Forces and Magnetism

Grade 4

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 01
Gravity and
Normal forces

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Gravity

Gravity is the force which

attracts or pulls all
objects towards the Earth.

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Gravity

It works on both
objec
at rest and objects
th are moving

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 Normal force

A normal force is made on an object that is in

contact with another object. The objects do not
move. For example, if you put a book on a
table the book is at rest. Are there any forces
actingbook?
the on The book will make or exert a
downward force on the
table.
This force is gravity pulling the book
downwards.
But the book does not fall, so something must
be

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 Force diagrams
We can show the direction of forces on a force
diagram. Each force is shown as an arrow. When
the forces are equal the arrows are the same
size. Forces act in pairs.
In the picture, the book exerts a downward force
on the table – this is gravity. The arrow shows the
force of gravity pointing down.
The table exerts an upward force on the book –
this is the normal force. The arrow for the normal
force points up. The two forces are in opposite
directions.
The two forces are equal so the arrows are the
same size. Gravity Normal force

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 Applied force
An applied force is any force that is applied to
another
object or person.
An applied
pulled force happens
by another object. when an object
The other is pushed
object can be or
a
person or a machine or machine part.

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 How much gravity?
All objects exert gravity.
When there are two objects, they exert gravity on
each other.

The amount gravity an object has on size.

of depends
The larger the object, the greater the force of
gravity.

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 How much gravity?

Gravity works over a distance.

The amount of gravity also depends on how close the
objects are: the closer the objects are, the stronger
the forces of gravity between
them.

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 Satellites

A body which orbits a larger body is called a satellite. The moon is a natural
atellite
s of the Earth.
The moon and the Earth are attracted towards each other by gravity.
The Earth is larger than the moon. So the Earth exerts a greater force of
gravity on the moon than the moon exerts on he Earth.

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 Pull of the Earth

Pull of the moon

Orbit of the moon

around the Earth

Path the moon would

naturally take if gravity
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 Artificial satellites
Scientists have used what they know about natural satellit essign
to
deand make satellites. These satellites are called artif tellites.
icial
saThere are many artificial satellites which orbit the
Earth.

Artificial satellites have a positive effect on our lives and

environment. For example, some of the satellites continuously
take photographs which help to make weather predictions.
Other satellites provide TV signals and GPS used on ships,
aeroplanes and some cars.

The International Space Station is an artificial satellite that

has
scientists living on it for years at a time. The scientists carry
out
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 H
ow does an artificial get into space?
satellite
An
spa artificial satellite is launched into

The satellite travels at an

speedenormous
to overcome the force of gravity
pulling it towards the centre of the Speed
Earth. gravity

Then, at a certain distance above the

Earth, it keeps moving at the same
speed
in an orbit around the Earth.
Gravity pulls the satellite toward
the

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 Friction, air resistance, water
resistance and upthrust

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 What is friction?
The force between two surfaces that are trying to slide past each other
is
called friction.
Friction only acts on moving

Friction always works in the direction opposite to the direction the object
is
moving. This slows down the moving object.

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 Water resistance
Water resistance and air resistance are types of
friction.
Water resistance is a force that slows things down that are moving through
water.

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 Upthrust force
An upthrust force is a force in the water that pushes things up .Any object that
moves
through water will be slowed down by the drag or water resistance.
The shape of the object can help to reduce the drag. Objects like the fish have a sleek
or
streamlined shape. This causes less disturbance of the water and therefore less
drag. Swimmers try to copy the streamlined shape of fish.
gravity

water
resistance

upthrust
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 Air resistance
Air resistance is a force that slows things down that are moving through
air.
Air resistance affects all moving objects on Earth. As objects move, the air pushes
against
the object, slowing down its movement.
Both water resistance and air resistance are sometimes called drag, because ey drag back
th
the moving object.

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 Air resistance
Air resistance pushes against a moving object, such as a car, and slows it down.
The larger the surface area of the moving object, the more air resistance there
is.

Air resistance also pushes against falling objects and slows them down. Look at
the photograph of hot air balloons. Air resistance helps to keep the balloons up
but the people in the basket under the balloon fill the balloon with gas. The gas
is lighter than air and the balloon floats.

A parachute uses air resistance to work. The person needs the parachute to
help them reach the Earth slowly and safely. It is very light in weight and has a
very big surface area. It catches lots of air in it as it falls down. This creates a lot
of air resistance.

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 Multiple forces

Many forces act together. All objects are

affected
by several different forces or multiple forces at
once.

The force that is the strongest will cause

change the
of an object.

The change might be a change of shape, a

change
of position or a change in the speed an object is 22
 Look at this example of Sofia rolling a ball. There are several
forces acting on the ball:

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 Look at this example of Sofia rolling a ball. There are several
forces acting on the ball:
• Applied force, as Sofia pushes the ball.
• Gravity pulls the ball down towards the Earth.
• Air resistance slows the ball down once it is oving.
• Friction with the floor slows the ball down once it is moving.

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 Which forces are acting when you ride a
bicycle?
Look at the picture of Marcus riding the bicycle.
Gravity is pulling Marcus and the bicycle towards the centre of the Earth.
Friction between the tyres and the road is pulling him back. Air resistance is
also pulling him back.
To overcome the air resistance and friction Marcus must push on the pedals
to push the bicycle forwards. This is thrust. Thrust is an applied force.
Professional cyclists who enter races all over the world have very carefully
designed (and very expensive) bicycles. Designers use science when they
choose strong but lightweight materials to make the bicycles, tyres to cope
with rough roads or smooth roads and high-tech gears to cope with
mountainous country.
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 Which forces are acting when you ride a bicycle?

Thrust

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 Forces acting on aeroplanes

Air resistance and gravity are the two forces which act on anything lifted
from the Earth and moved through the air. To overcome these forces we
have to create our own forces of thrust and lifting up. An aeroplane is a good
example of these forces. An aeroplane uses its wings and engines to lift it off
the ground and thrust it forward. You can demonstrate this in the next
activity.

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 What are magnetic
materials?
Magnetic materials are materials that are attracted to a magnet. If you hold a
magnet next to an object and you can feel the pulling force of the magnet,
the object is attracted to the magnet. This means the object is made of
magnetic material.
Some metal objects are attracted to a magnet but non-metals like plastic and
wood are not attracted to a magnet.
Silver, gold and platinum these metals are not magnetic.
Iron, steel, aluminium, copper and chromium are magnetic.

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 Alloy

A mixture of metals is called an alloy. For example, steel is an alloy made

mainly from iron. It is much stronger than iron.
We use steel to make machines, steel pipes and bridges.
Chromium is mixed with steel to make an alloy called stainless steel. Stainless
steel does not rust. It is used in many objects such as knives, sinks and
medical instruments.
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. We use brass to make door handles and
ornaments.

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 What is the difference between a magnet and
a magnetic material?
A magnet is a material that has an area around it where magnetic force is
active.
We can’t see this area.
In this area a magnet can attract or repel other magnets and it can attract a
magnetic material.
A magnetic material does not have an area around it where magnetic force is
active, like a magnet does. So a magnetic material cannot attract another
magnetic material. A magnetic material can only be attracted to a magnet
when it is in the magnet’s area of magnetic force.

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 Like poles repel, unlike poles
attract.
South pole North pole

When different poles (unlike poles) of two magnets are brought close to each other, they will
attract each other. This is the force of attraction.

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 C. When the same poles (like poles) of two magnets are brought close to each
other,
they will repel or push each other away. This is the force of repulsion.

A magnet will only repel another magnet, but not something that is made of
a
magnetic material.
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 Poles always exist in pairs, they cannot separated.

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 A magnet, when suspended freely, will
always point in a North-South
direction.
When a magnet is suspended freely, it will always point in a North - South direction.

A bar magnet is suspended

freely from a retort stand.

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 Magnets are used in a compass to help us find our directions. The needle in a compass is
a magnet. One end of this magnet will always point to the Earth’s North pole.

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 A magnet is strongest at its poles.
When we pour iron filings on a bar magnet, the iron filings will line up along the
lines around the magnet.

There are more iron filings at the poles than at the middle of the magnet.

This shows that a magnet is strongest at its poles and weakest in the

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 A magnet can exert magnetic
a force
from a distance
A magnet does not need to come in contact with a magnetic object to attract

A magnet does not need to come into contact contact with another magnet
to
repel it.

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 Magnetic field
Magnetic field is the region around
magnet where its magnetic force can
be felt.

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 Magnetism can pass through non-
magnetic materials.
Although a magnet cannot attract non-magnetic materials. Its magnetism can pass
through them.

Sometimes, the magnetism of a magnet cannot pass through non-magnetic materials.

This happens when:

★ The magnet is too weak.

★ The non-magnetic material is too thick.

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Properties of
magnet
Like poles repel, unlike poles

Poles always exist in pairs, they cannot be

A magnet, when suspended freely, will always point in a North-South

A magnet is strongest at its

A magnet can exert a magnetic force from a

Magnetism can pass through non-magnetic

41
materials.