SELİN SAMAR- 201122032

Lab On An Organ Platforms

“PLAGIARISM STATEMENT”

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Selin SAMAR 19.12.2020

What is the current problem that needs to be solved? The Covid-19 which has not
cured yet because of the limited high technology laboratories, side effects of vaccines and
determining accuracy of the vaccine on subject-groups.

Scientists found some pioneer solutions for those and other similar problems. These
technologies are firstly Lab-on-Chip (LOC) technology, then 3D cell culture technology
and finally Organ-on-Chip (OOC) technology.

1) Lab-On-Chip (LOC)
First biotechnological development was Lab-on-Chip technology that integrates one or
many functional laboratories in one single chip. The system basically works with
microfluids and nanofluids in tiny channels with laminar flowThis LOC technology
provides more than portability, such as increasing the control of process like quicker
reactions and leminar flow that does not allow mixing between neighbouring streams in
one hollow channel, lowering costs and reducing chemical waste.

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 One of the most prominent LOC devices are at home pregnancy test kits that uses
paper-based microfluidics technology. Also, with LOC devices, we can determine and
diagnose bacteria and viruses. HIV infection is a good example when it comes to viral
infections. Millions of people have been infected with HIV in the world today and only
the half of them are getting anti-retroviral treatments and ¾ of them are aware that they
are diagnosed. Main reasons of this problem are limited trained technicians and
expensive equipments. Recently a cytometer developed for a very low cost which
determines the HIV on blood. There are very numerous active areas like controlled
separation and mixing to, again, diagnose and treat diseases.

Last but not least LOC technology is very beneficial for plant industries and research.
This can be used to obtain guidance of characterized pollen tubes.

We can easily say that the LOC technology is something in our lives, but we are not
aware of. Researchers and scientists always develop and find new epochal inventions
like 2D and 3D cell culture technology.

2)3D Cell-Culture

A 3D cell-culture is an environment which is created by mimicking biological cells and

allows grow or interact with their surroundings in three dimensions. Unlike 2D culture
such as petri dish, it is designed for chemicals to react like they are in a capsule or
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similar to biologic cells. This technology garnered a lot of attention because of
promoting levels of cell differentiation and tissue organization which are not possible in
2D culture systems. Mono-layered cell cultures are often known as obtaining unreliable
predictions of in vivo effects of drug and toxic.

There are two types of this system: scaffold techniques and scaffold-free techniques.

a) Scaffold technique: This method uses solid scaffolds, hydrogels and other
supplies. Hydrogels` duty is to provide natural-like extracellular matrix (ECM)
for survival, migration and proliferation of the cell. Different types of hydrogels
mimic the original ECM. Hydrogels are the gates of the system and helps
transporting water, nutrition, gases and other liquids.
b) Scaffold-free technique: Scaffold-free technique includes forced-floating methods
that uses low adhesion plates, hanging drop plates, micropatterned surfaces and
bioreactors. Spheroids are a type of 3D cell simulations that can show chemical
and physical reactions inter-cells and between cells and matrix. We use spheroids
to determine healthy cells and tumoral cells, and also to observe differences and
interactions between them. One common method is to use low adhesion plates to
mass-produce spheroids. There is an another very in demand, bioreactors. The
bioreactors are especially engineered for growing cells in 3D. Bioreactor uses
biologically active but synthetic materials such as polyethylene terephthalate and
many more membranes to surround the spheroid like a cell membrane. They are
easy to control the crossing between cell and matrix, and also it ensures cell to
grow equally in each direction.

There is a very important benefit of 3D cell-culture and that is tissue engineering.

In this alternative method of tissue engineering that is provided by 3D cell-culture, uses

microstructured fiber scaffolds instead of biomaterials. Unfortunately, tissue
engineering can be quite expensive, and regulation around this application are not well
defined in some countries. Despites all that, 3D culture remains a trustworthy approach
to conduct research on stem cells and cell differentiation.

This pioneer technology brought us to the Organ-on-Chip (OOC) technology which is

new yet in use.

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 3)Organ-on-Chip (OOC)

With the development of microfluidics and 3D cell-culture models and also huge
development in tissue engineering and stem cells, technology brought us here, to the
OOC. There are still mysteries about human body because we can not provide doing
research on a living body`s organs for causing no risky and uneven situation. But with
this, we can get more information about our bodies and accelerate cures for viruses,
cancer and bacteria.

The system basically works like an organ. When you inject a chemical to the chip, it
shows the reaction of the organ chemically and psychologically. We determine the
results in a monitor-like device. One of the main applications of OOC is as a predictive
tool for drug discovery.  Traditional cell-based toxicity processes such as tissue culture,
are problematic in predicting drug toxicity because, very often, cultivated cells do not
retain their original organ functions and morphologies. OOC systems are capable of
accurate predictions, so that`s why this is eliminating animal testing and animal cruelty.
OOC devices` benefits are countless but there are more important ones like personalized
medicines and disease modelling. Although it is a very expensive way to do research, it
does not mean it will not be efficient.

Each organ-chip is produced as clear, flexible polymer about a size of a AA battery

that contains hollow microfluidic channels, designed as living human organ-spesific
cells, interfaced with a human endothelial cell-lined artificial vasculature.

As an example Lung-on-Chip system provides mechanical forces that are applied to

mimic the physical microenvironment of living organs, including breathing motions and
humidity level of change in lung.

Wyss Institute researchers and a multidisciplinary team of collaborators have

engineered microchips and they gave interview about their research and you can find it
in the attachment.

https://vimeo.com/29463381

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REFERENCES
 https://www.wearecellix.com/organ-on-chip?gclid=Cj0KCQiAw_H-BRD-
ARIsALQE_2Mt--GVE_bPY-QkWjZ69RCdsTM8y_-
yd8TUpf6VsQ2OAaaisaD3srYaAgfJEALw_wcB
 https://wyss.harvard.edu/media-post/introduction-to-organs-on-a-chip/
 https://www.tudelft.nl/en/eemcs/research/facilities/else-kooi-lab/applications/organ-
on-a-chip-interfacing-with-living-tissue/
 https://tureng.com/tr/turkce-ingilizce/k%C3%B6k%20h%C3%BCcre
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ-on-a-chip
 https://www.fda.gov/media/104288/download
 https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwyss.harvard.edu
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 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7345732/
 https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=3081
 https://wyss.harvard.edu/technology/human-organs-on-chips/
 https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0011583
 https://www.intechopen.com/
 https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmc-rm.org
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ABAD
 https://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-reviews/organs-on-chip-3d-cell-culture/3d-
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%20scaffold%2Dfree%203D,well%2Dplates%5B29%5D.
 https://wyss.harvard.edu/media-post/introduction-to-organs-on-a-chip/

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