kN/m2

-0.48
-0.48 0.48
0.48 -0.48 -0.48
0.48 -0.48 0.48
0.48 -0.48
0.48

qz = qh = 0.44 kN/m2 For Components and Claddings

Corner Tributary Area = 18.75 m2

Interior Tributary Area = 18.75 m2

Roof and Overhang Load Pressure and Suction

SYM -0.56
0.48

-0.52
0.48
-0.56
0.48

-0.70

-0.52
0.48

-1.22

ROOF PLAN -0.56

0.48

qz = qh = 0.44 kN/m2 For Components and Claddings

Roof Over Hang
Corner Tributary Area = 9.30 m2 Corner Area = 0.93 m2
Edge Tributary Area = 9.30 m2 Edge & Interior Area = 9.30 m2
Interior Tributary Area = 0.93 m2
Multigable Roof Loads on Components & Cladding

-0.56
0.48

-0.52
-0.56 0.48
0.48

-0.52
0.48

ROOF PLAN -0.56

0.48
qz = qh = 0.44 kN/m2
Roof
Corner Tributary Area = 60.00 m2
Edge Tributary Area = 60.00 m2
Interior Tributary Area = 60.00 m2

-0.56
0.48 -0.56
0.48

-0.52
0.48

HIGH SIDE LOW SIDE

-0.56
0.48 -0.56
0.48

-0.56 -0.56
0.48 -0.56 0.48
0.48

High Side Low Side

Corner Tributary Area = 0.93 m2 5.00 m2
Edge Tributary Area = 15.00 m2 6.00 m2
Interior Tributary Area = 55.00 m2
 Date 26-Nov-06
Wind Loads Dsn. By ZAS
Chk. By SKK
As per MBMA 2002 / IBC-2006 / ASCE 7-05 Rev. No. 0

Mean Height (h) = 18.00 m Low Rise Building Sec. 6.20 ASCE 7-05
(Eave height may be used if Θ<=10°)
Roof Slope = 1.00 :10 5.71 Degrees

Length of the building (L) = 100.00 m Horizontal dimension measured parallel to the wind

Width of the building (B) = 50.00 m Horizontal dimension measured normal to the wind

Basic Wind Speed (V) = 160 km/hr 3-Sec. gust wind speed at 10 m Sec. 6.20 ASCE 7-05

Building Category = II Table 6-1 ASCE 7-05

Exposure Category = C Sec. 6.5.6.3 ASCE 7-05

Structure Type = Main Wind Force Resisting Table 6-4

System

Ao = 100.00 m2 Sec. 6.20

Ao = Total area of opening in a wall that receives positive external pressure (m 2)

Aoi = 0.00 m2 Sec. 6.20

Aoi = The sum of the areas of opening in the building envelope (Walls & Roof) not including A o (m2)

Ag = 150.00 m2 Sec. 6.20

Ag = The gross area of that wall in which Ao is identified (m 2)

Agi = 0.00 m2 Sec. 6.20

Agi = The sum of the gross surface areas of the building envelope (Walls & Roof) not including Ag (m2)

Enclosed Building

Velocity Pressure Exp. Coeff. (Kz) = 1.13 For Main Wind Force - Table 6-3
- Resisting system (MWFRS)
Velocity Pressure Exp. Coeff. (Kz) = 1.13 For Components and Claddings Table 6-3

Topographic Factor (Kzt) = 1.00 Figure 6-4

Directionality Factor (Kd) = 0.85 Table 6-4

Wind Velocity (V) = 44.44 m/sec Sec. 6.20

Importance Factor ( I ) = 1.00 Table 6-1

 qz = 0.613 x 10-3 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I kN/m2 Eqn. 6-15

qz = 1.17 kN/m2 For Main Wind Force Resisting system (MWFRS)

qz = 1.17 kN/m2 For Components and Claddings

Internal Pressure (Gcpi) = 0.18 Figure 6-5

-0.18

Gust effect factor (G) = 0.85 For Rigid Structures Sec. 6.5.8

External Pressure coefficient (Cp) Figure 6-6

Normal to Ridge Parallel to Ridge

L/B= 2.00 0.50

h/L= 0.36 0.18

Normal to Ridge Parallel to Ridge
Windward Wall = 0.80 0.80

Leeward Wall = -0.30 -0.50

Side Wall = -0.70 -0.70

Windward Roof =

Leeward Roof =

Main Wind Force Resisting Systems ( MWFRS )

Design Wind Pressure (p) = kN/m2 q G Cp - qi (Gcpi)

q= qz for windward wall at height z above ground.

q= qh for leeward wall, sidewalls, and roof.
q= qh for enclosed buildings
G= Gust effect factor
Cp = Figure 6-6 of ASCE 7-02
GCpi = Figure 6-5 of ASCE 7-02
 Low Rise Building

Design Wind Pressure (p) = kN/m2 qh [ Gcpf - Gcpi ]

Flexible Buildings

Design Wind Pressure (p) = kN/m2 q Gf Cp - qi Gcpi

Parapets
Design Wind Pressure (p) = kN/m2 qp Gcpn

Components and Claddings

a) Low Rise < 18.3 m
Design Wind Pressure (p) = kN/m2 qh [ Gcp - Gcpi ]

b) Building Height > 18.3 m

Design Wind Pressure (p) = kN/m2 q Gcp - qi Gcpi

Open Buildings

Design Wind Pressure (F) = kN qz G Cf Af

 Date
Wind Load Application Dsn. By
Chk. By
MBMA 2002 Rev. No.

Velocity Pressure, qh (N/m2)

where,
Building Type= Kz= 2.01 (H/365.76)2/7 For Exposure B and with H >= 9.14
Bay Spacing= 5 m 10.67 2.01 (H/274.32)2/9.5 For Exposure C and with H >= 4.57
Load Case=
Roof Slope = qh= 0.613 Kz (1.0) (0.85) V2 (1.0)
Angle (θ) = 0.00 °
Exposure = C
Eave Height (EH) = 10.67 m Building Type: Enclosed
Mean Height (MH) = 13.00 m Roof Angle θ: 0° ≤ θ ≤ 5°
Kz = 1.01 Load Case: A(-i)
V= 38.00 m/sec.
qh = 0.76 N/m2

Main Frame Load (kN/m)

Interior Zone

-0.89 -0.35

0.79

A1 Enclosed 1
Building
B1 Partially Enclosed 2
Type
C Open 3

A2 (+) Internal Pressure 4

Load Case
B2 (-) Internal pressure 5

A3 0.5:10 Roof Slope 6

Roof Slope
B3 1:10 Roof Slope 7

A4 End Zone 8
Zone
B4 Interior Zone 9
-0.25
 Date 26-Nov-07
Gravity Loads Dsn. By ZAS
Chk. By SKK
BS 6399 Part 1; 1996 Rev. No. 0

A) Dead Loads

Unit weights are given in BS 648 or can be actual weights of the materials used.

B) Roof Live Loads

UDL in Con. Loads

Sr. No. Description
( kN/m2 ) ( kN )
1 Minimum imposed loads on roof with access 1.5 1.8*
2 Minimum imposed loads on roof with no access, except for cleaning and
maintenance
a) For roof slopes ( a ) upto 30° or less 0.6 0.9*
b) For roof slopes ( a ) from 30° to less than 60° 0.6 [ ( 60 - a ) / 30 ] kN/m2
c) For roof slopes ( a ) equal to or more than 60° 0 0
Note:- It is assumed that spreader boards are used during cleaning and maintenance
operation
* - Denotes on a square area of 125 mm

C) Imposed Floor Loads

The floor loads are divided in 6 categories as below,

A Domestic and Residential activities
B Office and work areas not covered elsewhere
C Areas where people may congregate
D Shopping Areas
E Areas susceptible to the accumulation of goods
F/G Vehicle and traffic areas
See table 1 below for all values

D) Partition Loads

1) For permanent partitions the loads should be included in the dead loads
2) For proposed partitions, the uniformly distributed partion load shall not be less than 1 / 3 of the load per metre
run of the finished partition
3) For floors of offices, the additional uniformly distributed partition load should not be less than 1.0 kN/m 2

E) Ceiling Supports

1) without access: no imposed loads

2) with access 0.25 kN/m2 UDL over the whole area and concentrated load of 0.9 kN so placed for maximum effect.
 Table 1 - Minimum Imposed Floor Loads
Occupancy UDL in Con. Loads
Examples of specific use
Type ( kN/m2 ) ( kN )
Single Family Dwelling units 1.5 1.4
Bedrooms and dormitories other than above 1.5 1.8
Hotels, Motels, Hospital wards, toilets 2.0 1.8
Billard Rooms
A Community Kitchens
Balconies Single Family units 1.5 1.4
Guest houses 3.0 1.5 / m*
Hotels & Motels 4.0 1.5 / m*
* - On the outer edge
Operating theaters, X Rooms, Utility Rooms 2.0 4.5
Work rooms without storage 2.5 1.8
Offices for general use 2.5 2.7
Banking halls 3.0 2.7
Kitchens, laundaries, laboratories 3.0 4.5
Rooms with mainframe computers or similar equipments 3.5 4.5
Machinery halls, circulation spaces therein 4.0 4.5
B
Projection rooms 5.0 Actual
Factories, workshops and similar buildings 5.0 4.5
Foundries 20.0 Actual
Catwalks - 1 @ 1 m c/c
Balconies 4 min. 1.5 / m*
Fly galleries 4.5 kN/m
Ladders - 1.5 at rung
Public institutional and communal dining rooms, cafes, lounge, rest.. 2.0 2.7
Reading rooms without books 2.5 4.5
Class rooms 3.0 2.7
Assembly areas with fixed seating 4.0 3.6
Places of worship 3.0 2.7
Corridors, hallways, aisles, etc. with foot traffic only 3.0 4.5
Stairs, landings, etc. with foot traffic only 3.0 4.0
Corridors, hallways, aisles, etc. in motels, hotels. with foot traffic only 4.0 4.5
Corridors, hallways, aisles, etc. with wheeled vehicles, trolleys 5.0 4.5
Stairs, landings, etc. with wheeled vehicles, trolleys 4.0 4.0
C Light duty walkways 3.0 2.0
General duty walkways 5.0 3.6
Heavy duty walkways 7.5 4.5
Museum floors and art galleries 4.0 4.5
Balconies 4.0 1.5 / m*
Fly galleries 4.5 kN/m -
Dance halls, studios, gymnasia, stages 5.0 3.6
Drill halls and rooms 5.0 9.0
Assembly areas without fixed seating, concert halls, places of worship 5.0 3.6
subject to overcrowding 7.5 4.5
Stages in public assembly areas 7.5 4.5

D Shop floors for sale and display of merchandise 4.0 3.6

General areas of static equipment not satisfied elsewhere 2.0 1.8

Reading rooms with book storage, libraries 4.0 4.5
General storage other than specified 2.4 / m# 7.0
#
each metre of storage height
File rooms, filing and storage space (offices) 5.0 4.5
Stack rooms (books) 2.4 / m# Min 6.5 7.0
Paper storage for printing plants and stationary stores 4.0 / m# 9.0
E
Dense mobile stacking (books) on mobile trolleys 4.8 / m# min 9.6 7.0
Dense mobile stacking (books) on mobile trolleys in warehouses 4.8 / m# min 15 7.0
Cold storage 5.0 / m# min 15 9.0
Plant rooms, boiler rooms, fan rooms etc. 7.5 4.5
Ladders - 1.5 rung
Parking for cars, garages light vans etc. not exceeding 2500 kgs. 2.5 9.0
Vehicles exceeding 2500 kgs, driveways, ramps, repair workshops Actual Actual
Concentrated load is assumed to act on an area of 50 mm square
F) Reduction in imposed floor loads

Not applicable to following,

a) Loads specifically determined for proposed use of structures
b) loads due to plant machinery
c) loads due to storage

1) Reduction in loading on Columns

The reductions given in table below may be applied to total imposed floor loads in the design of columns
peirs, walls and their supports and foundations.
Table 2
No. of Floors Reduction in %
1 0
2 10
3 20
4 30
5 to 10 40
Over 10 50 max.

2) Reduction in loading on Beams

The loading on beams may be reduced according to area supported by the percentage as per table below,
Table 3
Area Supported (m2) Reduction in %
0 0
50 5
100 10
150 15
200 20
Above 250 25 max.

G) Parapets, barriers and balustrades

1) Table 4 below specifies the minimum horizontal imposed loads appropriate to the design of parapets, barriers,
balistrades, and other elements of a structure intended to retain, stop or guide people.
2) The uniform line load, uniform distributed and concentrated load should be considered as 3 separate cases
3) The load should be considered to act a height of 1.1 m above the datum level, irrespective of the actual height of element.
4) For all types of activities, these elements should be designed either for a concentrated load of 1 kN or a UDL of
0.6 kN/m, which ever gives the worst design condition.
5) The horizontal force 'F' (kN) normal to and uniformly distributed over any length of 1.5 m of a barrier for a car park
is required to withstand the impact of a vehicle is given by

F = 0.5 m v2 / ( dc + db ) kN
where,
m = the gross mass of the vehicle in kgs. (may be taken as 1500 kgs for vehicles less than or equal to 2500 kgs.)
if mass is more than 2500 kgs, than use the actual weight.
v = the velocity of the vehicle in ( m/sec ) normal to the barrier ( = 4.5 m/sec )
dc = is the deformation of the vehicle in (mm) ( = 100 mm unless better evidence is available)
db = is the deformation of the barrier in (mm) ( = 0 for a rigid barrier )

a) The force is assumed to act at bumper height or 375 mm above floor level for cars less than 2500 kgs.
b) Barriers for access ramps of car parks shall be designed for half the force (F) at a height of 610 mm.
c) If the travel distance for downward travel is more than 20 m, barriers shall be designed for (2F) at a height of 610 mm
 Table 4 Minimum Horizontal Imposed Loads for Parapets, Barriers and balustrades etc.
Horz. UD
Occupancy UDL in Con. Load
Examples of Specific Use Line Load
Type (Kn/m2) in (kN)
in (kN/m)
All areas of single family dwellings including stairs,
0.36 0.50 0.25
landings etc.
A
Other residential areas 0.74 1.00 0.50

Light access stairs, gangways not more than 0.6 m wide 0.22 N/A N/A

Light pedestrian traffic routes in industrial and storage

0.36 0.50 0.25
buildings, except designated escape routes.
B and E
Areas not susceptible to overcrowding in office and
institutional buildings also industrial and storage 0.74 1.00 0.50
buildings, except as given above

Areas having fixed seating within 530 mm of the

1.50 1.50 1.50
barrier, balustrades or parapet.
Resturants and bars 1.50 1.50 1.50
Stairs landing, corridors, ramps 0.74 1.00 0.50
External balconies and edges of roof, footways,
and pavements within a building curtilage adjacent 0.74 1.00 0.50
to basement / sunken areas
C Footways, pavements less than 3 m wide adjacent
1.50 1.50 1.50
to sunken areas
Theatres, cinemas, discotheques, bars, auditoria,
shopping malls, assembly areas, studios, footways
3.00 1.50 1.50
and pavements greater than 3 m wide adjacent to
sunken areas
Granstands and stadia As per governing authority

All retail areas including public areas of banks, building

1.50 1.50 1.50
D societies or betting shops

Pedestrian areas in car parks including stairs, landing

1.50 1.50 1.50
F/G ramps, edges or internal floors, footways, edges of roof
Horizontal loads imposed by vehicles See clause 5) above
 Date 16-Dec-07
Wind Loads Dsn. By ZAS
Chk. By SKK
BS 6399 Part 2; 1997 (Reprinted 2002) Rev. No. 1

Building Width (W) = 25.00 m (Denoted as 'B' for Wind End)

(Denoted as 'D' for Wind Left & Right)

Building Length (L) = 75.00 m (Denoted as 'B' for Wind Left & Right)
(Denoted as 'D' for Wind End)

Reference Height (Hr) or (H) = 6.00 m (Conservatively taken as maximum height)

(Including Parapet, Fascia, Ridge etc.)

Roof Slope = 0.50 : 10 2.86 Degs. (Range - 45° to + 75°)

3 Second Gust Wind Speed = 160 kmph 44.44 m/sec, Table A7.6 MBMA 2006
Basic Wind Speed (Vb) = 104.58 kmph 29.05 m/sec ( Mean Hourly Wind Speed )

Site Altitude above mean sea level (Ds) = 1.00 m (Ground Level Height, Not building height)

Seasonal Factor (Ss) = 1.00 (Use 1.00 for Permanent Buildings)

Probability Factor (Sp) = 1.00 (Use 1.00 for normal design applications)

Site Location = Town (Country or Town)

Average Height of surronding Buildings (Ho) = 6.00 m (Average height of surrounding obstructing-buildings)

Spacing (Xo) = 20.00 m (From this building to obstructing buildings)

Distance from Sea = 10.00 km (0 to 100 kms)

Building Type = Portal Sheds and Similar Light Structures

Four walls equally permeable, roof

Building Permeability =
impermeable

Building Location = Isolated

Internal Pressure Coefficients (Cpi) = -0.30 Table 16
Hd = 0.8 Ho for Xo <= 2 Ho
Displacement Height (Hd) = 3.20 m Hd = (1.2 Ho - 0.2 Xo) for 2 Ho < Xo < 6 Ho
Hd = 0 for Xo > 6 Ho Section
( He = Hr - Hd ) OR ( He = 0.4 Hr ) whichever is greater 1.7.3.3
Section
Effective Height (He) = 2.80 m (Maximum 100 meters) 1.7.3

Size Effect Factor Category = C (A, B or C) Figure 4 and 5 Figure 4

Altitude Factor (Sa) = 1.00 1+0.001 Ds Eqn. 9

Building Type Factors (Kb) = 2.00 Table 1

Terrain & Building Factor (Sb) = 1.23 Table 4

Directionality Factor (Sd) = 1.00 (Can be taken as 1.00 if unknown) Table 3

See division of building height for overall wind loads

Section
Probability Factor (Sb) = 1.00 For all normal design applications, Sp = 1.00 2.2.2.5

Site Wind Speed (Vs) = 29 m/sec Vb Sa Sd Ss Sp Eqn. 8

Effective Wind Speed (Ve) = 36 m/sec Vs Sb Eqn. 12

Dynamic Pressure (qs) = 784 N/m2 0.613 Ve2 Eqn. 1

Dynamic Pressure (qs) = 0.784 kN/m2

A) Wall Pressure

1) Wind Left or Wind Right

Diagonal Dimension (a) = 75.24 m sqrt [( L2 ) + ( H2 )]

Size Effect Factor (Ca) = 0.75 Primary Members Figure 4

Size Effect Factor (Ca) = 1.00 Secondary Members using ( a = 5 )

Scaling Length (b) = 12.00 m (Similar to End Zone Width)

(Minimum of B or 2H, where B is the dimension perpendicular to direction of wind)

D/H= 4.17

0.2 b = 2.40 m

Net Pressure ( P ) = qs Ca ( Cpe - Cpi ) kN/m2

Pressure (kN/m2)
External Internal Net Primary Secondary
Windward Wall = 0.60 -0.30 0.90 0.53 0.71
Leeward Wall = -0.10 -0.30 0.20 0.12 0.16
Wall Zone A = -1.30 -0.30 -1.00 -0.59 -0.78
Wall Zone B = -0.80 -0.30 -0.50 -0.30 -0.39
Wall Zone C = -0.50 -0.30 -0.20 -0.12 -0.16

Notes:-
1) Use same values for pressure and suction for design of secondaries

2) Wind End

Diagonal Dimension (a) = 25.71 m sqrt [( W2 ) + ( H2 )]

Size Effect Factor (Ca) = 0.85 Primary Members Figure 4

Size Effect Factor (Ca) = 1.00 Secondary Members using ( a = 5 )

Scaling Length (b) = 12.00 m (Similar to End Zone Width)

(Minimum of B or 2H, where B is the dimension perpendicular to direction of wind)

D/H= 12.50

0.2 b = 2.40 m

Net Pressure ( P ) = qs Ca ( Cpe - Cpi ) kN/m2

Pressure (kN/m2)
External Internal Net Primary Secondary
Windward Wall = 0.60 -0.30 0.90 0.60 0.71
Leeward Wall = -0.10 -0.30 0.20 0.13 0.16
Wall Zone A = -1.30 -0.30 -1.00 -0.67 -0.78
Wall Zone B = -0.80 -0.30 -0.50 -0.33 -0.39
Wall Zone C = -0.50 -0.30 -0.20 -0.13 -0.16
B) Roof Pressure for Pitched Roof Duo Slope

Roof or Pitch Angle a = 2.86 Degs. (Range - 45° to + 75°)

Diagonal Dimension (a) = 76.03 m sqrt [( (W / 2 )2 ) + ( L2 )]

Size Effect Factor (Ca) = 0.75 Primary Members Figure 4

Size Effect Factor (Ca) = 1.00 Secondary Members using ( a = 5 )

Net Pressure ( P ) = qs Ca ( Cpe - Cpi ) kN/m2

1) Wind Left and Wind Right

Corner Zone ( A ) size at roof = 1.2 x 6 m [( bL / 10 ) x ( bL / 2 )]

Edge Strip width at roof = 1.20 m bL / 10

Pressures
External Internal Net Primary Secondary
Windward Roof ( C ) = 0.30 -0.30 0.60 0.36 0.47
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Leeward Roof ( G ) = 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Eave Corners ( A ) = 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
 Eave Interior ( B ) = 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Ridge Corner ( E ) = 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Ridge Interior ( F ) = 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24

2) Wind End

Corner Zone ( A ) size at roof = 1.2 x 6 m [( bw / 10 ) x ( bw / 2 )]

Edge Strip width at roof = 6.00 m bw / 2

Pressures
External Internal Net Primary Secondary
Near Roof ( C ) = 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Far Roof ( D ) = 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Gable Corners ( A ) = 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Gable Interior ( B ) = 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
C) Roof Pressure for Pitched Roof Mono Slope

Roof or Pitch Angle a = 2.86 Degs. (Maximum 75°)

Wind Angle θ = 0 Degs.

1) Wind Left and Wind Right

Diagonal Dimension (a) = 76.03 m sqrt [( ( W )2 ) + ( L2 )]

Size Effect Factor (Ca) = 0.75 Primary Members Figure 4

Size Effect Factor (Ca) = 1.00 Secondary Members using ( a = 5 )

Corner Zone ( A ) size at roof = 1.2 x 6 m [( bL / 10 ) x ( bL / 2 )]

Edge Strip width at roof = 1.20 m bL / 10

Pressures
External Internal Net Primary Secondary
Windward Roof ( C ) = -0.60 -0.30 -0.30 -0.18 -0.24
 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Eave Corners ( A ) = -1.80 -0.30 -1.50 -0.89 -1.18
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Eave Interior ( B ) = -1.20 -0.30 -0.90 -0.53 -0.71
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24

2) Wind End

Corner Zone ( Au and AL ) size at roof = 1.2 x 3 m [( bw / 10 ) x ( bw / 4 )]

Edge Strip width at roof = 6.00 m bw / 2

Pressures
External Internal Net Primary Secondary
Windward Roof ( C ) = -0.70 -0.30 -0.40 -0.24 -0.31
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Leeward Roof ( D ) = -0.70 -0.30 -0.40 -0.24 -0.31
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Gable Corner ( Au ) = -2.20 -0.30 -1.90 -1.12 -1.49
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Gable Corner ( AL ) = -2.10 -0.30 -1.80 -1.06 -1.41
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Gable Interior ( B ) = -1.10 -0.30 -0.80 -0.47 -0.63
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
D) Roof Pressure for Flat Roofs

Eave Type = Parapet

Height of Parapet (h) = 0.90 m

Diagonal Dimension (a) = 76.03 m sqrt [( ( W )2 ) + ( L2 )]

Size Effect Factor (Ca) = 0.75 Primary Members Figure 4

Size Effect Factor (Ca) = 1.00 Secondary Members using ( a = 5 )

For Sidewall
Corner Zone ( A ) size at roof = 1.2 x 3 m [( bL / 10 ) x ( bL / 4 )]
Edge Strip width at roof = 6.00 m bL / 2
For Endwall
Corner Zone ( A ) size at roof = 1.2 x 3 m [( bw / 10 ) x ( bw / 4 )]
 Edge Strip width at roof = 6.00 m bw / 2

Pressures
External Internal Net Primary Secondary
Near Roof ( C ) = -0.70 -0.30 -0.40 -0.24 -0.31
Eave Corner ( A ) = -1.88 -0.30 -1.58 -0.93 -1.24
Edge Strip ( B ) = -1.30 -0.30 -1.00 -0.59 -0.78
Far Roof ( D ) = 0.20 -0.30 0.50 0.30 0.39
-0.20 -0.30 0.10 0.06 0.08

E) Hipped Roof

Roof or Pitch Angle a = 2.86 Degs. (Range - 45° to + 75°)

Diagonal Dimension (a) = 76.03 m sqrt [( (W / 2 )2 ) + ( L2 )]

Size Effect Factor (Ca) = 0.75 Primary Members Figure 4

Size Effect Factor (Ca) = 1.00 Secondary Members using ( a = 5 )
1) Wind Left / Right and Wind End

Edge Strip along Sidewall = 1.20 m ( bL / 10 )

Endzone along Sidewall = 6.00 m ( bL / 2 )
Edge Strip along Endwall = 1.20 m ( bw / 10 )
Endzone along Endwall = 6.00 m ( bw / 2 )

Pressures
External Internal Net Primary Secondary
Windward Roof ( C ) = 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Leeward Roof ( G ) = 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Eave Corners ( A ) = 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Eave Interior ( B ) = 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Hip Edge ( E ) = 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Ridge Interior ( F ) = 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Hip Edge ( H ) = 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Hip Interior ( I ) = 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
Farside Roof ( J ) = 0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
0.00 -0.30 0.30 0.18 0.24
F) Multi Bay Roofs

The external coefficients or pressure may be reduced as below,

Second Bay = 0.80
All remaining bays = 0.60
Note:- The above provision may also be applied for unequal duopitch if the pitch angles differs
by not more than 10°

Treat as Monoslope Roof Positive Coefficients in Table 9

to be replaced with ( -0.4 )
G) Roof Pressure for Roof Overhangs or Canopies

If the roof overhang projects less than ( b / 10 ) from the wall then, pressure coefficients are as below,
For roof overhangs, larger than ( b / 10 ) it should be treated as open sided building with internal pressure

Roof overhang at = Endwall

b / 10 = 1.20 m

The canopy or roof overhangs are assumed as monoslope roof

1) Main Framing
Upper Surface = -1.20 Pressure coefficient for Zone B of monoslope
Lower Surface = -0.80 Pressure coefficient for Zone B of walls
Total Pressure = -2.00
Pressure = -1.57 kN/m2

2) Secondaries
Upper Surface = -1.80 Pressure coefficient for Zone A of monoslope
Lower Surface = -1.30 Pressure coefficient for Zone A of walls
Total Pressure = -3.10
Pressure = -2.43 kN/m2

H) Frictional Drag Force ( Section 2.1.3.8 )

a) Walls
For long walls with D > b when wind is parallel to wall, the frictional drag coefficient is assumed to
act over all area of zone C of such walls.
The total frictional drag force has to be added to the total wind pressure in that direction

1) Wind Left /Right

D= 25.00 m
b= 12.00 m
Since D > b, Frictional Drag on walls applicable
Length of Zone C = 13.00 m D-b
Area of Drag ( As ) = 78.00 m2 (D-b)xH
Frictional Drag Coefficient ( Cf ) = 0.02 Surfaces with corrogations across the wind direction (Table 6)
Frictional Drag Force ( Pf ) = 0.92 kN qs Cf As Ca Eqn. 7a

2) Wind End
D= 75.00 m
b= 12.00 m
Since D > b, Frictional Drag on walls applicable
Length of Zone C = 63.00 m D-b
Area of Drag ( As ) = 378.00 m2 (D-b)xH
 Frictional Drag Coefficient ( Cf ) = 0.02 Surfaces with corrogations across the wind direction (Table 6)
Frictional Drag Force ( Pf ) = 4.47 kN qs Cf As Ca Eqn. 7a

b) Roof
For long roofs away from upwind edges, the frictional drag should be assumed to act over zone D
for flat roofs for all wind directions.
And over zone D for monopitch or duopitch roof and zone J for hipped roof only when wind is parallel to ridge.

1) Wind End
Length of zone D = 69.00 m L - bw / 2
Area of Drag ( As ) = 1725.00 m2 ( L - bw / 2 ) x W
Frictional Drag Coefficient ( Cf ) = 0.02 Surfaces with corrogations across the wind direction (Table 6)
Frictional Drag Force ( Pf ) = 20.42 kN qs Cf As Ca Eqn. 7a
Should be divided by 2 for load along each sidewall for bracing design.

J) Open Buildings ( Section 2.6.3 )

For open buildings the external pressure remains the same as for an enclosed building
The internal pressure is as below,

Wind Angle = 0.00 Degs.

( Direction θ = 0, corrosponds to wind blowing into the open face )

Number of Open Sides = 1.00

Number of Openings = 1.00
( Number of opening option is valid for 1 side open only )

0.85 Table 18
Internal Pressure Coefficients =
0.00
 Date 26-Nov-07
Snow Loads Dsn. By ZAS
Chk. By SKK
BS 6399 Part 3; 1988 Rev. No. 0

Basic Snow Load on the Ground ( Sb ) = 1.00 kN/m2

Site Altitude ( A ) = 100 m Maximum 500 meters

( Salt ) = 0.190 m ( 0.10 Sb + 0.09 )

So = Sb for A < or = 100

Site Snow Load ( So ) = 1.00 kN/m2 So = Sb + Salt [ ( A - 100 ) / 100 ]
for 100 < A < 500

A) Monoslope
Roof Slope = 0.50 : 10

Roof Angle ( a ) = 2.86 Degs.

Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m1 ) = 0.80

Roof Snow Load ( Sd ) = 0.80 kN/m2 So m1

B) Pitched Duoslope
Roof Slope = 12.00 : 10

Roof Angle ( a ) = 50.19 Degs.

Case - 1 Symmetric (Balanced)

Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m1 ) = 1.52

Roof Snow Load ( Sd ) = 1.52 kN/m2 So m1

Case - 2 Asymmetric (Unbalanced)

Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m1 ) = 2.29

Roof Snow Load ( Sd ) = 2.29 kN/m2 So m1

C) Curved Roof
Roof Slope = 12.00 : 10

Roof Angle ( β ) = 50.19 Degs.

Angle at Eave for Curved Roof ( d ) = 30 Degs. Maximum 90°

Case - 1 Symmetric (Balanced)

Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m1 ) = 1.52

Roof Snow Load ( Sd ) = 1.52 kN/m2 So m1

Case - 2 Asymmetric (Unbalanced)

Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m1 ) = 0.40

Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m2 ) = 2.29
Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m3 ) = 2.29

Roof Snow Load ( Sd1 ) = 0.40 kN/m2 So m1

Roof Snow Load ( Sd2 ) = 2.29 kN/m2 So m2
Roof Snow Load ( Sd3 ) = 2.29 kN/m2 So m3
D) Valleys of Multi-Span Roofs
Dimension ( h ) = 1 m
Dimension ( b1 ) = ( ls1 ) = 15 m
Dimension ( b2 ) = ( ls2 ) = 15 m
Dimension ( b3 ) = 45 m

2h / So = 2.00 -----( 1 )
2b3 / (ls1+ls2) = 3.00 -----( 2 )

If ( 1 ) < 5 and < ( 2 ), then ( m1 ) = ( 1 )

If ( 1 ) < 5 and > ( 2 ), then ( m1 ) = ( 2 )
If ( 1 ) > 5 and ( 2 ) > 5, then ( m1 ) = 0.50

Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m1 ) = 2.00

Roof Snow Load ( Sd ) = 2.00 kN/m2 So m1

E) Parapets

a) Case - 1
Dimension ( ho1 ) = 10 m
Dimension ( b1 ) = 15 m

Length of Drift Snow ( ls1 ) = 15.00 m ls1 = Minimum of 5 ho1, b1 and 15

Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m1 ) = 2.00

Roof Snow Load ( Sd ) = 2.00 kN/m2 So m1

b) Case - 2

Dimension ( b2 ) = 30 m

Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m1 ) = 4.00

Roof Snow Load ( Sd ) = 4.00 kN/m2 So m1

F) High Low Buildings

a) Case - 1

Dimension ( ho1 ) = 1 m
Dimension ( b1 ) = 15 m
Dimension ( b2 ) = 15 m
Dimension ( b3 ) = 45 m

Length of Drift Snow ( ls1 ) = 5.00 m ls1 = Minimum of 5 ho1, b1 and 15

Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m1 ) = 2.00

Roof Snow Load ( Sd ) = 2.00 kN/m2 So m1

b) Case - 2

Dimension ( ho1 ) = 2 m
Dimension ( b1 ) = 15 m
Dimension ( b2 ) = 15 m

Length of Drift Snow ( ls1 ) = 10.00 m ls1 = Minimum of 5 ho1, b1 and 15

Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m1 ) = 3.00

Roof Snow Load ( Sd ) = 3.00 kN/m2 So m1

c) Case - 3

Dimension ( ho1 ) = 2 m
Dimension ( b1 ) = 15 m
Dimension ( b2 ) = 15 m

Length of Drift Snow ( ls1 ) = 10.00 m ls1 = Minimum of 5 ho1, b1 and 15

Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m1 ) = 3.00

Roof Snow Load ( Sd ) = 3.00 kN/m2 So m1

d) Case - 4

b1 ho1

Roof Slope = 15.00 : 10

Roof Angle ( a ) = 56.31 Degs.

Dimension ( ho1 ) = 2 m
Dimension ( b1 ) = 15 m

Length of Drift Snow ( ls1 ) = 10.00 m ls1 = Minimum of 5 ho1, b1 and 15

Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m1 ) = 3.00

Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m4 ) = 0.00
Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m5 ) = 0.37

Roof Snow Load ( Sd1 ) = 3.00 kN/m2 So m1

Roof Snow Load ( Sd4 ) = 0.00 kN/m2 So m4
Roof Snow Load ( Sd5 ) = 0.37 kN/m2 So m5
G) Intersecting Pitched Roof

Roof Slope = 1.00 : 10

Roof Angle ( a ) = 5.71 Degs.

Dimension ( b1 ) = 15 m
Dimension ( b2 ) = 25 m
Dimension ( h ) = 0.38 m tan ( a ) ls1 ls2 / ( ls1 + ls2 )

Length of Drift Snow ( ls1 ) = 7.50 m ls1 = b1 if b1 < 7.5 otherwise 7.5
Length of Drift Snow ( ls2 ) = 7.50 m ls2 = b2 if b2 < 7.5 otherwise 7.5

Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m1 ) = 0.75

Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m5 ) = 0.75

Roof Snow Load ( Sd1 ) = 0.75 kN/m2 So m1

Roof Snow Load ( Sd5 ) = 0.75 kN/m2 So m5

H) Obstructions on Roof

Dimension ( ho1 ) = 1.00 m

Dimension ( b1 ) = 5 m
Dimension ( b2 ) = 25 m

Length of Drift Snow ( ls1 ) = 1.00 m ls1 = b1 if b1 < 5 ho1 otherwise 5 ho1

Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m1 ) = 2.00

 Roof Snow Load ( Sd1 ) = 2.00 kN/m2 So m1

I) Door Canopies

Dimension ( ho1 ) = 2.00 m

Dimension ( b1 ) = 5 m Maximum 5 meters
Dimension ( b2 ) = 25 m

Length of Drift Snow ( ls1 ) = 2.00 m ls1 = b1 if b1 < 5 ho1 otherwise 5 ho1

Snow Load Shape Coefficient ( m1 ) = 4.00

Roof Snow Load ( Sd ) = 4.00 kN/m2 So m1