ANJELIKA B.

VIESCA BSA 1-A

An advocacy to employ these indigenous people would be my way to help them.

Advocating for their rights to have a job and earn money is needed because their way of
life will not sustain them forever. Indigenous people are normal people, they have skills
and these skills can be utilized to generate income. In addition, if employing these
indigenous people would be a burden to some businesses, then I will advocate to help
these indigenous people to have a livelihood of their own. Helping these indigenous
people will improve their welfare and contribute to the economy as well.

GEE 6 – CHAPTER II

Activity 1
Philosophy of Life
Philosophy is for all. It is important to have a philosophy in your life, because this
will guide you to achieving and becoming the person you want to be. In fact, while most
individuals may be unclear about what philosophy is, whether we are conscious of it or
not, we all partake in philosophy. We all have some ideas about free will, human
existence, morals, life 's purpose, and the like.
Moreover, philosophy of life is a framework for understanding how the world works
and how you would fit in the world. It includes topics such as how you determine what is
"right" and "evil", what is meant by "success," what is your "intention" in life or if you
don't think there is a goal; if there is a God and how we should treat each other. Hence,
philosophy of life seeks to establish a rigorous conception or apprehension about the
world.

Activity 1
Philosophy, Truth, and the Wisdom of Love

Philosophy is the realization that from Truth comes Wisdom, and from Fact
comes Truth. It is not shocking that philosophy is often tainted by many untrue and
ludicrous ideas due to the many mistakes already found in physics.
ANJELIKA B. VIESCA BSA 1-A
GEE 6 – CHAPTER III

Activity 1
The Big Story: Origin of Religions

Beliefs and religious acts started in the stone age and its people. Some of their
beliefs were if they ate the flesh of a strong beast, they would acquire its spirit or when a
leader dies, they would eat a portion of its body in hopes to acquire his special qualities.
They didn’t have a distinction between spirit and materiality. They would associate their
movements with their will, and they were convinced that movement is a product of their
will. Moreover, they concluded their there are gods for everything, a god within the
ocean, the wind, and even rivers. Their beliefs can be considered as their religion since
they live by this. They believed that the world would always be as the gods made it to
be, thus, they had no social progression. This illustrates that their view of the world
came to them with invented stories. These were stories that were told and accepted
without recognition of a difference between fact and fantasy.

Activity 1
World Religion
Throughout the world, religions have arisen and evolved. Some were short-lived,
while others continued and grew. Religions vary due to the different higher beings that
they are worshiping. Some worship only one higher being, some worship multiple. The
number of gods that a religion worships can be categorized into three; polytheism,
pantheism and monotheism. Polytheism is the belief in the plurality of gods and
goddesses. Ancient polytheistic belief systems viewed the gods as manipulating all-
natural phenomena, such as drought, harvesting, and fertility. Generally, polytheistic
societies believed in sacrifices to please their gods. It is believed that polytheism
originated from Hinduism as they worship three main gods; Brahma, who creates the
universe; Vishnu, who preserves the universe; and Shiva, who destroys the universe.
On the other hand, pantheism

Activity 1
In a paragraph or two, give your own understanding of what religion is from the quote of
Cory Booker given below;
"Don’t speak to me about your religion; first show it to me in how you treat other people.
Don't tell me how much you love your God; show me in how much you love all His
children. Don't preach to me your passion for your faith; teach me through your
compassion for your neighbors. In the end, I'm not as interested in what you have to tell
or sell or preach or teach, as I am in how you choose to live and give." - Cory Booker,
1969.

Activity 1
Spiritual Experiences
Spiritual experiences are experiences that go beyond or transcend from ordinary
earthly existences. Occasionally, spiritual experiences contain supposed supernatural
phenomena. Spiritual experience entails a subtle, bodily sensation with unclear
meaning. It is subjective and subject to skepticism, judgment, and research whether the
supposed supernatural events are true or imagined. It makes you more conscious. It
lets your consciousness grow. It links you with the part of you that does not require
physical means to validate it, at least for a moment. It is uniquely meaningful on a
human level, regardless of what religion you practice.

Activity 1
The Varieties of Religious Experience by William James
William James is an American psychologist, in his book “The Varieties of
Religious Experience”, he wrote, “Personal religious experiences has its root and center
in the mystical states of consciousness”. He then proceeded to state that the terms
"mysticism" and "mystical" are sometimes used as pejorative references to anything
considered ambiguous, over-sentimental and/or wooly-minded. However, he believes
that the “mystical state of consciousness” can usefully refer to a definite state of mind
and experience. Subsequently he proposed four marks that would consider an
experience as mystical.
Starting with ineffability, James asserted that an experience can be called
mystical if defies meaning, and words cannot be entirely conveyed to others. It must be
encountered personally in order to be completely understood and mystical experience
cannot be transmitted directly to others. The second one is the possession of a noetic
quality, while mystical states are similar to states of emotion, they also seem to be
states of understanding to those who experience them. They are experienced as states
that allow for a clear insight into the depths of reality that are unplumbed by our mere
intellects. They are illuminations, discoveries, full of meaning and significance, and they
bring with them what James defines as "a curious sense of authority."
Moreover, the third James marks is transiency. This mark simply states that
mystical cannot be sustained for too long. The memory of them is imperfect, but when
they recur, they are instantly recognized, and from one recurrence to another there is a
growth in the mystic of deeper and richer inner life. Lastly, we have passivity, James
wrote “the mystic feels as if his own will were in abeyance, and indeed sometimes as if
he were grasped and held by a superior power.”  Experience happens to the person,
largely without being conscious control. While there are practices, such as meditation,
they can do so to make religious experience more likely, it isn't something that can be
switched on and off at will.

Activity 1
Poster Making
A picture could paint a thousand words or some questions are better answered with
actions than with words. What are you here for? What does your life mean to you?
Guided by these insights, create a poster and give it an appropriate Title.

Activity 1
Essay (2 -3 paragraphs)
As a Christian, discuss what is true spirituality and how can you attain it.
As a Christian, true spirituality is often rooted in relationship and contributes to
happiness. True spirituality will always be relational. The emphasis of a church is not
on belief, a leader, dogma, or rules-it is on a relationship with Christ. The individual of
Christ will always be exalted and speak of the richness of the relationship with Him.
True spirituality isn't an external activity. It's about the internal connection with
the heart of God through the dwelling of the Holy Spirit in us. The expression of one's
relationship with God and one's link with the world is spirituality. True spirituality
includes disciplined meditation, deep reflection, acknowledgement of the values of
others, and a spiritual relationship with one's creator or higher power to the degree that
the relationship is inextricably woven into the tapestry of one's life.
Some people are afraid to come to spirituality because they think it’s outside their
religion, but if you already have a faith, it’s more of a deepening of what’s already there.

Activity 1
Essay (Minimum of 3 paragraphs)
Discuss comprehensively the elements of Spirituality.

Quest for Meaning - It is constantly pursuing meaning and intent in life, being a more
self-aware and enlightened person, and seeking solutions to the complexities and "big
questions" of life. Each of the person things that make up this scale includes terms such
as "seeking," "achieving," "pursuing," "developing," "scouring," or "being."

Activity 1
What is Spirituality?
The perception of a profound dimension of life is spirituality, a dimension beyond
the physical, the apparent, the established, the universally shared. Spirituality is
realizing who you really are and communicating with someone greater than yourself.
Spirituality is what lies beyond our physical limits and mental capability, beyond the
restrictions, and how it is connected to our physical consciousness and life. Many
people believe that it is Heaven, or the Spirit, or the root of everything that is, and that it
is beyond you. Others believe there is spirituality within us. Often, spirituality involves
looking beyond the surface of things and trusting the way our lives unfold. When our
lives become challenged and stressed, this can be especially useful. During these
times, we are also comforted by having a spiritual bond. Our lives become more
meaningful and when we realize that in times of struggle and ease, we are helped and
held, we feel more peace. Thus, a spiritual outlook helps tremendously, helping to
improve our tolerance in times of struggle and helping to offer a feeling of joy in times of
ease.
ANJELIKA B. VIESCA BSA 1-A
GEE 6 – CHAPTER IV

a. The way of life of the Igorots

Igorots are people of the mountains. They have their own way of life,
customs, languages and practices are distinct from people living in the lowlands.
Since the Igorots live in mountain ranges, their source of livelihood solely
depends on natural resources found in their surroundings. In Ifugao, Igorots have
full possession of lush forests that surrounds them, one of these is what they call
Muyong/Moyong. Muyong/Moyong is a forest located above the rice terraces.
Igorots utilize the woods from this forest to make woodcrafts which they make a
living out of. Moreover, Igorots are dubbed as rice cultivators, hence, they make
a living out of farming. The Igorots are good farmers who have historically
cultivated the hillsides to grow rice and vegetables. They also raise animals such
as chickens, pigs and cows that they use for food as well as rituals. They are also
weavers, musicians, and craftsmen who have been renowned to date for their
impeccable craftsmanship.

b. The way of life of the Mangyans

The Mangyans were once the only people living in Mindoro. As coastal
dwellers at first, they relocated inland and into the mountains to escape the
invasion and control of foreign settlers, such as the Tagalogs, the Spanish and
their crusades and forced faith, and the Moro raids. Mangyans lived in peaceful
communities compared to the head-hunting tribes of North Luzon and the valiant
warring tribes of the South. Social scientists have concluded that certain societies
become peaceful because their structure of values and ethics rewards peaceful
activity but disapproves of violent and impulsive conduct. Mangyan is primarily
subsistence farmers, planting a variety of sweet potatoes, upland rice and taro.
They are also catching small animals and wild pigs. Many who live in close
proximity with lowland Filipinos are selling cash crops such as bananas and
ginger.
ANJELIKA B. VIESCA BSA 1-A
GEE 6 – CHAPTER V

Activity 1.
Philippine Indigenous People

The Philippines is supported by a wide array of upland and lowland indigenous

ethnic groups living in the country. There are two major ethnic groups of many upland
and lowland indigenous tribes existing in the Philippines –in the northern and southern
parts of the Philippines. Indigenous people living in the northern part of the country are
called the Igorots, while non-Muslim indigenous tribes settled in the south are called the
Lumads.

The Igorots, which are made up of various tribes in the northern part of the
country, mostly reside in the mountain ranges of the Cordillera region. They are
renowned as rice cultivators. A tribe called the Ifugaos designed the Banaue Rice
Terraces–also called the 'eighth wonder of the world.' The Igorot tribe comprises of
Bontoc, Ibaloi, Isneg, Kalinga, Kankanaey and Tinguian groups. Other tribes living
throughout the north are Isnag from Apayao, Gaddang (found between the provinces of
Kalinga and Isabela) and Ilongots living in the eastern mountain ranges of Luzon called
Sierra Madre and the Caraballo Mountains.

Meanwhile, in the southern part of the Philippines, indigenous groups are mainly
found in Mindanao and Western Visayas. In Mindanao, these current non-Muslim
indigenous communities are collectively referred to as the Lumad–a Cebuano word that
means 'local' or 'indigenous.'The Lumad tribes comprise about 13 ethnic groups, Blaan,
Bukidnon, Higaonon, Mamanwa, Mandaya, Manobo, Mansaka, Sangir, Subanen,
Tagabawa, Tagakaulo, Tasaday, and T'boli.
Protecting Indigenous Peoples' Rights in the Philippines

The Philippines is home to numerous indigenous groups with diverse customs,

history, indigenous knowledge and skills. Land is closely linked to their identity and
survival. Their economic and socio-cultural lives are strongly rooted to their ancestral
domain. Despite the abundance of their natural resources, their ownership and control
over these lands are often not recognized. Indigenous people in the Philippines
experience a high rate of vulnerable employment and many are still excluded from the
country’s overall development. They are often discriminated and looked down upon by
many. However, indigenous people have their rights too, and a Republic Act was
passed in order to protect indigenous people and their rights.

The Philippine government enacted the Republic Act No. 8371 also known as “The
Indigenous Peoples’ Right Act of 1997” which inculcates the rights of indigenous
people; right of ownership over properties, bodies of water historically and currently
inhabited by them, sacred places, traditional hunting and fishing grounds, and
developments implemented thereon; right to cultivate lands and natural resources,
subject to pre-existing property ownership within the ancestral domains; right to remain
in their territories, except when they have given their free and prior informed consent,
and subject to the Philippines’ power of executive action; The right to be resettled in
appropriate areas should be displaced by natural disasters; the right to control the entry
of migrants; the right to secure and clean air and water; the right to claim parts of the
reserve; and the right to resolve land disputes in compliance with the customary laws of
the region in which the land is situated.

The Indigenous People's Rights Act of 1997 is said to be one of the most
progressive legislation of its kind with regard to the treatment of indigenous peoples in
the world. It was the direct product of a pragmatic clause embodied in the 1987
Constitution, which was established and amended after the ouster of the dictator
Ferdinand Marcos.
Activity 1. Video Presentation
AMAZING FILIPINO TRIBAL VILLAGE! (Davao City, Kadayawan Festival)

The Kadayawan is an annual festival in Davao City, Philippines. Its name derives

from the friendly Dabawenyo greeting “Madayaw”, meaning good, valuable, superior or
beautiful. It is a celebration of life, a thanksgiving for the nature’s gifts, the wealth of
culture, the bounties of harvest and serenity of living. Back in the day, Davao's ethnic
tribes would come together to celebrate plentiful crops, performing rituals that revered
the gods of nature. The Kadayawan Festival of Davao started in the year 1986 as a
group of tribal festivals put together to showcase the thanksgiving rituals of the
indigenous tribes of Mindanao.
Mindanao, the southern region of the Philippines, is home to indigenous peoples
collectively called the Lumad. What makes the Kadayawan a unique festival is that it
pays tribute to the lumad, which is a collective group of indigenous people living in the
city. There are 11 tribes that make up the Davao region and at Magsaysay Park, Davao
City there is a location called Kadayawan Village which showcases each of these tribes;
their houses, their food, and their culture.
The first tribe is called ATA; the Atas or ‘’dwellers in highlands” are powerful
people who appear to be a mixture of Negritos and Malays. As occupants of the
headwaters of Davao, Tuganay and Libuganon Rivers, the Atas depend primarily on
hunting as their livelihood. The Atas are also known for being sensitive and vindictive
but can be easily pacified if handled with utmost diplomacy. Second is the IRANUN,
they are regarded as the fiercest pirates in the Malay world adopting a typical maritime
lifestyle of sea invaders and have transitioned as fishermen and long-distance traders.
They attacked merchant shipping and coastal settlements in the Philippines, the straits
of Malacca and the islands beyond Sulawesi. Third is the KAGAN; the tribe’s name was
derived from the word kaog means “whisper”. The Kagan people are known as
agriculturists--- cultivating rice, corn, abaca, and coconut for cash crops. Those who are
living near the coasts practice fishing. They are Tagakaolo who have converted to Islam
either through intermarriage or contact with the Maguindanaons.
The fourth tribe is called KLATAS, they occupy a very small territory stretching
from Catalunan to Calinan within Davao City. Their traditional population centers
included Blao, Tagakpan, Dulian, Sirib, Gunalong and Tamugan. They are called the
forest dwellers. Coming fifth is the MAGUINDANAON; they are known as the people of
the flood plain in Mindanao originating from the province of Maguindanao. Outside the
province, they are scattered around the three districts of Davao City and other nearby
provinces like Davao del Sur, Davao del Norte and Davao Oriental. Living mostly along
the mouths of rivers, they impeded the Spanish colonizers’ efforts at bringing the other
tribes of Davao within the Christian fold. The sixth tribe is the MARANAO; Maranaos are
said to have the best traditional clothes out of all Filipino ethnic groups. They are also
called the “People of the Lake” and are known to be brave. Historically, Maranaos are
believed to have offered sacrifices in defense of their homelands and to pay homage to
Islam, their religion. Among those the tribe takes pride in is their rich literature called
Darangen as well as their sophisticated wood and metal crafts expressed in their
Torogan---a special house built for a Maranao maiden and Okir---an artistic design.
The seventh is called MATIGSALOG; Matigsalog or “River People” are
considered to be the most aboriginal inhabitants of Mindanao chiefly occupying the
Agusan river valley in Compostella, from Malalag to Sarangani and between Cuabo and
Cape San Agustin. In Davao City, they are mostly located in the hinterlands of Marilog,
Marahan or Paquibato. Their houses are built near the rivers, often on the forks of trees.
Of Malay descent, the Manobos are of slight built but athletic is from the words Matig
(place of origin) and Salug (river). They are regarded as one of Davao’s colourful tribes.
The OVU-MANUVOS is the eighth tribe. They are known for their intricate casting, fine
weaponry, and jewelry. For them, these things possess souls as souls also possess
animate objects. Obu oral tradition tells of Apo Sandawa's journey from the north to
Davao. Apo Sandawa's point of entry in Davao was at Ulas. From Ulas, Apo Sandawa
and his family moved north towards the Talomo mountains, even reaching Mt. Sinaka.
Apo Sandawa's journey ended in Mt. Apo where he was buried. Apo Sandawa is
considered the ancestor of the Obus.
The ninth tribe is called the SAMA. The Sama people are described as peace
loving and cohesive people thus putting so much value on togetherness. Their
forebears are said to possess special powers having the supernatural ability to invite
spirits called Jin to do things for them. Majority of the Sama people are mostly living in
the in Bunawan and other coastal areas in Davao City. The tenth tribe is the
TAGBANWA. Tagabawa means “People from the South” and they have been occupying
the districts of Marilog, Baguio, Calinan, Tugbok and Toril in Davao City. Natives who
identify themselves as such are called Bagobo. This tribe is said to be the most
intelligent of all natives in the Philippines. The Tagabawas occupy the districts of
Marilog, Baguio, Calinan, Tugbok and Toril. And lastly, the eleventh tribe is the
TAUSUG. The Tausugs dominate over the island of Sulu. They are known as the
People of the Current and are known for their courage and bravery. Loyalty is an
important trait among the Tausugs. They practice the ritual of blood compact to signify
the depth of their loyalty to one another. They are fierce and dangerous but the moment
one befriends one of them, the bond will be enduring.

Aeta, or Agta, are indigenous peoples living in scattered, isolated mountainous areas of
Luzon, Philippines. They are known to be Negritos, who are dark to very dark brown-
skinned and appear to have characteristics such as a short stature, a short frame, curly
to kinky afro-like textured hair with a higher incidence of naturally lighter hair than the
general population, small nose, and dark brown eyes. They are believed to be among
the first inhabitants of the Philippines to precede Austronesian migration. Mangyan is
the common term for the eight indigenous groups found on the island of Mindoro in the
Philippines, each with its own tribal name, language and customs. The overall
population may be about100,000, but there are no official figures available due to the
complexities of measuring remote and reclusive tribal groups, many of which have no
communication with the outside world. They seem to be intermarried with the
lowlanders. The community known east of Mindoro as Bangon may be a subgroup of
Tawbuid, as they speak the western dialect of that language. They also have an
alphabet called the Ambahan.

Ifugao is a heavily forested province of the Philippines in the Cordillera

Administrative Region of Luzon. The province of Ifugao, covering a total land area of
262,820 hectares, is situated in a mountainous region characterized by rugged terrain,
river valleys and vast forests. It is named after the term "i-pugo" which means I
(from/people) and "pugo" (hill), which means people on the hill. Kalinga Province is a
landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region of Luzon.
Its capital is Tabuk and borders the Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west,
Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the north and Apayao to the north. Ivatans are a
Philippine ethnolinguistic group prevalent in the Batanes Islands of the Philippines. The
Ivatan culture is partially affected by the environmental status of Batanes. In comparison
to the old-type nipa huts popular in the Philippines, Ivatans have adopted their now-
famous stone houses built of limestone, constructed to defend against hostile climates.

The Ilongots (or Ibilao) are a tribe living in the southern Sierra Madre
(Philippines) and Caraballo Ranges, on the east side of the island of Luzon in the
Philippines, mostly in the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya and Nueva Ecija, and along the
mountain boundaries between the provinces of Quirino and Aurora. The alternative
name of the tribe and its language is "Bugkalot". There are now about 2,500 Ilongots.