TQM – Unit 4

SQC
Unit 4
• Statistical Quality Control: Necessity and Importance of SQC,
• Process capability, Six Sigma quality,
• Process control
SQC
• Employing a number of statistical methods, SQC validates the
quality of premium goods and services.
• In 1924, Walter A. Shewhart produced the basic ideas for
statistical quality control, since after the area of SQC has been
scattered its foundation with extensive work of researchers,
quality controlled philosophers and statisticians.
• Making use of statistical tools and techniques in order to
monitor and manage product quality across various industries
including food, pharmaceutical and manufacturing units, the
process is named as Statistical Quality Control.
Advantages of Statistical Quality Control
1.Cost reduction: In this method, only a fragmentary output is inspected to
ensure the quality of product, therefore probe cost would be reduced
greatly.
2.Huge efficiency: Inspection of a fractional portion requires lesser time
and tedium in comparison to holistic investigation leading to huge
escalation in efficiency and production.
3.Easier to use: Pitching SQC not only reduces process variability but also
makes the process of production-in-control. Even, it is much to apply by an
individual without having such extensive specialized guidance.
4.Authentic anticipation: SQC is the most preeminent approach that can
accurately predict future production. To ensure the degree of perfection
and product performance, SQC provides a great predictability.
5.Prior fault detection: Any deviation from standard control limits depicts
signs of danger in the underlying production process that invites
necessary corrective measurement to be taken earlier. SQC is helpful in
early detection of faults.
Variation
• Variation is a fact of nature and manufacturing processes are
not exceptions to this.
• Types of variation can be
• (i) within the product,
• (ii) among the products produced during the same period of time, and
(iii) among the products produced at different period of time
• The probability of an event describes the chance of occurrence
of that event.
Scientific Techniques of SQC
• SQC uses three scientific techniques,
• Namely
• (i) sampling inspection,
• (ii) analysis of the data, and
• (iii) control charting.
Terms used in SQC
• Mean – It is an important statistic tool which measures the
central tendency of a set of data.
• Range and standard deviation – This information provides with
the variability of the data. It tells how the data is spread out
around the mean.
• Range is the difference between the largest observation and the
smallest observation in a set of data while standard deviation is
a statistics which measures the amount of data dispersion
around the mean.
Control chart
• A control chart is a graph which shows whether a sample of
data falls within the common or normal range of variation.
• A control chart has upper control limit (UCL) and lower control
limit (LCL) which separate common from assignable causes of
variation.
Benefits of SQC
• (i) it needs lesser time as compared to the 100 % inspection and hence the
efficiency increases,
• (ii) it provides a means of detecting error at inspection,
• (iii) it leads to more uniform quality of production,
• (iv) it improves the relationship with the customer,
• (v) it reduces inspection costs since only a fractional output is inspected,
• (vi) it reduces the number of rejections and saves the cost of material,
• (vii) it provides a basis for attainable specifications,
• (vi) it points out the bottlenecks and trouble spots,
• (vii) it provides a means of determining the capability of the manufacturing
process,
• (viii) specification can easily be predicted for the future, which is not possible
even with 100 % inspection,