Object-Oriented Programming in

Scala

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

HCMC University of Technology, Viet Nam

08, 2016

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Outline

1 OOP Introduction

2 Scala

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Object-Oriented Programming Goals

Programs as collections of collaborating objects

Object has public interface, hidden implementation
Objects are classfied according to their behavior
Objects may represent real-world entities or entities
that produce services for a program
Objects may be reusable across programs

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Introduction To OOP Languages

There are many object-oriented programming (OOP)

languages
Some are pure OOP language (e.g., Smalltalk).
Newer languages do not support other paradigms but
use their imperative structures (e.g., Java and C]).
Some support procedural and data-oriented
programming (e.g., Ada and C++).
Some support functional program (e.g., Scala)

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Some Important Features of OOP

Abstract data types

Encapsulation
Information Hiding
Class Hierarchy
Inheritance
Polymorphism - Dynamic Binding

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Data Abstraction

An abstract data type is data type that satisfies the

following two conditions:
Encapsulation:
Attributes and operations are combined in a single
syntactic unit
compiled separately
Information Hiding:
The access to members are controlled
Reliability increased

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Information Hiding

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ADT Example

Operations on a stack: Client code:

create(stack) ...
destroy(stack) create ( stk1 ) ;
push ( stk1 , c o l o r 1 ) ;
empty(stack) push ( stk1 , c o l o r 2 ) ;
push(stack,element) i f ( ! empty ( s t k 1 ) )
temp = t o p ( s t k 1 ) ;
pop(stack)
...
top(stack)

Implementation can be adjacent or linked list. Client: don’t

care!

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Class Hierarchy

A class may have some Subclasses

A class may have one/many Superclass(es)

Animal

Fish Mammal WingedAnimal

Whale Dog Cat Bat

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Inheritance

A subclass is able to inherit non-private members of

its superclasses
A subclass can add its own members and override
its inherited members
Single vs. multiple inheritance
Inheritance increases the reusability in OOP

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Diamond Problem in Multiple Inheritance

B C

if D inherits from B and C different versions of the

same behaviour, which version will be effective in D?
this problem, called diamond problem, is solved
differently in different OO language
is there the diamond problem in Java?

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Class vs. Object; Method vs. Message

Class vs. Object

A class defines the abstract characteristics of a thing
its attributes or properties and
its behaviors or methods or features.
A Dog has fur and is able to bark
An object is a particular instance of a class.
Lassie is a dog

Method vs. Message

A method describes a behavior of an object.
A dog can bark
A message is a process at which a method of an
object is invoked.
Lassie barks

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Polymorphism

Polymorphism: different objects can respond to the

same message in different ways.
x,y
Point draw()

radius
Circle draw()

p.draw()
Dynamic binding

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Other Concepts

There are two kinds of variables in a class:

Class variables
Instance variables
There are two kinds of methods in a class:
Class methods – accept messages to the class
Instance methods – accept messages to objects

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Scala

Invented by Martin Ordesky at EPFL, Lausanne,

Switzerland.
Similar to Java
Work smoothly with Java
Run on Java Virtual Machine
OOP + FP
Include lexer and parser generator

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Classes and Objects in Scala

Class
class [1]
abstract class [5]
trait [2]
case class [3]

Object
new <class name>
<case class name>
object

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Example [7]

class R a t i o n a l ( n : I n t , d : I n t ) {
r e q u i r e ( d != 0)

p r i v a t e v a l g = gcd ( n . abs , d . abs )

p r i v a t e def gcd ( a : I n t , b : I n t ) : I n t =
i f ( b == 0 ) a else gcd ( b , a % b )
v a l numer = n / g
v a l denom = d / g

def t h i s ( n : I n t ) = t h i s ( n , 1 )

def + ( t h a t : R a t i o n a l ) : R a t i o n a l =
new R a t i o n a l (
numer ∗ t h a t . denom + t h a t . numer ∗ denom ,
denom ∗ t h a t . denom
)

override def t o S t r i n g = numer + " / " + denom

}
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Example on Abstract class [4]

a b s t r a c t class Element {
def c o n t e n t s : A r r a y [ S t r i n g ] / / no body : a b s t r a c t
val height = contents . length
val width =
i f ( h e i g h t == 0 ) 0 else c o n t e n t s ( 0 ) . l e n g t h
}
class ArrayElement ( c o n t s : A r r a y [ S t r i n g ] )
extends Element {
def c o n t e n t s : A r r a y [ S t r i n g ] = c o n t s
}
class LineElement ( s : S t r i n g )
extends ArrayElement ( A r r a y ( s ) ) {
override def w i d t h = s . l e n g t h
override def h e i g h t = 1
}

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Example on Object [1]

object Element {

def elem ( c o n t e n t s : A r r a y [ S t r i n g ] ) : Element =

new ArrayElement ( c o n t e n t s )

def elem ( l i n e : S t r i n g ) : Element =

new LineElement ( l i n e )
}

v a l space = Element . elem ( " " )

v a l h e l l o = Element . elem ( A r r a y ( " h e l l o " , " w o r l d " ) )

Which kind of Element will be assigned to space and

hello?

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Example on Case Class [3]

a b s t r a c t class Expr

case class Var ( name : S t r i n g ) extends Expr

case class Number (num : Double ) extends Expr
case class UnOp( o p e r a t o r : S t r i n g , arg : Expr )
extends Expr
case class BinOp ( o p e r a t o r : S t r i n g ,
l e f t : Expr , r i g h t : Expr ) extends Expr

v a l v = Var ( " x " )

v a l op = BinOp ( " + " , Number ( 1 ) , v )
v . name
op . l e f t

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Example 1 on Traits [9]
Reusability:
a b s t r a c t class B i r d

t r a i t Flying {
def f l y M e s s : S t r i n g
def f l y ( ) = p r i n t l n ( f l y M e s s )
}
t r a i t Swimming {
def swim ( ) = p r i n t l n ( " I ’m swimming " )
}

class Penguin extends B i r d with Swimming

class Hawk extends B i r d with Swimming with F l y i n g {

v a l f l y M e s s = " I ’m a good f l y e r "
}
class F r i g a t e b i r d extends B i r d with F l y i n g {
v a l f l y M e s s = " I ’m an e x c e l l e n t f l y e r "
}

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Example 2 on Traits [2]

Stackable Modifications:
a b s t r a c t class IntQueue {
def g e t ( ) : I n t
def p u t ( x : I n t ) }
class BasicIntQueue extends IntQueue {
p r i v a t e v a l b u f = new A r r a y B u f f e r [ I n t ]
def g e t ( ) = b u f . remove ( 0 )
def p u t ( x : I n t ) { b u f += x } }
t r a i t Doubling extends IntQueue {
a b s t r a c t override def p u t ( x : I n t ) { super . p u t ( 2 ∗ x ) } }
t r a i t I n c r e m e n t i n g extends IntQueue {
a b s t r a c t override def p u t ( x : I n t ) { super . p u t ( x + 1 ) } }

v a l queue =
new BasicIntQueue with I n c r e m e n t i n g with Doubling
queue . p u t ( 1 0 )
queue . g e t ( ) / / ? ? ?

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Scala Hierarchy [8]

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Access Modifiers [6] in Scala

public
protected
private
protected[<name>]
private[<name>]
Example,
package Assignment
...
protected [ Assignment ] v a l f i e l d 1 = 100
private [ t h i s ] val f i e l d 2 = 2;

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Summary

What are still in your mind?

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References I

[1] Classes and Objects, http://www.artima.com/pins1ed/

classes-and-objects.html, 19 06 2014.

[2] Traits, http://www.artima.com/pins1ed/traits.html,

19 06 2014.
[3] Case Class and Pattern Matching, http://www.artima.com/
pins1ed/case-classes-and-pattern-matching.html,
19 06 2014.
[4] Abstract Members, http:
//www.artima.com/pins1ed/abstract-members.html,
19 06 2014.
[5] Compositions and Inheritance, http://www.artima.com/
pins1ed/composition-and-inheritance.html, 19 06
2014.
[6] Packages and Imports, http://www.artima.com/pins1ed/
packages-and-imports.html, 19 06 2014.

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References II

[7] Functional Objects, http://www.artima.com/pins1ed/

functional-objects.html, 19 06 2014.

[8] Scala Hierarchy, http:

//www.artima.com/pins1ed/scalas-hierarchy.html,
19 06 2014.

[9] Learning Scala part seven -Traits, http://joelabrahamsson.

com/learning-scala-part-seven-traits/, 19 06 2014.

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