Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design, Investiga' Er. YANG Kin Seng 18Ape 2015, Atotition of Consulting Engineers ‘Seoazore Marla dren Overall Scope Introduction and Overview of Eurocodes framework — Eurocode 7 — Geotechnical D ¥ Overview and Applications ¥ Basis of Geotechnical Design ¥ — Geotechnical Data ‘ Eurocode 7- Geotechnical Investigation and Testing ¥ Geotechnical investigation ¥ — Geotechnical Parameters Y — Geotechnical Design Report + Geotechnical designs using Eurocode 7 Design Approaches Spread Foundation Piled Foundation Embedded Earth-Retaining Structures Hydraulic Failure Overall Stability and Embankment Serviceabilty Aspects KAS KAAS ‘ — Eurocode 7 ~ Supervising of Construction, Monitoring and MaintenanceEurocodes Overall framework Introduction and Overview of Eurocodes framework The framework of Eurocode = Introduction, how Eurocode works and updates = Concepts: assumptions, principles, rules, design situations, actions, materialsWhat are Eurocodes ? > The Structural Eurocodes are a European suite of codes for structural design > They will effectively replace the current codes and standards > They will be used as an acceptable basis for meeting compliance with the Building Regulations | The Structural Eurocodes Eurocode 0_|| EN 1990 : Basis of Structural Design Eurocode 1_| | EN 1991 : Actions on Structures Eurocode 2 EN 1992 : Design of Concrete Structures Eurocode 3 EN 1993 : Design of Steel Structures Eurocode 4 EN 1994 : Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures Eurocode 5 EN 1995 : Design of Timber Structures Eurocode 6 EN 1996 : Design of Masonry Structures Eurocode7 _|| EN 1997 : Geotechnical Design Eurocode 8 EN 1998 : Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance Eurocode 9 EN 1999 : Design of Aluminum Structureset Eurocodes Relationships Peg es) Structural safety, EN serviceability and EN 1991 Actions on ne Structures 77" Design and Detailing EN 1992 || EN 1993} | EN 1994 E (Material/Resistance) = [EN 1995 || EN 1996] | EN 1999 Geotechnical and EN 1997 Seismic Design to Fundamentals of Structural Eurocodes The structure and structural members to be designed, executed and maintained to satisfy : y Bafety}requirement - the structure will sustain all actions and influences likely to occur during execution and use. v Berviceability|requirement — the structure during its intended life, = with appropriate degrees of reliability and in an economic way, will remain fit for the use for which it is required. E ¥ [Robustness]requirement - the structure will not be damaged by events such as explosion, impact or consequence of human = errors, to an extent disproportionate to the original cause. v [Fire Jequirement — the structural resistance shall be adequate for the required period of time.National Annex EN Annexes EN Main Text Normative Annexes t Informative Annexes Normative r Contains information that must be followed Informative eS Contains supplementary information that may be followedA National Annex cannot change or modify the content of the EN Eurocode text in any way other than where it indicates that national choices may be made by means of Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs). v Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs) [ values and/or classes where alternatives are given in the Eurocode (eg partial factors for pile design) and values to be used where a symbol only is given in the Eurocode. ] v Country specific data v Procedure to be used where alternative procedures are given in the Eurocode (eg Design Approach s(t) 20r3) v Guidance on the informative annexes (eg warning that earth pressure formulation ignores water) v Reference to non-contradictory, complementary information to assist the user to apply the Eurocode (eg reference to BS 1377)1989 Publication —_in the of ENs pega SE se -Eucente sommrormein Syessistacpan : See ee Re uc == ‘National Annexes of Seams Eee a produced dratt EN zn mies! on ree SER ven a Eamon ee cere B87 Made! Bose proses) Implementation framework (UK) a PERM ANUe SU Rosca =i am uaO eRe Translation into Fix Nationally ‘Adapt National country language Determined Provisions to allow use Parameters of Eurocode Part LeU cee Wom orc RAILS’ 4 Coexistence Period with Adoption of National National Codes Provisions Wiei ensue euciccee PeeteImplementation of Eurocodes in the UK Letter of 29 January 2010 issued by Department for Communities and Local Government, UK ‘Withdrawal of Structural Design Standards (British Standards) and Updating Approved Documents A and C’: “Under an agreement between the European standardisation bodies, the national standards bodies including BSI for the UK will withdraw any conflicting national structural design standards by 31 March 2010.” | Implementation of Eurocodes in the UK at is meant by “wi 31 Mar 2010 + Introduction of a suite of new BS for structural design based on Eurocodes * The BS to be withdrawn on 31 March are and will remain available from BSI. But BSI committees have in already stopped updating those BS, and so they may ae not necessarily be suitable for aspects of structural design in the medium and long term. + need to be aware of the risk of designs inappropriately mixing new design standards based on the BS ENs and 5 withdrawn BS design standards.Implementation of Eurocodes in the UK @ being conducted on the withdrawn BS Standards. > What is meant by “withdrawn” ? v The Eurocode package is complete and there should be no technical reason why the design tules in the Eurocodes need to be augmented by the use of withdrawn British Standards. v The Eurocodes contain the latest technical information and its Committees are actively engaged in responding to questions, clarifying uncertainties and in maintenance of the Eurocode suite of standards. No further work is Non-Contradictory Complementary Information (NCCI) Documents may be published in the form of Non-Contradictory Complementary Information (NCCI) on guidance on the application of the Eurocodes, and on aspects not covered by the Eurocodes. The National Annex (NA) can make reference to relevant NCCI ‘Singapore's National Annex (NA), NAA Relorences enon contacto complamartny information Examples : + Background to the decisions behind the Nationally Determined Parameters in the National Annexes; + Guidance on aspects not covered by the Eurocodes; + Clarification on the recommended application of some Eurocode clauses; Residual information from some withdrawn SS/BS which does not conflict with the Eurocodes;, References to further background information or guidance. a Singapore's SS EN 1997-1 12010Implementation of Eurocodes in the UK ae Department for ‘Communities and Local Government 30 July 2013 CHANGES TO THE BUILDING REGULATIONS - AMENDMENTS TO APPROVED DOCUMENTS A (STRUCTURE) AND C (SITE PREPARATION AND RESISTANCE TO CONTAMINANTS AND MOISTURE) 1» the Department for Communities and Local Government has published [changes to the Building Regulations regime which will be delivered through |amendments to the statutory guidance in Approved Documents A (Structure) and C (Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture). The changes will take effect from 1 October 2013. YR (2020s 2013 ssu0d by Deparment fr Corenunies and Local Government UK Sg 7 cranges 1 tne Building Regulations ~ Amendments to Approved Documents A and C Implementation of Eurocodes in the UK Titer of 30 July 2013 issued by Department for Communities and Local Governme! [7 changes to the Building Regulations - Amendments to Approved Documents A and C’ oJ Department for Communities and Local Government Aso Changes to Approved Document A (Structure) There is no change to Part A of Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations 2010 (as amended). The main change to Approved Document A (Structure) has been updating of the references to structural design standards, so these refer to the current British Standards for structural design, replacing references to standards withdrawn by the British Standards Institution (BSi) on 31 March 2010. The current British Standards are based on a suite of common European design standards, the Eurocodes, which provide a unified approach to structural design across the European Union.Implementation of Eurocodes in the UK Sa Letter of 30 July 2073issued by Department for Communities and Local Government, UK ‘Changes to the Building Regulations - Amendments to Approved Documents A and C cd apartment for Communities and Local Government Itis likely that structural designs will continue to be completed using the withdrawn British Standards for some years. This approach is considered appropriate given the functional nature of Building Regulations. Building Control Bodies assessing compliance with the Building Regulations will need to consider the use of standards on a case by case basis. fama EE bd = the 2004 edition of Approved Document A where the use of recently withdrawn standards is proposed. Building Control Bodies will need to be aware of the safety risk of designs inappropriately mixing structural designs based on both the new and the withdrawn British Standards.Building and Construction Pe swoaiy Dear sirMadam (a) (b) ‘Structural Eurocodes will be accepted from 1 Apr 2013, and co-exist for two years with the current Singapore/British Standards and Structural Eurocodes will be the only prescribed structural design standards from 1 Apr 2015. ‘Structural Eurocodes to be implemented on 4 Apr 2013 2 0n.26 sep 2011, me esued 9 ceculr Indcating the tentative mene on the Irnlementation ef stctra’ Euocodes in Singapore, The proposed tein sae Stbsaquenty defesed to stow time for tre completon of ai the Singapore National Annoxes to. the Eurocodes. Wh te recent completion of te. lst Singeaore's National Annex, we are randy to Mpament Eurcodes for structural oan 3 Singapore's version of the Eurocodes Ie denoted 06 “SS EN", and the ‘Standard sha be une th the corresponding NA to SEN, The number of Parts In Ss'eh ond NA to SS EN appleabien Snpapore are shown IM[ANMEXAT ANNEX A ‘Annex A | Number of Parts and National Annexes that are applicable in Singapore Code Ret | Title Wamber of of parts | NAtoSSEN SSN 1990 | Base of sructural dean i z SS EN 1981 | Actions of structure a 3 5 EN 1992 | Desion of concrete suuctuTes 4 4 35 1985 | Design of steel structures ED 7 35 Ei 1982 | Desion of Compost teal and concrete suuctures |__ 5 35 91 1985 | Desion of uber structures uy 35 EN 1996 | Design of masonry structures z 35 EN 1987 | Geotechnical desion z z ‘55 Ei 1988 | Desan of structures for earthquake resistance: ra 7 35 91 1999 | Desion of aluminium structures . i 4 + £11 1995, EN 1996 and EN 1999 are not currenty in the Singapore Eurocodes adoption programme. Only EN 1998-1 is adopted as Singapore Eurocodes. The rematring EN 1998-2 to 6 are not curently in the Smgapore Eurocodes adoption programme.jen ANNEX B SS EN as the only prescribed structural design standards after 1 Apr 2015 5 At the end of the two-year co-existence period on 1 Apr 2015, the $5/BS will be withdrawn from the Approved Document. Thereafter, the SS ENs will be the only prescribed design standards from 1 Apr 2015. The list of SS ENs and the corresponding Singapore/British_design standards to_be withdrawn from the Approved Document is oy annex ‘A comparative list of Singapore/British standards: and the equivalent SS ENs that replace them Is in[Annex C) Listing of SS ENs and NAs to $$ EN and the corresponding Singapore/British design standards to be withdrawn from the ‘Approved Document SSEN Parts See “Associated National] Corresponding 55/65 ‘amex (WA) wo bewithdrawn, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design $5 EN 19971 Tate sented [eseme Geotechnical des, 8 enna Genera les, 8s e006 Bs one wena Taw SSE TTD seotechncal esa. [Ground imestgrton and testing a ad wu z Zz az [Annex B} Listing of SS ENs and NAs to SS EN and the corresponding Singapore/British design standards to be withdrawn from the Approved Document SEEN Parts ‘Rssociated National | Corresponding 58/65 ‘nex (WA) tobe withdrawn[Annex G] Comparative list of Singapore/British standards to be withdrawn and their equivalent replacement by Singapore/European standards (informative) i onanore ith standards Equivalent sioapore {Gotta irom the Approved Document) {Eaopean Sondra = Ero See of weigh lng mwa ema ye Se Sones woeunen Be taiet_| ana boangh Como pate a aaa andmpond [SENT esse SSeuisant? a 3592 sang x ngs Code pace wind SOUT | BE 6:3 [Loco er lugs: Code of pace fr noone owes [OS 99E-F3 | EPs Chair V2 | Cobban dif the deg of bald cogs ind SS ENOL I 7 = | Soe Cade pci fone Faeroe by eae Sune Spay | [ode of prac fo wart eta wa Tod race Tor Ss esGREON. caret ay | replaced by = BSN 150 sa600-2 Been iso lacus? | ESEN ISO 14680 (le ey SSeuisoms1 BSeNiso220762 | BSEN ISO 4763 a Sen iser2 BSE 90722621 BSeN iso 22025 SEN I90 2282-6 [Annex] Comparative list of Singapore/British standards to be withdrawn and their equivalent replacement by Singapore/European standards (informative) ror standards slat Seangore | | etereiitwn hom the Arroved cama) | Faeyr - SSA | Mein oss Oey pap Gane | aT nguranan sd ene pepo BETTE |e of et wl es engeing pa are ems. | OQ Ra msrttecematamennne oma [aan | - So ascend ee pe [RBs ett on ape Swans |e Compton eint | LL eis neta ae as tr agri pros ane | z Cansei, pt sy ae Sass piesa oe tengmego aaa ez Corte pray a on th papesa mentee Ce Seng ech a BSUS | Nees et esol cpring paper She ‘Sona st tes BSS] wat ol x owing pape Bray [ah ena Es evscueed ssevio ures - Elise Boon apace tare eee - SPRING Sane,Eurocodes Eurocodes General Aspects + Basis of Structural Design (EN 1990) > Requirements > Assumptions * Definitions of some common terms > Action > Effects > Values % Limit State Design Principles General AspectsEuropean Standardisation Structural Eurocodes ¥ Structural design design adsumphen ealecteok Execution Standards“ y Construction, workmanship and quality control EN1536 - Execution of special geotechnical work: Bored piles EN 1537 - Execution of special geotechnical work Ground anchors Eg Product Standards Y Specifications for construction products, materials and testing E.g EN 19969 Precast Conerete Products EN 10025 Hot-rolled Structural Steel Products med C € EN 10080 Steel for Reinforcement Structural Eurocodes The ten Eurocodes are further divided into a total of 58 parts, each containing specific provisions relating to the design of particular types or groups of structures, such as buildings, bridges, towers, cranes, masts, tanks and silos. Clauses in Eurocodes Section? Basis of geotechnical design ExamplePri ples and Application Rules Separate paragraphs into + Principles (identified by the letter ‘P’ : verb used is ‘shall’. ) & + We shall do certain things. + General statements and definitions for which there is no alternative. + Requirements and analytical models for which no alternative is permitted unless specifically stated. + Application Rules (verbs used include ‘should’, ‘may’, ‘can’ etc.) + generally recognised rules that comply with the Principles and satisfy their requirements. + Permissible to use alternative design rules provided they are at least equivalent with regard to the structural safety, serviceability and durability Se Structure’s Design Life ¥ What is the structure's design working life ? v What are the requirements for the structure’s design working life ? The design working life should be specified. EN 1990 2.3(1)Design Working Life The design working life is the “assumed period for which a structure or part of it is to be used for its intended purpose with anticipated maintenance but without major repair being necessary.” co 15501528 EN 1990 indicates Category 1 to 5 Table 2.1 ~ Indicative design working life Design working | Indicative design lle category | working life (years) ae 10 Temporary structures 5 roin2s | Repaceste susie pars ear ordos 8 181030 | Agricultural and similar structures: 4 50 Building structures and other common structures ‘Monumental building structures, bridges, and other cil engineering structures {fy Structures or paris of structures that can be dismantled witha view to being reused should not be considered as temporary. 5 100 Requirements for the structure’s design life What are the requirements for the structure’s design working life ? ‘They are found in Section 2 of EN 1990 ~ Eurocode : Basis of structural design Example : Basic requirements include - v The structure shall be designed and executed in such a way that it will, during its intended life, with appropriate degrees of reliability and in an economical way + To sustain all likely actions and influences likely to occur during execution and use + Meet the specified serviceability requirements for a structure or a structural element. [EN1990 §2.1(1)P] ¥ Astructure shall be designed to have adequate : + structural resistance + serviceability and + durability EN1990 §2.1(2)P]How will the design meet the requirements ? jesign which employs the Principles and Application Rules is deemed to meet the requirements if assumptions given in EN 1990 to EN 1999 are satisfied. [LEN 1990 61.3(1)} Assumptions EN 1990 makes general assumptions on : + The way structures are designed + Personnel - appropriate qualifications, skill and experience + Choice of structural system + Designing the structure + Construction + Execution — adequately supervised and with quality controlled ( eg in design office, factories, plants and on-site) + The structure is adequately maintained emer GINO race, A + The structure istised'in accordance with the design assumptions + Construction materials and products — follow those specified in Eurocodes TEN 1990§1.92)] EN 1990: Basis of design Action (F) is : v a) Set of forces (loads) applied to the structure ( direct action) b) Set of imposed deformations or accelerations caused e.g. by temperature changes, uneven settlement or earthquakes (indirect action) ane Effect of Action (E) Effect of actions (or action effect) on structural members (eg internal forces, moment, stress, strain) or on the whole structure (eg deflection, rotation) 1532 Geotechnical Action is action transmitted to the structure by the ground, fil or groundwater. earth loater 1537Classification of Actions : Basic variables Actions shall be clas: fied by their variation in time as follows: EN 1990 4.1.1 (1)P Definition (duration and Actior EN 1990 pes Ex. les i variation with time) aes - ‘Action that] and for which the variation in is likely to | magnitude with time is Selt-weight, fixed act negigible orfor which the | equipment; anc Permanent (G) | 1.5.9.9 | throughout | variation is always inthe | incirect actions : agiven | same direction (monotonic) | caused by uneven reference until the action attains a settlements period —_| certain limit value ‘Action for which the variation in magnitude with time is | imposed loads on Variable (a) | 1.5.34 neither negligible nor building floors, ‘i ‘monotonic wind actions: ‘ation, | ut of significant magnitude, ck usually | that is unliely to occur ona | Explosion, impact, Accidental (A) 1.5.3.5 | short given structure during the from vehicles duration _| design working lite NOTE: Indirect actions caused by imposed deformations can be either permanent or variable. - Values Relating to Actions Thom reo pestevial Shaul, Cncrite Characteristic value of an Action (F,) is : - Principal representative value of an action Representative value of an Action (F,.,) is : Value used for the verification of a limit state. A representative value may be the characteristic value (F,) or an accompanying value ( F,) = ‘The representative value of a single generic action is given by : Fp = WF where ¥ is a combination factor, less than or equal to 1.0.Values Permanent Action (G): The combination factor ¥ is omitted for permanent ic oS ‘A distinction is made between leading and ‘accompanying variable actions, Variable Actions (Q) : The value of Wis typically equal to 1.0 for the ‘leading’ variable action (Q,), but is less than one for all ‘accompanying’ variable actions (Q,) Example Total design action (F,) : (One variable action Is the leading action + Yor %s + Ero) Po. ‘Transient ‘This takes account of reductions in design values of variable actions - a reduced probabiliy that they wil all atain extreme values simultaneously. The other variable actions ‘which are considered to act simultaneously ate reduced by #. Qi Values of Factor, ¥ Appropriate values of ¥ shall be taken from EN 1990:2002. ECT-1 2.4.6.1(3)P EN 1990:2002 Annex At Tmpoad Teds bulings catgay Ge ENI991-1-0, ergValues Relai g to Material and Product properties Characteristic value ( X, or Ry) is : Value of a material or product property having a prescribed probability of not being attained in a hypothetical unlimited test series. This value generally corresponds to a specified fractile of the assumed statistical distribution of the particular property of the material or product. A nominal value is used as the characteristic value in some circumstances. EN 1900 1541 Unless otherwise stated in EN 1991 to EN 1999 : — where a low value of material or product property is unfavourable, the characteristic value should be defined as the 5% fractile value; - where a high value of material or product property is unfavourable, the characteristic value should be defined as the 95% fractile value, EN 1900 42(9) Number of Results i ‘Lower’ characteristic value Standard deviation , © ‘Higher" ame value 5% fractile , Value of Parameter ‘igherValues sA_ fo Relating to. Material and Product properties bow 4s Geter 7 Design value (X, or Ry) is 4 dapuwett on tmaoufacturn Value obtained by dividing the characteristic value by a partial factor ts or ty , or, in special circumstances, by direct determination. ie Select wile cations Ym is partial factor for a material property ‘hs is partial factor for a material property, also accounting for model uncertainties and dimensional variations. | and Product properties 4.3(1)P Geometrical data (a) : Geometrical data shall be represented by their characteristic values, or (e.g. the case of imperfections) directly by their design values. The design value of a geometrical property is generally equally to the characteristic value. Usual to treat geometrical data as known values, taking the characteristic value as the nominal value provided on the design drawings. Eg of structural member, height of slopes. | However, it may be treated differently in cases where the limit state under consideration is very sensitive to the value of the geometrical property, for example when considering the effect of geometrical imperfections on buckling. Conservative values : imperfections are based on tolerances given in the construction specification; to take in account imperfections in setting out, workmanship and other construction issues.EN 1990: Basis of design Eurocodes are based on Limit State design principles. Limit states are “ states beyond which the structure no longer fulfils the relevant design criteria ”. Adistinction shall be made between v Ultimate Limit States and v Serviceability Limit States EN 1990: Basis of design Ultimate Limit States Ultimate Limit States are concerned with : — The safety of the people, and/or — The safety of the structure | Examples: | ¥ Loss of equilibrium Y Excessive deformation, rupture, transformation into mechanism, loss of stability Failure caused by fatigue or other time-dependent effects. Serviceability Limit States Serviceability Limit States are concerned with : - The functioning of the structure or structural members. under normal use ; — The comfort of people ; - The appearance of the construction works.EN 1990: Basis of design Limit State Design Principles Limit states shall be related to design situations. TEN 1990 9.1(3)P] What are design situations ? They are " sets of physical conditions representing the real conditions occurring during a certain time interval for which the design will demonstrate that relevant limit states are not exceeded.” EN 1990: Basis of design Design Situations Design situations shall be classified as : + Persistent — conditions of normal use + Transient — temporary condition, e.g. during execution or repair + Accidental - exceptional conditions eg fire, impact, explosion + Seismic ~ seismic events [EN 1990 3.22)7] v Limit state concept used in conjunction with the partial factor method v Design situations determine ¥ Combinations of actions v Partial FactorsVerification of Limit State Design v The verifications shall be carried out for all relevant design situations and load cases. Design for limit states shall be based on the use of structural and load models It shall be verified that no limit state is exceeded when the relevant design values are used in these models: + Actions + Material or Product properties, and + Geometrical data EN 1991 : Actions on structures Part 1-6 : General actions - Actions during execution Principles and Application rules for the determination of actions to be considered during execution of bui \gs and civil engineering works, including the following aspects — actions on structural and non-structural members during handling; — geotechnical actions ; — actions due to prestressing effects ; — pre-deformations ; — temperature, shrinkage, hydration effects ; — wind actions ; — snow loads ; — actions caused by water ; — actions due to atmospheric icing ; — construction loads ; — accidental actions — seismic actionsEN 1991- Examples Extract of Table 2.1 Classification of actions (other than construction loads) during execution stages Related Classification ause in ‘ction awe] Source ‘his Cassication’ | Variation in time ation’ spaual variation | (stata! standard ‘ong aah 42 | Sotwoight | Parana ore | ream Tse | ensoores 2” |g Permanent Indie Fros Static EN 1997 443 ean ame Direct Free State EN 1997 pressure vanatie Permansa 21990, EN 44 | Prestessing | Pemane Dieet Fed sac | EUISSO.EN Pro. Permanen Fecha | eee feelers Indroet roa sic | ente80 48 | Temperance | __varabe indeet Free sae | eNssor ‘ations due | _Permanen Siar ag | Attonsdue | | Pemanen | prec rrodree | Sal | ewros0 sate | EN 1000 EN 410° | Accidental | Accdenat | ovewinavect | Free pana | enon EN 1991 : Actions on structures Part 1-6 Actions during execution Geotechnical actions The characteristic values of * geotechnical parameters, * — soil and earth pressures, and + limiting values for movements of foundations shall be determined according to EN 1997. EN 1991-1-64.9(1)>Eurocode 7 Eurocode 7 > Overview Scope of EC 7 : Geotechnical Design Assumptions > Basis of Geotechnical Design EC? — Part 1: General Rules Design Requirements Geotechnical Category > Ground Investigation & Testing EC7 — Part 2 : Ground Investigation and Testing Ground Investigation Sampling, Field and Laboratory Testing Geotechnical InformationEurocode 7 » Geotechnical Data = Geotechnical Parameters "Characteristic Values of Geotechnical Parameters "Ground Investigation Report > Basis of Geotechnical Design (cont'd) Verification requirements Design Approaches Geotechnical Design Report Serviceability Eurocode 7 > Illustrations using EC 7 Spread Foundation Piled Foundation Embedded Earth-Retaining Walls Hydraulic Failure Overall Stability and Embankment EC 7- Supervising of Construction, Monitoring and Maintenance vEurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Eurcode 7 on geotechnical design, provides “one, unified methodology for all geotechnical design problems.” EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 1 : General Rules lssicy ruled = onthe geotechnical aspects of the design of structures. Design Rules = Gonoral framework for geotechnical design + Definition of ground parameters = Characteristic and design values + Goneral rules fr site Investigation = Rules forthe design of main types of ‘geotechnical structures = Some assumptions on execution procedures EN 1997-2 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 2 : Ground investigation and testing - ~ gives the general requirements and rules for the performance and evaluation of laboratory and field testing for use in geotechnical design. Geotechnical investigation and testing ~ Detailed rules for site investigations = General tes specifications Derivation of ground properties and geotechnical ‘model ofthe site ~ Examples of calculation methods based on field ‘and laboratory tasts| National Annex to EN 1997-1 National Annex to EN 1997-2 ‘National Annex EN 1997-1 Design Rules National Annex EN 1997-2 Geotechnical Investigation and Testing Execution of geotechnical works (CEN/TC 288) Execution standards = specific design rules (informative annexes) ‘+ specific test procedures Test Standards (CENTC341) Standards for ‘= Driling and sampling methods and groundwater measurements. + Laboratory and field tests on soils and rocks Tests on structures or parts of structures ‘Identification and classification of soils and rocks Examples: 1S0 22476 : Sampling by riling and excavation and groundwater measurements 180 17692 : Laboratory testing of sol 180 22476 : Field Testing 180 22477 : Testing of geotechnical EN 1836: Bored piles EN 1597 : Ground anchors Examples: “ots | {it structures EN 12063 : Sheet plo walls ISO 14688 : Idontifcation and lasstication of soils [EN 1838 : Diaphragm walls 180 14689 : Identification and Classification of rocks 180 22282 : Geohydraule TestingEuropean Standards for the Execution of Special Geotechnical Works Other Structural Eurocodes eg. EN 1993 Geotechnical Project Eg ISO/CEN Standards for Geotechnical Design Eurocodes : EN 1997- 1 and EN 1997- 2 Eurocodes : Basis of Structural Design Test Standards (SS EN 1990) and and Technical Actions on Specifications for Structures (SS EN ground properties 1991-1-1) Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Similar to other Eurocodes, EC7 serves as : > a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essential requirements of ‘mechanical resistance and stability’ ; > abasis for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering services; > a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications for construction products > Unusual forms of construction or design conditions are not specifically covered and additional expert consideration will be required by the designer in such cases.Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Harmonised with structural design ¥ Consistent with Basis of Design in EN 1990 Y Use Partial Factors in EN 1990 ¥ Use of Partial Factors for Soil Material and Resistance ¥ Use of Characteristic Value for Geotechnical Parameters Different national practices of European geotechnical engineer Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design The Eurocode is written for use by suitably qualified personnel with relevant experience, that is qualifications and experience must be appropriate and adequate for the project in hand ¥ Eurocode 7 provides a framework for design ‘Principles’ that must be met. It does not give details of how to perform design. Y _Inexperienced designers will not be able to proceed adequately using the Eurocode alone. ¥ The Eurocode 7 assumes that the reader has a level of knowledge and experience of soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering appropriate for the project.Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Scope of EN 1997 Its intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990:2002. - establishes the principles and requirements for safety and serviceability ~ describes the basis of design and verification; and - gives guidelines for related aspects of structural reliability ¥ tis concerned with the requirements for strength, stability, serviceability and durability of structures. ¥ Numerical values of actions on buildings and civil engineering works to be taken into account in design are provided in EN 1991 for the various types of construction. ¥ Actions imposed by the ground, such as earth pressures, shall be calculated according to the rules of EN 1997 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Scope of EN 1997 (cont'd) v (Separate European Standards are intended to be used to treat matters of execution and workmanship. ¥ In EN 1997 execution is covered to the extent that is necessary to comply with the assumptions of the design rules. ¥ Itdoes not cover the special requirements of seismic design. ECTo quantify designs | To understand risks and uncertainties Geotechnics — a difficult subject Dealing with Nature > complex | > unknowns > uncertainties Soil : difficult material a The significance of > parioulate water pressures acting within > ‘strength and stiiness not fixed » dilates or contracts during shearing ie poee > particles could change orientation during shearing Model the material as a continuum but must not forget that it is particulate Modelling the material is not the only problemEurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 1 : General Rules Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 1: General Rules - is the document in the Eurocode suite concerned - with the general geotechnical aspects of the design of structures. ¥ EC 7 applies the principles of EN 1990 Eurocode : Basis of Structural Design, > by setting the rules for determining the geotechnical actions and » for checking the acceptability of the geotechnical resistances. ¥ EC 7 adopts a common design philosophy based on the use Lt of separate limit states, and partial factors, rather than ‘global’ factors (of safety).EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design ie Part 1 : General Rules - Contents Section 1 - General Section 2 — Basis of geotechnical design Section 3 - Geotechnical data Section 4 — Supervision of construction, monitoring and maintenance Section 5 — Fill, dewatering, ground improvement and reinforcement Section 6 — Spread foundations Section 7 — Pile froundations Section 8 — Anchorages Section 9 — Retaining Structures Section 10 — Hydraulic failure - Section 11 — Overall stability Section 12 — Embankments EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 1 : General Rules Annexes (normative/informative) + Annex A (normative) Partial and correlation factors for ultimate limit states and recommended values Mus} alloy ,unitss malifieet in Natioval ~ A + Annex B (informative) Background information on partial factors for Design Approaches 1, 2 and 3 + Annex G (informative) Sample procedures to determine limit values of earth pressures on vertical walls + Annex D (informative) A sample analytical method for bearing resistance calculation + Annex E (informative) A sample semi-empirical method for bearing resistance estimation + Annex F (informative) Sample methods for settlement evaluation + Annex G (informative) A sample method for deriving presumed bearing resistance for spread foundations on rock + Annex H (informative) Limiting values of structural deformation and foundation movement + Annex J (informative) Checklist for construction supervision and performance monitoringEN 1997-1 : ANNEX A Normative — Partial factors for ultimate limit states Examples For Equilibrium Limi QU) Verification Partial factors on actions ( ?e) Partial factors for soil parameters ( 74) [Aetion symbot | vae | [ So parameter symbol | Value coat Angie of shearing resistance? | T7y] | 1.2 | utorrent | |yowal} 11 eis, Taam || 09 | | Effective conesion [x] [125 [Vanane ] | Undrained shear strength tm) | 14 | Urtavouratiet Tost s Unconfined strength You. 14 [_ Fert Lose || ° Weight density 10 | Pe pesieniiang) * Ths factors appladto tn ¢ | © Stabilsing | EN 1997-1 : INFORMATIVE ANNEXES Calculation fede ae in Eorese the annexe: | Annex C Sample procedures to determine earth pressure [Active Earth Pressure] << Passive Earth PressureAnnex C ©.3. Movements to mobilise earth pressures : The magnitude of movement depends on the mode of wall movement, the intial earth pressures and the density of the soil. ‘Table C.1 gives approx values for the ratio v/h for Table C.2 gives approx values for the ratio v/h for {ully mobilised effective active earth pressure fully mobilised effective passive earth pressure Tiatemet | [non ln Paee ema Arne) wt | tales ff ost s ras. sone =. Jt V1 be wal pact mobs passe exes ate = ‘eee a Eee an ee Annex D Asample analytical method for bearing resistance calculation D.3. Undrained conditions (1) The design bearing resistance may be calculated rom PUA’ = (11+2) 6, Be Sic on D.4 Drained conditions PUA = 0'N, by 8, le + 7 Na by 54), +0,5y'BN,b,5,i, 2 (1) The design bearing resist nce may be calculated from Annex E Asample semi-empirical method for bearing resistance estimation (2) When using the pressuremeter. the design bearing resistance, R, of a found. subjected to a vertical load is related the limit pressure of the soil by the linear function:Annex F ‘Sample methods for settlement evaluation cohesive or non-cohesive soil m pxex Annex H Limiting values of structural deformation and foundation movement EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design > _ EC7 provides a broad framework with unifying set of Principles for the design of all different types of geotechnical structures ( e.g covering foundation, piles, retaining structures, slopes etc ) > It gives many lists of items to be considered, taken into account or checked in a geotechnical design ~ many are mandatory. » _ Itidentifies what has to be achieved, but generally does not specify how. not a prescriptive code but focuses on the design principles -e.g + factors to be considered in design + selection of parameter values * application of factors + equilibrium equationsEN 1997-1 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design v The designer has to identify all different hazards involved, and to think carefully about the measures that need to be taken. It does not include any detailed calculation models e.g design equations. No calculation models in the EC 7 code text Ithas selected the most commonly used and best agreed models eg. the calculation models for bearing resistance and earth _ pressure in the Informative Annexes. EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 1 : General Rules > EC7-1 gives design guidance and actions for geotechnical design of buildings and civil engineering works. EC7-1 is intended for clients, designers, contractors and public authorities. . . EC 1997-1 is intended to be used with EN 1990 and EN 1991 to EN 1999. In using EC7-1 in practice, particular regard should be paid to the underlying assumptions and conditions given in 1.3, - EC7- Part 1 is supplemented by EC7- Part 2 that is concerned with ground investigation and testing. EC7- Part! cannot be used without EC7- Part 2. -EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 1 : General Rules Alternatives to the Application Rules Itis permissible to use alternatives to the Application Rules given in this standard, provided it is shown that the alternative rules accord with the relevant Principles and are at least equivalent with regard to the structural safety, serviceability and durability, which would be expected when using the Eurocodes. ors $145) If an alternative design rule is submitted for an application rule, the (resulting design cannot be claimed to be wholly in accordance with) EN 1997-1, although the design will remain in accordance with the Principles of EN 1997-1. EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 1: General Rules Assumptions (1) Reference is made to 1.3 of EN 1990:2002. (2) The provisions of this standard are based on the assumptions given below: — data required for design are collected, recorded and interpreted by appropriately qualified personnel; — structures are designed by appropriately qualified and experienced personnel; —kadequate continuity and communication exist between the personnel involved in data collection, design and construction; — adequate supervision and quality control are provided in factories, in plants, and on site; Eo7-1 1.8EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7 : Geotechi Part 1 : General Rules Assumptions (cont'd) — execution is carried out according to the relevant standards and specifications by personnel having the appropriate skill and experience; — construction materials and products are used as specified in this standard or in the relevant material or product specifications; — the structure will be adequately maintained to ensure its safety and serviceability for the designed service life; — the structure will be used for the purpose defined for the design. (3) These assumptions need to be considered both by the designer and the client. To prevent uncertainty, compliance with them should be documented, e.g. in the geotechnical design report sake by chat per of Eor-11.8 Design Process of EN 1997-1 Assessing the geotechnical complexity and risk 4 ‘Specifying ground investigations | Determining and selecting geotechnical parameter values i Using verification (design) methods | Supervising and monitoring during construction - checking ground conditions, inspecting and controlling | ‘Specifying requirements for maintenance and use of completed structure after construction Moditied after Trevor Orr, 2010 «Design Process of EN 1997-1 Classification of structures : Geotechnical Category ( 1(10)) Ground investigations (3.2.2) and check of Geotechnical Category Design investigations (3.2.3) Ground investigation report (3.4) and check of Geotechnical Category Design by calculations (2.4), prescriptive measures (2.5), load or model tests (2.6) or observational method (2.7) a A = Geotechnical design report (2.8) and re-assessment of Geotechnical Category Sas SES | ae Ta ‘Supervision of the execution of the work (4) and re-assessment of Geotechnical Category Alter Simpson and Driscoll, 1998 = EC 7- Part 1 : Geotechnical Design Actions In geotechnical design, actions should include the following : the weight of soil, rock and water stresses in the ground earth pressures and ground water pressure seepage forces dead and imposed loads from structures ‘surcharges traffic loads removal of load or excavation of ground movements caused by mining or other caving, tunnelling activities movement due to settling ground masses temperature effects imposed pre-stress in ground anchors or struts downdrag, etc 24.218)Actions Retaining Structures Actions include + weight of backiil mate surcharge: weight of w seepage forces temperature effects etc Spread foundation includes soil-structure interaction : eg 6.3,(3) If structural stiiness is significant, an analysis of the interaction between the structure and the ground should be performed in order to determine the distribution of actions. Examples Slope Stability Effects shall include: + previous or continuing ground movements + vibration + heavy rain + variations in pore-water pressures + etc nse Pile foundation includes actions due to ground displacement : a 7.3.2.1(1)P .... caused by consolidation, swelling, adjacent loads, creeping soil, landslides... 73 EN 1997-1 Section 2 - Basis of Geotechnical DesignBasis of geotechnical design 2.1 De: (1)P For each geotechnical design situation it shall be verified that [no relevant limit state, as defined in EN 1990:2002, is exceeded. EN 1990:2002 defines limit states as ‘states beyond which the structure no longer tulfils the relevant design criteria’. n requirements The aim of limit state design is to check that no limit state is exceeded when the relevant design values + of actions, + of material or product resistance properties and + of geometrical properties are used in appropriate calculation models. (4) Limit states should be verified by one or a combination of the following: Y use of calculations as described in 2.4; ¥ adoption of prescriptive measures, as described in 2.5; ¥ experimental models and load tests, as described in 2.6; ¥ an observational method, as described in 2.7. Basis of geotechnical design 2.1 Design requirements (8)P In order to establish minimum requirements + for the extent and content of geotechnical investigations, * calculations and * construction control checks, the complexity of each geotechnical design shall be identified together with the associated risks. (10) To establish geotechnical design requirements, three Geotechnical Categories, 1, 2 and 3, may be introduced.Geotechnical Category 1 Should be used only ¥ include small and relatively simple structures: + for which itis possible to ensure that the fundamental requirements will be satisfied on the basis of experience and qualitative geotechnical investigations; + with negligible risk 2108 where there is negligible risk in terms of overall stability or ground movements and in ground conditions, which are known from comparable local experience to be sufficiently straightforward. In these cases the procedures may consist of routine methods for foundation design and construction. ean) ¥ if there is no excavation below the water table or if comparable local experience indicates that a proposed excavation below the water table will be straightforward. 2108) Geotechnical Category 2 ¥ should include conventional types of structure and foundation with no exceptional risk or difficult soil or loading conditions. arr) ¥ should normally include quantitative geotechnical data and analysis to ensure that the fundamental requirements are satisfied, 2.118) Y Routine procedures for field and laboratory testing and for design and execution may be used 2.9)Geotechnical Category 3 Y should include structures or parts of structures, which fall outside the limits of Geotechnical Categories 1 and 2. eran ¥ should normally include alternative provisions and rules to those in this standard, ae NOTE Geotechnical Category 3 includes the following examples + Very large or unusual structures; + Structures involving abnormal risks, or unusual or exceptionally difficult ground or loading conditions: + Structures in highly seismic areas; + Structures in areas of probable site instability or persistent ground movements that require separate investigation or special measures. Basis of geotechnical design 2.2 Design Situations (1)P Both short-term and long-term design situations shall be considered. 2.3 Durabi syne for concrete, steals ember (1)P At the geotechnical design stage, the significance of environmental conditions shall be assessed in relation to durability and to enable provisions to be made for the protection or adequate resistance of the materials.Section 2.3 of EC7-1 gives brief guidance on designing for the durability of materials such as concrete, steel and timber used in the ground. (2) In designing for durability of materials used in the ground, the following should be considered: a) for concrete: — aggressive agents in the ground-water or in the ground or fil material, such as acids or sulfate salts; b) for steel: — chemical attack where foundation elements are buried in ground that is sufficiently permeable to allow the percolation of ground-water and oxygen; — corrosion on the faces of sheet pile walls exposed to free water, particularly in the mean water level zone; — the pitting type of corrosive attack on steel embedded in fissured or porous concrete, particularly for rolled steel where the mill scale, acting as a cathode, promotes electrolytic action with the scale-free surface acting as an anode; ©) for timber: — fungi and aerobic bacteria in the presence of oxygen; 4) for synthetic fabrics: — the ageing effects of UV exposure or ozone degradation or the combined effects of temperature and stress, and secondary effects due to chemical degradation (8) Reference should be made to durability provisions in construction materials standards. Geotechnical DataEN 1997-1 Section 3 - Geotechnical Data EN 1997- Overview Section 3- Geotechnical Data Soil is a natural material, unlike the manufactured materials in the other structural Eurocodes, where the data for these materials is specified. Determination of geotechnical data is an essential part of the geotechnical design process EN 1997-1 has a section on Geotechnical Data Section 3 Geotechnical Data provides the general requirements for: = the collection of geotechnical data the evaluation of geotechnical parameters — the presentation of geotechnical information 4 % Linked to Section 2 of EN 1997: Part 4 which Linked to EN 1997:Part 2 which gives presents the factors to be considered when the requirements for deriving the [idetermining geotechnical parameter values and the | values of geotechnical parameters from ‘equirements for selecting characteristic values. field and laboratory tests.Geotechnical Investigations 3.1 and 3.2 of EC7-1 stress the importance of + carefully planned, * appropriately executed and + reported investigations that provide sufficient data concerning the ground. Desiqnes Geotechnical investigations shall be planned taking into account the construction and performance requirements of the proposed structure. The scope of the geotechnical investigations shall be continuously reviewed as new information is obtained during execution of the work. a1" Routine field investigations and laboratory testing shall be carried out and reported generally in accordance with internationally recognised standards and recommendations. Deviations from these standards and additional test requirements shall be reported. ae Requirements for laboratory and field testing should be taken from EC7-2 sage Geotechnical Investigations . oil is @ natural materi ial — ae ‘selection of ground Design investigations Seaton eee of the rocess Design investigations shall be carried out - to provide the information required for an adequate design of the temporary and permanent works; ~ to provide the information required to plan the method of construction; - to identify. any difficulties that may arise during construction. 3.20.1? The parameters, which affect the ability of the structure ¢ = Ss to satisfy its performance criteria shall be established 2 + before the start of the final design. ie 3299Geotechnical Investigations Geotechnical investigations shall provide sufficient data concerning + the ground and + the ground-water conditions at and around the construction site for @ * aproper description of the essential ground properties and © * areliable assessment of the characteristic values of the ground parameters to be used in design calculations. ors 92, Preliminary investigations Preliminary investigations shall be carried out ~ to plan the design and control investigations, peciee including identification of the extent of the ground, eater which may have significant influence on the ae ‘s behaviour of the structure Ce 1S Ma rors 922. BEEN THECE.. SEEN TAT. Geotechnical Investigations The composition and amount of the geotechnical investigations shall be adjusted to the particular investigation phase and the geotechnical category (see EN 1997-2, Section 2 on Planning of Ground Investigations). cors 92307 The results of a geotechnical investigation shall be compiled in a Ground Investigation Report, which shall form a part of the Geotechnical Design Report described in 2.8 (on Geotechnical Design Report). cr 94.10)wo Give te client Geotechnical Design Report Eurocode 7 Part 2 : Ground Investigation and TestingGeneral framework on test results and determination of geotechnical parameter values Field and Laboratory Testing ¢ x a a r z Test results and derived values w rag 5 a a > Characteristic Values of geotechnical properties Ww nee ees Design values of geotechnical properties EN 1997-2 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 2 : Ground Investigation and Testing Contents 1 General 2 Planning of Ground Investigations 3 Soil and Rock Sampling and Groundwater Measurements 4 Field Tests in Soils and Rocks 5 Laboratory Tests in Soils and Rocks 6 Ground Investigation ReportEN 1997-2 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 2 : Ground Investigation and Testing Annexes ( Informative ) mend Pamagel geome vere tomes Engl rina esa al btn mara nearer tomes Gamerdpanne ean ts) semester To ) femme a foment Wa Sar To foment nl ea ara tometer om wt a femesO——Daatenonr erg nang te fom? amtirrnnen eg get tment tmnt Daten comp ge Fen temas nate open ‘Aan Preparation of specimen for esting of rock material wed o tila! ‘nex Chelona alot ae DS fomesY Sag igre mas men Stephin nae fommX ey E EN 1997-2 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 2 : Ground Investigation and Testing Sea oe ET Part 2 does not cover standardisation of technical test ‘= needto reer Publications by CEN/TC341 Identification and Classification of Soil and Rock EN ISO 14688 EN ISO 14689, ‘Sampling by driling and excavation and groundwater measurements EN ISO 22475 Geotechnical Investigation and Testing: Geohydraulic Testing EN ISO 22282 Field Testing EN ISO 22476 Laboratory tests Part 1 to Part 12 CEN ISOVTS 17892 =Part 2 does not cover standardisation of the geotechnical tests. Field Testing on ‘Geotechnical investigation and testing’ muiso-22476.2:20%2 (wie00s41082) [Sates tgaton ane tetng Pale tttng - Par 7: Sereno ck at (150 22676 uso 22476-8:2012 (wiaoos4zoe2) ss0-22476:4:2012 (wimcos4ios0) Cee eee tn teing “Pelé tering «Pat 4: Ménard prcsuremeta test (150 Eger ‘uso 22476-3:2005/as:2041 cwiate3ss088) Sheramers iso Suave 2008 sae abt) n.z50 22476-2:2008 wtano243008) Eaveia003) Dyna rebing = Amendment 3 Gio tneves secs anes 011) syuss0 22476-2:2008 (wiao0s4s008) Esgicinsl nvedgaten ane tering Pes etng Part 2 Oyrame peeing 180 2276+ ‘ee, Field Testing ‘coh /7e 344 Punishes Standards On ‘Geotechnical investigation and testing’ Re ee pad sing ret: nae panerasen teat" Tevnen Comgendass eb te noice at snus 22476:3:2012 (200004209 Seach! vesgusen on tet penerason te ob 22015) ovanconasose uso 22a7e2.2000| Siem aso savessaees) sso 22475-1:2006 nasore) Irons song coved ater ico si20 oaegonasoa7 pemaaoiny ite 20:206-3, guso 2zanasszni2 Caer SEES bechyeouetacing Pars intone teste (850 2012-0608 Siennan) tean341098) uso zz02012 Eeeechral nvesgatenoesvereng bchyeaulearig Favs Pumaingtass(is3 202.6608 Snes) uso 22282.3:2012 (vie0oss1085, SEA ataraty Gshydrauitcing Pa 3: ater eee teren 20120601 souetigg aes adens) ‘Setchinasgatonanetestng Cesta Insane cang coer rina ic 25880 9 055)Identification & Classification of soil 4/76 941 puviehes Stansoese on ‘Geotechnical investigation and testing’ uso 22262-.2012 (wteoo2st08s) rae resins rr Goring: 2 Ese ecgnesn oc tig larfeaeon an daataate ata a2 sed acossasoos ae tg neon nd caatnon {uso 4g s:2002/ 46-2008 (ag9361601) ‘Sieh etna genet a cate oa ‘so 14688-.2002s00:2013 Wao342087) 50 14588-12002 (ncos4u0i2) 2 E i 2 ‘crN/7o 344 Publishes Standars O11 ‘@eotechnical investigation and testing’ ‘exten 22474.13:2009 (winooser223) {eauachnclvertgeton sn ening = al eting = art 23: at eater sSereiiacos) 8 050 ‘gg is071 22476.10:2005 wie0t24s022) Sectacnclnestgnton a eng Pld eng at 20: Weight sound tea (80718 2isresos2005) utmooasi037) nan tertng«Senging metros a srounuatr masartnt roment of enerprace ae pct by Shr prt (SDITS 22075 Re cmt SiuSRit peagelo ste twsang eng metoce and round ws Foe Gusncntan crane tareneSreet ne pronnniso/fe Suave 3008)Laboratory Testing coh /7E 904 Publishes Stondards on ‘Geotechnical Investigation and testing’ cen rs0,1s 12802-0:2004/00:2005 ie003436%0) ‘Seber vactgotan sna sing Loney sean ot 2 Fa ‘Sinperoan tnt of ater saat sol (80776 s7ens 3600), Etiezinclnvantgonan one masng Loner lating of 28 Pr Sipeaceansest of aver sonratd col 120090 sSenSsrsess) we isons Testa) Ghavsews bin teat errs Sonkeao0e) gusgorrs sana-r2mnasacgons nnsessceo ESmpreon tet orvire jae sos (IS0/76 Sas Soaey ‘eatcre’estgaon sn teng Loboaary stig tall Pav6 Gone ioer-essos) ‘cu asocrs 1zas2-s:2004 amco0e2028) Sees ietgeto ag bart ot Laboratory Testing ccaW/7e 342 Publishes Standeres on “Geotechnical investigation and testing’ eases wees steerer an eo/Ts Doh2s 088) se ssors szap2-9:2004 csacoss1020) ‘Seiad vege a arty aborzoy tating of «Far: reramentaloning Neca tae Gaalts tyne) (tconsscos) bine nae ceveuton (sorts ifeazesaas) (ormconeso27) ‘cenuso/Ts wzapa-s:zn0s Siaznnennvesugatan sndtesing Laternry tengo zal ar Betarmination ot Suede ase dnttuan 120/76 7080-4 abe8) oytecossncoe) ‘guntsos1s 17522-3:2000/a0:2005 setasavs wzaena.zag moons) parte cana = revere thee (50/79 27992-32006) qutsgoaesco3) eng Lateran erg 2 cal Far 3: Bearmination ot ‘geusovis 1za02-2:2008/acians SEvety one mea sol (S078 ase Naaas) sgugocretzaeza.anne(wiecaesea) Stsetyatine prames sol is0/¥e soass-ss008)Laboratory Testing cen /TE 944 Published Standaees On “Geotechnical investigation and testing’ EN 1997-2 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 2 : Ground Investigation and Testing EC 7-1 to be used with EC 7-2 Codes & Standards affected BS 5930 — Site investigation BS1977 ~ Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes EC 7-2 provides rules relating to : ¥ Planning and reporting of ground investigations; Y General requirements for a number of commonly used laboratory and field tests; ¥ Interpretation and evaluation of test results; ¥ Derivation of values of geotechnical parameters and coefficients values. EC7.EN 1997-2 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 2 : Ground Investigation and Testing EC 7- Part 2 v v < EN EC7-2 is more prescriptive than BS5930 in its planning and execution requirements for ground investigation makes compulsory the provision of a Ground Investigation Report to all relevant parties EC7-2 is intended for clients, designers, geotechnical laboratories, field testing laboratories and public authorities. gives no specific provisions for geophysical ground investigations. covers only commonly used geotechnical laboratory and field tests. The laboratory tests on soils are mainly applicable to saturated soils. 1997-2 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 2 : Ground Investigation and Testing EC 7- Part 2 ¥-_Itis expected that updates of the present standard will gradually include laboratory and field tests covering additional aspects of soil and rock behaviour. ¥ Provisions of EC7-2 apply primarily to projects of Geotechnical Category 2 ¥ For Geotechnical Category 3 projects, the amount of investigations required will normally be at least the same as indicated for Geotechnical Category 2 projects. > Additional investigations and more advanced tests, related to the circumstances that place a project in geotechnical category 3, may be necessary.EN 1997-2 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 2 : Ground Investigation and Testing EC 7- Part 2 identifies an explicitly hierarchy of investigations that are also found in BS5930: » Geotechnical investigations, which comprise the gathering of all relevant information about the site and ground investigation; v Ground investigations, which comprise field investigations, laboratory testing and desk studies of geotechnical and geological information; > Field investigations, which comprise direct investigations (driling, sampling and trial pits) and indirect investigations (in-situ tests, such as the CPT). EN 1997-2 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 2 : Ground Investigation and Testing | When using EN 1997 the underlying assumptions and conditions given in 1 Assumptions (1) Reference is made to EN 1990:2002, 1.3 and EN 1997-1:2004, 1.3 (2) The provisions of this standard are based on the assumptions given below: — data required for design are collected, recorded and interpreted by appropriately qualified personnel; — structures are designed by appropriately qualified and experienced personnel; — adequate continuity and communication exist between the Personnel involved in data collection, design and constructionEN 1997-2 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 2 : Ground Investigation and Testing Examples on the use of ‘shall’ — a standard in Eurocode Section 2: Planning of Ground Investigations > Ifthe preliminary investigations do not provide the necessary information, complementary investigations shall be performed v Geotechnical investigations shall be planned and geotechnical information shall be adequate to manage project risks; > Before planning the investigation programme, the site shall be visually examined and the findings to cross-check desk studies. > Quality assurance systems shall be in place for all aspects of the work > The depth of investigations shall be extended to all strata that will affect the project or are affected by the construction; the necessary number of specimens to be tested shall be determined; EN 1997-2 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 2 : Ground Investigation and Testing Alternatives to the Application Rules It is permissible to use alternatives to the Application Rules given in this standard, provided it is shown that the alternative rules accord with the relevant Principles and are at least equivalent with regard to the structural safety, serviceability and durability, which would be expected when using the Eurocodes. core 9149) If an alternative design rule is submitted for an application rule, the resulting design cannot be claimed to be wholly in accordance with EN 1997-2, although the design will remain in accordance with the Principles of EN 1997-1.Geotechnical Investigations Geotechnical investigation shall be planned in such a way as to. ensure that relevant geotechnical information and data are available at the various stages of the project. + Geotechnical information shall be adequate to manage identified and anticipated project risks. + For intermediate and final building stages, information and data shall be provided to cover risks of accidents, delays and damage. © core 2.40" Geotechnical investigations should consist of ground investigations, and other investigations for the site, such as —_ the appraisal of existing constructions, e.g. buildings, bridges, tunnels, embankments and slopes; Dext " — the history of development on and around the site. EC7-2 2.1.1(5) Ground Investigations Ground investigation shall » provide a description of ground conditions relevant to the proposed works and » establish a basis for the assessment of the geotechnical parameters relevant for all construction stages. 7-2 2.1.2(1)P The information obtained should enable assessment of the following aspects, if possible: — the suitability of the site with respect to the proposed construction and the level of acceptable risks; - the deformation of the ground caused by the structure or resulting from construction works, its spatial distribution and behaviour over time; tobe contdGround Investigations cont'd = the safety with respect to limit states (e.9. subsidence, ground heave, uplift, slippage of soil and rock masses, buckling of piles, etc.); the loads transmitted to the structure from the ground (e.g. lateral pressures on piles) and the extent to which they depend on its design and construction; — the foundation methods (e.g. ground improvement, whether it's possible to excavate, driveability of piles, drainage); the sequence of foundation works; — the effects of the structure and its use on the surroundings; any additional structural measures required (e.g. support of excavation, anchorage, sleeving of bored piles, removal of obstructions); = the effects of construction work on the surroundings; — the type and extent of ground contamination on, and in the vicinity of, the site; — the effectiveness of measures taken to contain or remedy contamination. e072 2121 Ground Investigations Groundwater Groundwater investigations shall provide all relevant information on groundwater needed for geotechnical design and construction. eo 55 2,4 yp The information obtained should be sufficient to assess the following aspects, where relevant: = the scope for and nature of groundwater-lowering work; = possible harmful effects of the groundwater on excavations or on slopes (e.g. risk of hydraulic failure, excessive seepage pressure or erosion); — any measures necessary to protect the structure (e.g. waterproofing, drainage and measures against aggressive water); = the effects of groundwater lowering, desiccation, impounding ete. on the surroundings; = the capacity of the ground to absorb water injected during construction work; whether it is possible to use local groundwater, given its chemical, constitution, for construction purposes. raoGround Investigations The composition and the extent of the ground investigations shall be based on the anticipated type and design of the construction, e.g. type of information, improvement method or retaining structure, location and depth of the construction. core 20 Desk studies and + Selecting the investigation methods, site inspection * locating the investigation points - representing the variation in ground conditions for soil, rock and groundwater core 220 Ground investigations should normally be performed in phases : Tee ot Ras ourges |. [Controlling and monitoring eoraz2@ Ground Investigations =a <2 Locations and depths of the investigation points ‘The depth of investigations shall be extended to all strata that will affect the project or are affected by the construction . For dams, weirs and excavations below groundwater level, and where dewatering work is involved, the depth of investigation shall also be selected as a function of the hydrogeological conditions. Slopes and steps in the terrain shall be explored to depths below any potential slip surface NOTE For the spacing of investigation points and investigation depths, the values given fB.3)can be used as guidance. core 241300" ‘Annex B (Informative) Planning of Geotechnical Investigations B.3 : examples of recommendations for the spacing and depth of investigationsGround Investigations EC 7-2 Annex B (Informative) Planning of Geotechnical Investigations B.3 : examples of recommendations for the spacing and depth of investigations Spacing and depth of investigations - guidance Structure Hh rise and industrial TDR sas Large area Arrangement 60m Linear structures (eg roads, channels, pipelines, tunnels, 20-200 m retaining walls) Dams and weirs 25-75m Vertical sections Special (eg bridges) 2-6 per foundation £O7-2 B3it) An illustration Spacing of investigative points Spin = 15M —— Spuae = 40 10" storey high rise blda B=35m oe No of investigative ir a Dnin = { BiSpact 13% {US pon + 1} = 6 Nima = { B/Spint 1X {USpin + 1} = 12 say, 8 boreholes ae + shallow footing Depth of investigation points «raft, or + piled foundationShallow foundation An illustration + [Depth of investigation points | Shallow footing say, b, = 2m wide (6) For high-rise structures and civil engineering projects, the larger value of the following conditions should be applied : = 2,2 6m; masts os Zeatng = Max {6M , 3x b;} = 6M where b; is the smaller side length of the foundation Raft foundation An illustration Depth of investigation points Ratt foundation say, by = 30m wide (©) For raft foundations and structures with several foundation elements: whose effects in deeper strata are superimposed on each other: 2,2 1,5xbg Zan = Max {6M , 1.5xbg}= 45m where bgis the smaller side of the structure.Piled foundation ° cr) An illustration led foundation say, pile diameter, Dp= 1000mm Min width of pile group, by = 30m Depth of investigation points (13) For piles, the following three conditions should be met: ~ 22 1,06, Z42 5,0 = 2,2 3Dp where Deis the pile base diameter; and bis the smaller side of the rectangle circumscribing the group of piles forming the foundation at the level ofthe pile base. Zao = Max {b, 5M , 3x Dp, } = 30M Cut-off walls (12) For cut-off walls : -Z,2 2m below the surface of the stratum impermeable to groundwater.For dams = 08h 63mm ) I] ean + comprises rte tel —oetbe {torneo fig cena reco goin nck econ Volcanic Soil VERY COARSE SOIL tow plasty, taney. sky too, aantograto inwatr ana, & Pe] £ £ —— [eure] [ees] [oe] Cow] (or) DeeEN ISO 14689-1:2003 Identification of Rocks Rock Types Usual Structure IGNEOUS Massive SEDIMENTARY Bedded METAMORPHIC Foliated Massive EN ISO 14689-1:2003 Aid to rock identification for engineering purposes IGNEOUS ROCKS cenerigcrour | pynoctasTic* Massive Feldspars, toast sox. ot | Oust fltpars micas, | FEET | a mines ‘Composition grains are of avenue minerals Ieneous rock Aad | termediate | ease | _utabasie Vey | Rounded grains z course. | AGGLOMERATE PEGMATITE E rained | je Argus grains: g a VOLCANIC one 4 we BRECCIA | Grawre | ponte PYROXENTE 5 Mesum | oaq_srained Ture pouerre | peRpone z Fie | Fredgraned 3 grained Tur Hl ce rnvoure | anoesire | pasar & Ver tine- | Very fine-grained waned TUFF “Pyroctestirecs te olen classed a soimertry rocksPyroxenite 2am EN ISO 14689-1:2003 Aid to rock identification for engineering purposes ‘SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. ‘SENET GROUP CLASTC SEDENTARY Sere e os of ock, = rin ref Gein tek ant oi andy | Aloe tf ver Grane we creckiapnente rea A found ge aes joo ae ees Seo Cours: | 3 tx gas: i ira aie i “ovrsu rf | Grains ave mainly mineral ragments q a § wasn | sa le lee ae | cucanoure 5] 0.06: = 3 LuMesToNE i A SEISTONE: 2 | venceune | ‘bovoune 2 ree | so tne ietaa se |, aa 0.00% 2 | wupsrone 8 3 Sieger a ‘SeALe™ 2 | tst'muione | ctavsrone: | 2 uN voxy sorurey ed | & cemcuure | catanaceoe the, aad ma ef = = ont‘Conglomerate Limestones (At least 50% grains are of carbonate)EN ISO 14689-1:2003 Aid to rock identification for engineering purposes ETAMORPHIC ROCKS GENETIC GROUP METAMORPHIC FOUATED MASSIVE ‘Quart, tetspar, micas, dark | Qua, fldspas, micas, dark (Composition minerals minerals, carbonates ‘Very coarse-grained TECTONIC BRECCIA mouse ae ' Coarse-raned ners t MARBLE joeaecersene | : CoRANULITE = ‘Medium-grained QUARTZITE i schist £ ‘aupstwoure i 0064 _] Pure Fie-grained fi SLATE Vor fine rained von 1 0.083 aaa _ ——“AmphiboliteEN 1997-2 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design Part 2 : Ground Investigation and Testing Number of tests The necessary number of specimens to be tested shall be established depending on + the homogeneity of the ground, + the quality and amount of comparable experience with the ground and + the geotechnical category of the problem. core 242aar comparable experience - documented or other clearly established information related to the ground being considered in design, involving the same types Of soll and rock and for which similar geotechnical behaviour is expected, and involving similar structures. Information gained locally is considered to be particularly relevant. Depending on the test type, a minimum number of specimens should be investigated. NOTE A recommended minimum number of ‘some test types can be taken from the tables in Annexes L to W (except Annexes O and T). The annexes can also be used to check whether the extent of the testing is sufficient. core 24249) Examples Suggested minimum number of samples Classitiction tests. (Annex M) to be tested in one soil stratum Closcation tt Coenparabis sxperienee 1 ‘Yes Parise dao (Capen |e ATssriples of Quatiy Class 1103] All samples =e ‘Chass 1 Density tests (Annex M) Vari iaoesared dem Compara experience 1 Ne ‘Medium —[ Fxtenive | inci sues | CTY 3 2 Range of measur dest < 002 Mn z ‘riaxial Compression Tests (Annex P) Tecomimendd mmr oft to Orcas Os eTSve anal of Satie to Teconmcnied sonst ofa tarsi sharia ‘Variabiiy undid bers Compare es (or sme comsliaion re) [Metin atc mani vals > 2 ( correlation factor to derive C, value from field vane measurements.Theory Example Field vane test Cy=T /[ 1 (hi2 + a/6)] where {y _undrained shear strength of the soil maximum torque at failure height of the vane diameter of the vane aso > The expression does not have any ‘factor of safety’. ism Empi > Empirical relations may implicitly | include ‘factor of safety’ e.g. to avoid excessive movement of the structure. fer [- SandeaPenetain Rone | Example ‘Terzaghi and Peck’s correlation between allowable ‘bearing pressure and standard penetration blow count insands i » Some empirical relations may not include any ‘factor of safety’. Example ‘Stroud and Butler's correlation between the Undrained shear strength (C,), standara Penetration (N) and plasticity index (,) of clays, [Pastvseey om) ]Derived values > Annexes in EC 7 Part 2 for different types of field and laboratory tests provide theories, correlation equations and graphs, to obtain derived parameter values from test results Example : Annex D D.2 Example of a correlation between the cone penetration resistance and the effective angle of shearing resistance (1) The following is an example for deriving the effective angle of shearing resistance ( 6") from CPT cone penetration resistance (q,) in sands. (2) The deterministic correlation reads as follows: o where 3.5 * 19 de + 23 is the effective angle of shearing resistance, in * cis the cone penetration resistance, in MPa. EC 7-Part2 Annexes (informative) give correlations for geotechnical parameters ‘Annexes Field Tests Geotechnical Parameters ‘Annex D | Cone Penetration Test | @" | Eifective angle of shearing resistance E’_| Drained Young's modulus Exze_| One-dimensional oedometer modulus ‘Annex F | Standard Penetration lp _| Density index Es @' _| Effective angle of shearing resistance ‘Annex G | Dynamic Probing Test. | lo _| Density Index @'_| Effective angle of shearing resistance Exeg_| One-dimensional oadometer modulus ‘Annex H | Weight Sounding Test |p’ _| Effective angle of shearing resistance E”_| Drained Young's modulus ‘Annex |_| Field Vane Test ©, _| Undrained shear strength ‘AnnexJ | Flat Bilatomoter Test | Exe | One-dimensional oedometer modulus ‘Annex K | Plate Loading ©, _| Undrained shear strength Greene Eny_| Plate Loading Test modulus Coefficient of sub-grade reactionEN ISO 22476 -3 :2005 Annex A (informative) Correction factors ‘Ad Energy delivered to the drive rods Energy losses ee induced by he tare” assembly due to fictona an cher pres eects, wich cause the hammer veloety et impacto be lst than the fe fal velocly. Farmer ses ef evergy ae cignted oy te Impact on the ava. depenang on ts mass and cher characteris, Te hype of mhachine of fe operate an ‘other fects ean aso nfuence fe energy dalvared tte dive ec, “The vue ofthe bw cout. n gangs merely proportonl ote energy ao Fo: weg ae an For genera design ane comparsen purposes in sands the vss shoud be agustd to 9 reference energy rato of) bythe town equator Woot adjusted to @ reference energy ratio of 60% a2) where [Energy rato & ofthe specifi test equioment 5, _Ietheerery tatoo he specie tat equipment. fete bioweoune Ya design meted for sands hs bee elaborated fora value of fret rm 0 the comesponding caected ‘vale shoul be determined based on equation At ‘Ad Effect of overburden pressure In sands ‘The fect ofthe overburden pressure Inthe va In sends may be taken to account fr example, by aplying tp he measured Sevlue te coectn fat: Cy gven in Tabla 2 nh teronce tote ype of coneadatee ad the dens nso Table AZ + vrical stress due to overburdan of the soln sands Te Denaiy ae Covreaion aor : ove Noma 17 ouronsaias = ae Another example of te coecton for nomallyconscited saris the Use vn the fog equation: i 7, Value fhe eomeeton factor ager af 20 and preferably 1.8 should not be aged factor Oy 143) ‘The number of blows comecte ty-6n energy rao F of 60% and noimalees for an eect vera! sess = TOD KP ie hen Baw 3 Care wsAS Use of the correction factors Several covecton factors have Been mention inthe previous paagraphs. As the existing design methods of ‘Randalons based on Ne SPT are ofan empiieal netute, any fre eovesponding corecton flrs shoud be thea nes juste Ita the covecon tocar corespancing tots 1st procedure ae applled fora design iethod bases on on Cretgy rao of 60h, fe fokoningvaue forthe thal count would be obtained (who ineudng the one rmntonesin 3) [Neo és ‘ynore te faneton acre esas tee og ane ‘Application of correction factors on an energy rato of as coc foneton fac fr vere eee sto ours ee sn sar Geotechnical Parameter Values Generally, the features that need to be considered or taken into account when assessing the derived values of geotechnical parameter values are listed in EC7-1 Section 3.3 Evaluation of geotechnical parameters. Emphasis is also on evaluationEvaluation of Geotechnical Parameters Factors to be considered when evaluating soil and rock parameters include : characteristics of soil and rock types (eg soll grain size and shape, rock mineralogy and petrography etc) weight density density index degree of compaction soil shear strength soil stiffness quality and properties of rock masses (eg spacing, orientation, jointing etc) permeability and consolidation parameters of soil and rock geotechnical parameters from field tests: = CPT SPT and dynamic probing test Vane test Weight sounding test Pressuremeter test Dilatometer test Compactibility test EC7-1 Section 3.3, Geotechnical Parameter Values Example Assessing the shear strength of soil Influence of the following features to be considered shall include : > + the stress level imposed on the soil * anisotropy of strength, especially in clays of low plasti + strain rate effects + sample disturbance + degree of saturation + time effects * very large strains where these may occur in a design situation EC7-1 3.3.6(1)P the level of confidence in the theory used to obtain the derived value. (eg theory becomes less reliable as the number of unknowns increases) 4Which strength to use ? Peak, Constant-Volume or Residual Strength ? > Progressive failure mechanism where the strength is not mobilised simultaneously throughout the soil mass. > Where installation or construction methods/activities can affect the ground strength > Difficult to obtain reliable estimates of strength from in-situ tests or undisturbed samples > Soils exhibiting brittle behaviour or marked strain softening e.g. very dense granular soils - $” may be much greater than 5 Strength of softened soil at excavation level Undrained cohesive soils are liable to softening at excavation level during the construction Itis customary to allow for a reduction in strength within the top 0.5m or so. It depends on many factors : + permeability of the soil + control of ground water + speed of construction If the softened strength represents a moderately cautious conditions at site, it should be regarded as the characteristic strength. C580 which offers some guidance on the degree and depth of softening. This aspect will feature in the SLS analysis. For ULS, no clear guidance — remains a matter of judgement.Establishment of derived values ss s !f correlations have been used to derive 1 geotechnical parameters or coefficients, - “the correlations and their applicability shall be documented. cera ean Characteristic value of geotechnical parametersDetermination of Geotechnical Parameter Values Type of Tests PeField Laboratory fal F200 2 Correlations @ @ Test results and derived values Information from other the site, the soils and rocks and the Project EN 1997-2 SN era Cautious Selection Characteristic values of geotechnical properties ‘Application of Partial Factors Design values of geotechnical properties Characteristic value of geotechnical parameters Geotechnical parameter values quantified for design calculations Characteristic parameter valueCharacteristic value EN 1990 defines a characteristic material property as follows: where a low value... is unfavourable, the characteristic value should be defined as the i 5% fractile value; i where a high value ..... is yy \ unfavourable, .... as the 95% rs — ~~ fractile value. EN 1990 4.2(3) Characteristic value of geotechnical parameters Y Ground properties are very different from man-made materials ¢.g steel and concrete ¥ Inherent difficulties in selecting characteristic geotechnical parameters Knowledge of the ground : ¥ The amount of information ( site-specific test results and other relevant information ) ¥ The scatter ( variability ) of the results. » governing the occurrence of the limit state in the ground, @.9 weak zonesCharacteristic value of geotechnical parameters The difficulty with the definition of characteristic value in EN 1990 for geotechnical design : v itassumes availability of an unlimited test series ¥ statistical methods are not readily applicable to the determination of characteristic value ¥ volume of soil tested is much less than that involved in failure ¥ purely statistical definition is not appropriate for geotechnical design (@\ heads) pase | for = LAY = abi SD Characteristic value of : geotechnical parameters = EC 7-1 The characteristic value of a geotechnical parameter shall be selected as a cautious estimate of the value affecting the occurrence of the limit state. cor 245207 The selection of characteristic values for geotechnical parameters shall be based on results and derived values from laboratory and field tests, complemented by well-established experience. — cor 245.210)Characteristic value of geotechnical parameters The process of selecting, from laboratory and or field measurements, characteristic values for the geotechnical parameters for design may be divided into two main steps: + Step 1 : Establish the values of the appropriate ground properties + Step 2 : From these, select the characteristic value as a cautious estimate of the value affecting the occurrence of the limit state, including all relevant, complementary information. Factors include soil behaviour, construction effects, variability, extent of the volume of ground involved, time effects ete Designer's expertise, and knowledge and understanding of the ground Both site or project- ‘specific information and a wider body of geotechnical knowledge and experience Geotechnical parameter values quantified for design calculations Cautious estimate of geotechnical parameter value taking account of : + Extent of the investigation + Variability of the ground + Type and number of samples and test results + The scatter of the test results, eg. application of factors to pile test results + Particular limit state and volume of ground involved + Nature of the structure, its stiffness and ability to redistribute loads Characteristic parameter valueCharacteristic value of geotechnical parameters The selection of characteristic values for geotechnical parameters shall take account ¥ geological and other background information, such as data from previous projects; Y the variability of the measured property values and other relevant information, e.g. from existing knowledge; Y the extent of the field and laboratory investigation; Y the type and number of samples; ¥ the extent of the zone of ground governing the behaviour of the geotechnical structure at the limit state being considered; ¥ the ability of the geotechnical structure to transfer loads from weak to strong zones in the ground. £0741 2420p Characteristic value Of (ee awttn abe 05% cn geotechnical parameters of measured strength + touse peak strengths of materials, If statistical methods are used, the characteristic value should be derived such that the calculated probability of a worse value governing the occurrence of the limit state under consideration is not greater than 5%. NOTE In this respect, a cautious estimate of the mean value is a selection of the mean value of the limited set of geotechnical parameter values, with a confidence level of 95% ; where local failure is concerned, a cautious estimate of the low value is a 5% fractile. EC7-+ 245.2(11)Characteristic value of geotechnical parameters Characteristic values can be > lower values, which are less than the most probable values, or > upper values, which are greater. If the behaviour of the geotechnical structure at the limit state considered is governed by the lowest or highest value of the ground property, the characteristic value should be a cautious estimate of the lowest or highest value occurring in the zone governing the behaviour, For each calculation, the most unfavourable combination of lower and upper values of independent parameters shall be used. Characteristic value of geotechnical parameters The zone of ground governing the behaviour of a geotechnical structure at a limit state is usually much larger than a test sample or the zone of ground affected in an in situ test, > Consequently the value of the governing parameter is often the mean of a range of values covering a large surface or volume of the ground. The characteristic value should be a cautious estimate of this mean value.An illustration Undrained Shear Strength (kPa) ° 50 100 150 200 250 Nong shat > Mean value Cy, mean ® . ‘Along shaft : o Characteristic value cy, , eae Pile base: >} ° More cautious |g ® local value cy, Characteristic value of geotechnical parameters An illustration for the assessment of Characteristic Value Angles of Shearing Resistance 30.78, 32.8%, 31%, 31.7%, 90.3%, 28.3% No. of samples, nis 6 Mean value, X,, is 30.8° Based on normal distribution Standard Deviation is 1.52 Coefficient of Variation, V is 0.049 ‘95% prob of mean value 5% fractile Degree of freedom (n-1) = 5 Degree of freedom (n-1) = 5 Statistical coefficient, k, = 0.823 _ Statistical coefficient, k, = 2.18 Xq = Xn (1-GV) = 29.68 X= Xin (1K,V) = 27.5"Characteristic value of geotechnical parameters When using standard tables of characteristic values related to soil investigation parameters, the characteristic value shall be selected as a @ Very cautious value. Crd 2a5200° Ground Investigation Reports and Geotechnical InformationGround Investigation Reports EC 7-1 Section 3.4 EC 7-2 Section 6 deal with Ground Investigation Report relating to : Requirements Presentation of Geotechnical Information Evaluation of Geotechnical Information So eet Derived values of Geotechnical Parameters Ground Investigation Reports EC7-Part1 3.4.1(1)P The results of a geotechnical investigation shall be compiled in the Ground Investigation Report which shall form a part of the Geotechnical Design Report described in 2.8 EC7-Part2 6.1(1)P The results of a geotechnical investigation shall be compiled in the Ground Investigation Report which shall form a part of the Geotechnical Design ReportWhat is in the report ? EC7-Part1 3.4.1(3) The Ground Investigation Report should normally consist of: - a presentation of all available geotechnical information including geological features and relevant data; - a geotechnical evaluation of the information, stating the assumptions made in the interpretation of the test results. EC7-Part2 6.1(2)P The Ground Investigation Report shall consist of the following - a presentation of all appropriate geotechnical information including geological features and relevant data; - geotechnical evaluation of the information, stating the assumptions made in the interpretation of the test results. Limitations The Ground Investigation Report shall state known limitations of the results, if appropriate. Presentation of Geotechnical Information EN 1997- Part 1 Presentation of Geotechnical Information The presentation of geotechnical information shall include: — a factual account of all field and laboratory work; — documentation of the methods used to carry out the field investigations and the laboratory testing. ‘The documentation shall be based on the test reports described in EN 1997-2 cor 1429