UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BUROCODE 2 MOHAMAD SALLEH YASSINREINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN to Eurocode 2 February 2012NOTES ‘This module isa preliminary edition and is not officially published by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). [tis intended for internal use by civil engineering students in UTM studying structural design, Constructive suggestions from readers for improving this module in any manner will be warmly appreciated. @2012 by Mohamad Salleh Yassin & Ramli Abdullah All right reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced, stored in a retrioval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission in writing from the authors. aePREFACE ‘This module is written primarily for students on civil engineering undergraduate courses to assist them to understand the principles and methods of design of reinforced concrete structures. This module set ‘out design theory and illusrate the practical applications by the inclusion as many useful examples as possible. ‘The contents of this module conform to the latest Enracode 2: Design of concrete structures (EN 1992: 2004) of the European Committee of Standardization. Eurvcode 2, which consists of four paris also adopt the limit state principles similar to previous British Standard BS 8/10. This module refers primarily to part lof Eureode 2, dealing with general rules for buildings, Eurocode 2 must be used in conjunction with other European Standards including Eurocode 0: Basis of sirwetural design that deals with analysis and Eurocode 1: Actions on structures that covers loadings. ‘This module has thirteen chapters, which cover the fundamental topies in reinforced concrete design, generally taught in a first course in B. Eng. (Civil) cuniculum in Malaysian universities, Although it does contain necessary information required to face examination, the emphasis here is on conceptual clarity and strength in fundamental. The students is encouraged to raise questions, to relate to field experience, to develop a ‘structural sense’, to appreciate proper ‘detailing’, to analyze results, and to synthesize knowledge. The students also urged to consult all other possible Sources of reference to obiain a full and thorough understanding ofthe subjects. express my gratitude to all, including colleagues, students, fiends and family members, who contributed in making this module possible. I welcome suggestions from readers for improving this ‘module in any manner. May Allah forgive me for any error in this humble work and may He bless our effort with mercy and acceptance. Mohamad Salleh Yassin February, 2012CONTENTS. Preface Notation 1 INTRODUCTION LL Reinforced Concrete 12 Structural Design 13. Project Procedure 14 Reinforced Concrete Structures 15 Code of Practice 16 Design Life 17 Limit State Design 18 Design Situations 19 Actions 19.1 Design Action 192 Combination of action 110 Materials Str 110.1 Conercte 1102 Reinforcing steel 1.103 _ Design sircngth LIL Stress-Strain Relation LULL Conerete 1112 Reinforcing Steel 2 Behaviour of Beams in Bending 3 Basic Assumption in Reinforced Conerete Design |4 Distribution of Stresses and Strains 115 Types of Failure Problems 1 1 1 2 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 2.1 Introduetion 22 Rectangular Section 22.1 Singly reinforced section 22.2 Doubly reinforced section 22'3 Stress in compression stee! 22.4 Moment redistribution 223. Derivation of equation 22.6 Design Procedure for Rectangular Section 23 Flanged Section 23.1 Analysis of section 23.2 Design procedure for flanged section Examples Problems se “4 15 16 Ig 19 21 21 28w DESIGN FOR SHEAR 3.1 Introduction 32. Shear ina Homogeneous Beam 33 Design Method 34 The Diagonal Compressive Strut 35 The Vertical Shear Reinforcement 3.6 Additional Longitudinal Force 3.7 Design Procedure 3.8 Shear Between The Web and Flanged of a Flanged Section 3.9 Design Procedure 3.10 Section Not Requiring Design Shear Reinforcement Examples Problems 49 4d 42 DEFLECTION AND CRACKING Introduction Deflection 4.1.1 Limiting span co depth ratio. Cracking Examples Problems 5 Proble DURABILITY AND DETAILING REQUIREMENTS Introduction Concrete Cover Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement Spacing of Reinforcement Curtailment and Anchorage of Reinforcement Lap in Reinforcement ms DESIGN OF BEAMS Introduction Preliminary Size of Beam Estimation of Actions Simply Supported Beams Continuous Beams 4s 45 46 4a 4 48 48 50 50 32 33 6 61 “8 68 9 9 B B ” n 78 1D 0 80 8 8364.1 Load arrangements 64.2 Method of Analysis 6.5 Moment Redistribution Examples Problems 7 DESIGN OF Introduction Design Procedure 72.1 Analysis 72.2 Design of flexural Shear 724 Deflection 72.5 Cracking 726 Detailing 7.3. Design of Solid Slabs 73.1 One-way spanning slab 732 Two-way spanning slab Examples Problems 8 DESIGN OF STAIRS 81 ‘oduetion 8.2 Types of Stair 8.3 General Design Considerations Examples Problems 9 FRAME ANALYSIS 9.1, Introduction 9.2 Types of Frames 9.3 Methods of Analysis 94 Actions and Combination of Actions 9.5 Analysis of Frames for Lateral Loads 9.6 Calculation of Wind Load Examples Problems 87 13 125 138 158 159 160 161 164 183 185 187 187 189 191 191 194 2381 0 DESIGN OF COLUMNS 10.1 Introduction 241 10.2 Classification of Columns 241 10.2.1 Braced and unbraced columns 10.2.2 Slender and non- slender column 10.2.3 Slenderness ratio 10.2.4 Effective length of column 10.2.5 Limiting slendemess ratio 103 Area and Number of Reinforcement 246 10.4 Requitements for Links 246 10.5 Axial load and moment in column, 28 10.6 Design Moments 248 10.7 Design of Longitudinal reinforcement 251 10.8 — Biaxial Bending 253 Examples 236 Problems 274 1 1 DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS 1.1 Introduction 275 11.2 Types of Foundation 276 113. General Design Considerations 218 114 Design of Pad Footing 278 11.5 Design of Pile Foundation 282 Examples 287 Problems 318 1 2 DESIGN OF RETAINING WALLS 12.1 Introduction 319 122 Types of Retaining Walls 319 123 Analysis and Design 322 12.3.1 Stability Analysis 12.3.2 Element Design and Detailing Examples Problems1 3 INTRODUCTION TO PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 13.1 Principles 335) 13.2. Method of Prestressing 336 82.1 Pre-tensioned 8.2.2 _ Posttensioned 13.3 Materials 338 83.1 Conerete 832 Tendon 1344 Prestressing System and Equipment 340 13.5 Applications 342 13.6 Advantages and Economie of Prestressed Concrete 343 137 Section Properties, Notations and Sign Convention 343 13.8 Basic Theory 344 13.9. Stress Distribution 346 13.10 Basic Inequal 348 13.11 Section Modulus 349 13.12 Limitation of Conerete Stress 350 13.13 Losses of Prestress 351 13.14 Design Procedure 351 Examples 352 Problems 357 References AppendixNOTATION Accidental action Cross-sectional area of conerete Cross-sectional area of reinforeement Cross-sectional area of shear reinforcement Overall width ofa cross-section Width of the web on I. 1 or L beams Effective depth Eccentricity Compressive strength of concrete Design strengt Characteristic strength of eonerete Mean tensile strength of eoncrete Tensile strength of reinforcement Characteristic tensile strength of Yield strength of reinforcement Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement Design yield strength of reinforcement Design yield strength of shear reinforcement Overall depth ofa cross-section Radius of gyration Spacing ofthe reinforcement Strength reduction factor for eonerete cracked in shear Uniform loading ‘Neutral axis depth Lever arm of internal forces Yong modulus of concrete Initial value of modulus elasticity Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete Young modulus of strand Design value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel Second moment of area of concrete section Second moment of area for composite section Length of span Bearing length Moment dite to loading, Bending moment under the action of the unit point toad Moment dite to self weight and slab weight Moment duc to self weight Bending moment due to prestressing force ‘Moment dite to service load Loss in prestressing force Prestressing force Remaining prestressing force Prestressing force First moment of area for beam section First moment of area for composite section The maximum shear force ‘The design shear resistance of the section without shear reinforcement Ultimate dead load acting on beam Seetion moduli for bottom of the member Section modulus for bottom fibreLace z Ze Zoee Zetcom o OC, ta) eu uk Bottom section madulus for eamposite section Section moduli for top of the member Section modulus for top fibre “Top section modulus for composite section Top seetion modulus for beam Creep coefficient Final value of ereep coefficient Short term losses factor “Transmission lengih coefficient Transmission length coetficient Long term losses factor Shrinkage strain ‘Ultimate compressive strain in the conerete Characteristic strain of reinforcement or prestressing stee! at ‘maximum load Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement Compressive stress in the concrete from axial load or prestressing ‘Tendon stress just after release Nominal diameter of tendonIntrouetion [1 1 INTRODUCTION OO 1.1 Reinforced Conerete Reinforced concrete is one of the principal materials use in many civil engineering app the construction of buildings, retaining walls, foundations, water-retaining structures, highways and bridges. It is a composite material, consis.ing of steel reinforcing bars embedded in concrete. These two materials have complementary properties. Conerete, on the one hand, has high compressive strength but low tensile streneth. Stee! bars, on the other, can resist high tensile stresses but will buckle ‘when subjected to comparatively low compressive stresses. Steel is much more expensive than concrete. By providing steel bars predominantly in those zones within a concrete member which will be subjected to tensile stresses, an economical structural material can be produced which is both strong in compression and strong in tensfon. In addition, the eoncrote provides corrosion protection and fre resistance to the more vulnerable embedded steel reinforcing bars. A typical reinforeed concrete clement i illustrated in Figure 1.1. The tensile strength of concrete is ‘only about 10 per cent of the compressive strength. Reinforcement is designed to carry these tensile forces, which are transferred by bond between the interfaces of the two materials. If this bond is not ‘adequate, the reinforcing bars will just slip within the conerete and there will not be a composite action, Thus reinforced concrete members should be detailed so that the concrete can be well compacted ‘around the reinforcement during construction. Figure 1.1: Composite action of, ‘concrete and steel—— 2.| Introduction 1.2 Structural Design structural design is @ process of determination of reliable structural system, selection of suitble Sea es Suermination ef optimum member sizes for the stracture to be built. The, aim OF aan Gosia i wo ensure thatthe suctore will perform satisfactorily during Ws design We, The SHrnetia whieh abe stractore should satisfy may be summarized as follows; Fimess for purpose = The arrangement of spaces, spans, ciling eight, aceess, and waffic Trew must Complement the intended use. The structure should fit i environment and be aesthetically pleasing. 2, safety and reliability — A structure must be strong enough to safely support all ancipated Toadiges and it must not deflect, overturn, tit, vibrate or crack in @ manner that impairs its usefulness 5. Eeonomy ~The overall cost of the stricture should not exceed the client's budgets | The Uesigner should take info account not only the cost of materials, but also the buildabilits, the ‘construction time, the cost of temporary structures and the cost of maintenance. 44, Maintainability — A strueture should be designed to require a minimum of maintenance and to be able to be maintained ina simple fashion. 13 Project Procedure Reinforced concrete construction project is an outcome ofa collaborative venture involving the cient reer tect the structural engineer and the contractor. Other specialists may also have to be consulted, vith regard to ceil investigation, water supply, sanitation, fire protection, transportation, ven la’on, wen itioning, acoustics, electrical services, etc. Typically, a construction project involves hres phases as follows; Planning phase - The planning normally carried out by the architect to determine the Errarigement and layout of the building to meets the client's requirements with due regard to ‘aesthetic, environmental and economic considerations, 2, Design phase ~ Once the building form and arrangements have been approved, the details of the proyect have to be worked out by various consultants. In the case. of structural tngincerfeonsultant, the tasks involved ae (i), Seletion of the most appropriates structral System and idealization of the structure into frames and elements. (i), Estimation of loading Gli Analysis to determine the maximum member forces ic moments, shears, torsion ete: i) Design of Sections and reinforcement arrangements for all structural elements. (v), Production of arrangement and detail drawing and bar schedules. Construction phase — The plans and design conceived on paper get translated into reality. Goucture maybe well-planned and well-designed, but it also has to be well-built, The esponsibility for this not only Ties with the contractor who js entrusted with the execution, Put ‘so with the construction engineers who undertake supervision on behalf of the consultants “The summary ofthe design process and project procedure may be illustrated by Figure 1.2 and 1.3 respectively.Introduction | 3 CLIENT / PROJECT ARCHITECT Sy pyy = Determine the A, Mangement and layout of the siructureto meet the clients requirements. ‘= Produce architecture drawings MANAGER tN QUANTITY SURVEYOR STRUCTURAL ENGINEER + Determines the best structural systems or forms to bing the architect's concept info being + Analysis and design the shuctre + Produce the structural drawings + Prepore bil of quaniities, specification ond contract documents, ‘Design Steps: i i, Idealization of the structure into ee frames and elements i, Estimation of loads CONTRACTOR iii, Analysis to determine the ‘moments and forces. + Conshuet the structure under the iv, Design of elements supervision of engineers and ¥. Production ofdetail drawings architects and bar schedules. Figure 1.2: Design process——— r”—— 4 | Introduction cH loti nd Mecha Engneers (aE) 14 Reinforced concrete structures consist of @ series of loads placed on the structure. The complete buil clements; 1, Beams: Slabs: Columns: 4. Walls: 5. Foundations: 6. Stairs: The elements listed above are illustrated in Figure 1.4 which shows typical east pot Architest Constants — } ventiy Suveyor, |-—— gma es ertaie(rojec Enger. ako Werk ‘She Super Constucion worker) Figure 1.3: Project procedure Reinforced Conerete Structures individual members that interact to support the structure can be broken down into the following, horizontal members carrying lateral loads horizontal plate elements carrying lateral loads vertical members carrying primarily axial loads but generally subjected to axial load and moment ‘vertical plate elements resisting vertical, lateral or in-plane loads pads or strips supported directly on the ground that spread loads from columns or walls to the ground. plate elements consists ofa flight of steps, usually with one or more landings provided between the floor levels. 1 reinforced concrete building construction,Introduction DS sound or shay oe Figure 1.4: Reinforced concrete building elements 1.53 Code of Practice Code of Practice is a document that gives recommendations for the design and construction of sinuctures. It contains detailed requirements regarding loads, stresses, strengths, design formulas and methods of achieving the required performance of completed structure. The codes have evolved from the collective wisdom of expert structural engineers, gained over the years. These codes are periodically revised to bring them in line with current research, and often current trends. ‘The codes serve at least four distinct functions. Firstly, they ensure adequate structural safety, by specifying certain essential minimum requirements for design, Secondly, they render the task of the «designer relatively simple; often, the results of sophisticated analyses are made available in the form of 4 simple formula of chart. Thirdly, the codes ensure a measure of consistency among different designers. Finally, they have some legal validity, in that they protect the structural designers from any liability due to structural failures thet are caused by inadequate supervision, faulty material and consiruetion. ‘The design procedures, described in this module, conform to the following Eurocode (EC) published by European Committee for Standardization EN 1990: Eurocode - Basis of structural design EN 1991: Furocode 1- Actions on structures EN 1992: Eurocode 2-Design of concrete structures 56 | tntroduction ‘The EN Standards are adopted as Malaysian Standard (MS) by Department of Standards Malaysia, ‘The identical Malaysian Standards are, MS EN 1990: Eurocode - Basis of structural design MS EN 1991: Eurocode 1- Actions on structures MS EN 1992; Burocode 2- Design of concrete structures ‘These Malaysian Standards shall be used together with Malaysia National Annex to Eurocode which published in a separate document to fulfill Malaysia requirement. Eurocode 2 (EC2) applies to the dk of buildings and civil engi ering works in plain, reinforced and presiressed concrete. EC2 comes in several parts as shown in Table 1.1 ‘Table 1.1: Scope of Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures Eurocode 2 Title EN 1992 Part 1-1 General rules and rules for buildings, EN 1992 Part 1-2 General rules - Structural fire design EN 1992 Part 2 Concrete Bridges - Design and detailing rules EN 1992 Part3 Liguid retaining and containment structures 1.6 Design Life ‘The design working life for a structure is given in EN 1990: Cl. 2.3. The Malaysian values for design life as present in The Malaysian National Annex to Eurocode are shown in Table 1.2 ‘Table 1.2: Indicative design working life Design working | _ Indicative design a Evaronits life category | working life (years) mR 1 10 ‘Temporary structures 2 101030 Replaceable structural parts e.. gantry girders, bearings 3 151025 Agricultural and similar structures 4 50 Building structures & other common structures 4 - Monumental buildings structures, brides, and other civil : 7 engincering structares (Sone: Table NAL MS EN 1990: Naonal Annex)Introduction 1.7 Limit State Design Design method discussed in Eurocode 2 is based on limit state principles. A limit state ean be defined as the state of a structure which represents the acceptable limit of an aspect of structural behaviour, The criterion for safe desian is the structure should net become unfit for use i.e. that it should not reach a limit state during its intended life. The two principle types of limit state are the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state 1 Ultimate Limit State — deals with the strength and stability of the structure under the maximum design load it is expected to carry. This implies that no part or whole of the structure should collapse, overturn or buekle under any combination of design load. The ultimate limit states are divided into the following categories; QU Loss of equilibrium of the structure STR_ Internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or structural members GEO Failure due to excessive deformation of the ground FAT Fatigue failure of the structure or structural members 2. Serviceability Limit State — deals with the conditions beyond which specified service ‘requirements are no longer met such as excessive deflection and cracking. Other limit states which may be reached included considerations of durability, vibration, and fire resistance of structures. The relative importance of each limit state will vary according to the nature of the structure, For reinforeed eoncrate structure the normal practice is to design for ultimate limit state, check for serviceability and take all necessary precaution to ensure durability 1.8 Design Situations The following design situations are normally considered in non-seismic zones, 1. Persistent situations which refer to the conditions of normal use. 2. ‘Transient situations which refer to temporary conditions, such as during exeeution or repair. 3. Accidental situations which refer to exceptional conditions such as during fire, explosion or impact. 19 Actions Action is the EC2 terminology for loads and imposed deformations. EC2 defines an action (F) as a force or load applied to a structure. The characteristic actions are the actual loads that the structure is designed to carry. These are normally thought of as the maximum loads which will not be exceeded during the life of the structure, In statistical terms the characteristic actions have a 95% probability of not being exceeded, The characteristic actions used in design and defined in EC2 are as follows; 1. Characteristic permanent action Gx is the self-weight of the structure, weight of finishes, ceilings and services which the variation in magnitude with time is negligible. Examples of ‘weight of material as given in ECI are shown in Table 1.3 Characteristic variable action Q, is cause by people, furniture, equipment ete. which variation in magnitude with time is not negligible. Examples of variable action as given in EC1 are shown in Table 1.4. 78 | Introduction ‘Table 1.3: Weight of construction materials Materials Density (kNim’) Lightweight conerete 9.0 10 20.0 Normal weight concrete 24.0t025.0 Cement mortar 19.0 1023.0 Wood 3.510 108 Plywood 451070 Particle boards 7.010 12.0 Steel 71.010 78.5 Water 10.0 (Source: Table AAS: SEN 1991-1-D, ‘Table 1.4: Imposed load on floors in buildings Category of londed area kW/m? k Al: All usages within self-contained dwelling units Ls Area for domestic and | A2: Bedrooms and dormitories 15 residential autiviies | 3 : Bedrooms in hotels, hospital 20 BI: General use 25 B Office area B2: At or below ground floor level 3.0 Cl: Areas 20 ¢ Areas where i Aecalcmmay” | C13: Ares wth tbls Classrooms 3.0 congregate (€22: Area with fixed seat - Assembly areas 40 D Shopping | DI: Arcas in general retail shops 40 areas a (Source: Table 2: MSEN 1DH-1-1)Introduction | 9 1.9.1 Design Action TThe design value of an action is obtained by multiplying the characteristic actions F, by partial safety factor for a OF Fux ‘The factor, 7 accounts for possible increases in load, inaecurate assessment of the effects of loads, inaccurate modeling ofthe lond and the importance ifthe limit state being considered. Values For yr are siven in EN 1990: Annex A 1.9.2 Combination of action. Permanent and variable actions will occur in different combinations, all of which must be taken into account in determining the most critical design situation for any structure, In cases where actions are to bbe combined itis recommended that, in determining suitable design values, each characteristic action is, not only multiplied by the partial factor of safety, but also by a further factor given by symbol y which relates tothe following representative values (see Figure 1.5), The values of vo, vie and va are given in Table 14. 1. Combination value (yx) ~ this combination value is intended to take account of the reduced probability of the simultaneous occurrence of two or more variable actions, 2. Frequent value (yiQ,) ~ frequent value of action are use in the consideration of ultimate limit states involving accidental actions and serviceability limit states of cracking and defleetion where the actions causing these effects are of a short transitory nature. 3. Quasi-permanent value (ys) ~ quasi-permanent (meening “almost” permanent action are those that may be sustained over a long period but are not necessarily as permanent as, say, the self-weight ofthe sinuture Coaractristic value of O, Instantaneous value of © Time Figure 1.5: Representative values of variable actionSees 10 | Introduction ‘Table 1.4: Recommended values of y factors for buildings ‘Action % “ ” Imposed loads in buildings (sec EN 1991 Category A: domestic, residential areas 07 05 03 Category B: office areas 07 05 03 Category C: congregation areas 07 07 06 Category Ds shopping areas 07 07 06 ‘Category E: storage areas Lo 09 08 Category F: trafic area, vehicle 07 07 06 Category G: traffic arca, 30 KN < vehicle weight < 160 KN o7 05 03 Category H: roof (see EN 1991-1-1: Cl. 3.3.2) 07 ° 0 ‘Wind loads on buildings (see MS 1853: 2002) 0s 09 07 ‘Temperature (non-fire) in buildings (see EN 1991-1-8) 06 07 07 (Seurce: Table NA2: MS EN 199: National Annes) For persistent and transient design situation uncer STR limit state tree possible combination ca be ror Pe Getormine the design values of actions as shown in Table 1.6. For serviceability limit state there tre also three combination of action that can be use as shown in Table 1.7, “Table 1.6: Design values of actions, ultimate limit state-per tent and transient design situati consideration. For example i'a beam, continuous over several Feending moment it will have to sustain any act favourable, that has the effect of Sabicion Permanent actions Wang [Asem rile ten Expression [afwourable | Favourable | actions | Main(ifany) | Others Exp. (6.10) 1.350, 1.0G, 1.50, 1.5 viQai Exp. (6.10a) 350, 1.00, 1S yi LS von Exp. 6.10b) | 0,925x1.35G, 1.06, 1.50, 1S yaiQrs Te Nm ign for ther Exp (6.10) oth fs favorabe of Exp. (6.18) an (6108) a oer eel aad unfavorable reer to the ext of the action on the design situation under 1 spans, is to be designed for largest sagging increasing the bending moment will ae ged unfexorable whilst any action that reduces the bending moment will be considered to be (Gree: Table AL.2: MSEN 1990)Introduction | 1) ‘Table 1.7: Design values of actions, serviceability limit states Permanent actions Variable actions Combination Example of use Unfavourable | Favourable | Leading | Others Characteristic 0G, 10 | Os | vee Frequent L0G, 1G. | wider | yards | Cracking Prestressed Quasi-permanent | 1.06, 106, | yOu | var | Deflection (Source: Table Alt: MSEN 1990) 1.10 Materials Strength The strength of materials upon which design is based is such strengths below which results unlikely to fall, These are called characteristic strengths. It is assumed that for a given material, the variation of strengths will have a normal distribution as shown in Figure 1.6. ‘Moan strength (a) Number of test specimen Strength Figure 1.6: Normal frequency distribution of strength ‘The characteristic strength is taken as that value, below which itis unlikely that mote than 5 % of the results will fuils, Thus statistically, Characteristic stength = Mean strength ~ 1.65(standard deviation) Ae fa 1.645 1.10.1 Concrete (Clause 3.1, EC2) ‘The characteristic strength fi is the 28-day cylinder strength. Table 1.8 shows the characteristic cylinder strength of various classes of concrete recommended for use in reinforced and prestressed concrete design. Class C20/2S, for example, refers to cylindericube strength of 20 and 25 Nimm? respectively12 | Introduetion ‘Table 1.8: Concrete strength elasses and modulus of elasticity Conerete Characteristic [ Characteristic cube | __ Modulus oF strength class | cylinder strength /,] strength7.4. | elasticity E,, mney €20/25 €25/30 030/37 casas 40/50 casi 50/55 35/67 60/75 (Source: Fable 3.48 EN 1992-1) 1.10.2 Reinforcing steel (Clause 3.2, EC2) ‘The characteristic strength of steal reinforcement is denotes by fx. The specified strenth for ribbed reinforcement given in FC2 is in the range of 400 to 600 Nim” The more common type of reinforcement currently use in the UK is Grade 500, Grade 250 plain bar is not now recognized in the European Union and itis no longer available for general used in the UK. Ribbed high yield bars may be classified as: Class A: which is normally associated with small diameter (< 12 mm) ‘cold worked bars used in mesh and fabric. Class B: which is most commonly used for reinforcing bars, Class C: high ductility which may be used in earthquake design or similar situations. The bar types described above are commonly identified by the following codes: H for high yield steel, irrespective of ductility class or HA, HB, HC where a specific ductility is required. 1.103 Design strength The design strength X; are obtained by dividing the characteristic strength; by the appropriate partial safety factor for materials Ym Design strength = Characteristic strength / Partial safety factor Mo = Nita ‘The factory, takes account of uncertainties in the strength of materials, variations in member sizes and building dimensions and any inaccuracy due to the methods of modeling member behaviour. The recommended values for materials persistent, transient and accidental design situations ate given in Table 1.9.Introduction | 13 ‘Table 1.9: Partial safety factors for materials Design situations ‘efor conerete ye for reinforcing steel Persistent & Transient 1s Las Accidental 12 10 (Source: Table 2 IN: MS EN 1992-11) LIL Stress-Strain Relation Performance of ¢ structure under load depends to a large degree on the stress-strain relationship of the ‘material from which itis made and under the type of stress to which the material is subjected. LAL1 Concrete Since concrete is used mostly in compression, its compressive stress-strain curve is of primary importance. Typical stress-strain curve of is shown in Figure 1.7(a), The curve is somewhat linear in the very initial phase of loading. The curve then begins o curve to the horizontal, reach the maximum slress at a strain of approximately 0.0020 and finally show a descencling nature. Far the design of erass- section, EC 2 recommended the used of idealized stress-strain curve as shown in Figure 1,7(b). @ (o Figure 1.7: Short-term stress-strain curve for concrete14 | Introduction 1 up to a strain 2, from which point the strain iven by ‘The curve is begins with a parabolic po increases while the stress remain constant. The ultimate design stress is Ahn _ 085Sa — 9.567 7 1S “The coefficient 0.85 takes account of the difference between the bending strength and the cylinder crushing strength of the eonerete. The factor of 1.5 isthe usual partial safety factor forthe strength of rete. The ultimate strain ¢.,2 = 0.0035 is typical for classes of concrete = C50/60. 1.11.2 Reinforcing Steel Compared with concrete steel is a high strength material. Figure 1.8(2) shows typical stress stain Carve for hot rolled stecl, For design purpose EC 2 recommended the use of idealized curve shown in Figure 18(b). The behaviour ofthe steel is idemical in tension and compression, being Tinear in the clastic range up tothe design yield stress of fy/r, where x isthe characteristic yield stress andy is the partial factor of safety Design @) (b) Figure 1.8: Short-term stress-strain curve for steel reinforcement 1.12 Behaviour of Beams in Bending Consider a simply supported beam subjected to gradually increasing load. The load causes the beam to ‘bend and exerts a bending moment as shown in Figure 1.9(a). The top surface of the beam is seen tO shorten under compression, and the bottom surface lengthens, under tension. .As the concrete cannot Tesist tension, stee] reinforcement is introduces atthe bottom surface to resist the tension igure 1.9(b) shows a leaded continuous beam. The loads cause the beam to bend downward between the supports and also cause upward bending over the support. This will produce tensile zone 2s shown in the figure. As the concrete cannot resist flexural tension steel reinforcement would be introduced as detail in the figure.Introduction | 15 Lead temo f Selene (@), Simply supported beam yo Tension rack Prosi cack 7 [Se sins f t TE sie rnc t t (b). Continuous beam Figure 1.9: Behaviour of concrete beam in bending [3 Basic Assumption in Reinforced Conerete Design ‘The theory of bending for reinforced concrete is based on the following assumption (See EN 1992:Cl 6.1. |. Plane sections before bending remain plane after bending. ‘The strain in bonded reinforcement, whether in tension or compression is the same as that in the surrounding concrete. 3. The tensile of the concrete is ignored 4. The stresses in the concrete and reinforcement can be derived from the strain by using stress- strain curves for concrete and steel. ‘The first assumption implies that the distribution of normal strains across the beam cross-section is linear. That is, the normal strain ant any points in the beam section is proportional to its distance from the neutral axis. ‘The second assumption is necessary because the conerete and the reinforeement must act together to cary load, This assumption implies a perfect bond between the concrete and steel ‘The strength of concrete in tension is roughly one-tenth of the compressive strenath, and the tensile force inthe concrete below the neutral axis is small compared with the tensile force in the steel. Hence, the contribution of the tensile siresses in the conerete to the flexural capacity of the beam is sinall and can be neglected. It should be noted that this assumption is mace primarily to simplify flexural calculations. In some instances, particularly shear, bond, deflection and service-stress calculation, the tensile resistance of conerete is not neglected.— ee ————S—“‘ P|]! 16 | Introduction 1.14 Distribution of Stresses and Strains Figure 1.10 shows the cross-seston of « ceinforeed conerete beam subjected wo bending: and the eatant strain diogram, together with stcss distribution in the conerete. The longitudinal fibres atthe ear te cross-section are subjected to compressive stresses while the fibro atthe bottom Face are tip ected to temile stresses. The location within the member where the bending siess fs ze0, Beones Haare and compression zones, is known as the nextraf axis ofthe member. Because ofthe tensile Songth of conereto is very lov, all the tensile stresses at the bottom fibres are tken up BY reinforcement and non by conerete. w ww (iit) Section A-A Strains Stress For 4 <50 Nimm': = 1 Gefining the effective strength), 2, long term effect), cic= 0.85, 2= 0.8, = 1.590, faa= 10x 0.85 0033, c= 0.8 to 1.0 (account for 1S = 0561, Figure 1.10; Section, strain and stress diagrams ‘There are three different types of stress distribution in the conerete. (i) The triangular stress distribution applies when the stresses are very nearly proporion#) 1¢ the strains, which generally oceurs at the loading levels encountered under working load conditions and is, therefore, used! at the serviceability limit stateIntroduction | 17 ‘The rectangular-parabolic stress block represents the distribution at failure when the compressive strains are within the plastic range, and it is associated with the design for Ultimate timit state. Gif) The equivalent rectangular stress block is a simplified altemative to the rectangular parabolic distribution. ‘The distribution of strains across the beam cross-section is linear. That is, the normal strain at any points in the beam section is proportional to its distance fiom the neutral axis. ‘As there is compatibility of strains between the reinforeement and the adjacent concrete, the steel strains qin tension and Ge in compression can be determined from the strain diagram. ‘The relationships between the depth of neutral axis x and the maximum concrete strain (5,) and the steel strains are given by an il «(2 *) (12) x where d is the effective depth of the beam and a’ is the depth of the compression reinforcement Having determined the strain, we can evaluate the stresses in the reinforcement from the stress-strain and 6, ‘The depth of neutral axis can be determine by rearranging equation (1.2) as ‘At the ultimate limit state the maximum compressive strain in the concrete is taken as Be = Su = 0.0035 for concrete class < C50/60 is For steel with fu 500 Nim? the yield stra By = G = (hdr)/E = (500/1.15)/200x 10° = 0.00217 Inserting the sands values in equation (1.3) x = 617d Hence, 10 ensure yielding of the tension steel at the ultimate Timit state the depih of neutral axis x should be less than or equal to 0.617.ition 114 Types of Failure ‘As the applied moment on the beam section is increased beyond the ‘linear elastic phase’, the concrete ‘Shains and stresses enter the nonlinear phase. The behaviour of the beam in the nonlinear phase (when the maximum compressive strain exceeds éa) depends on the amount of reinforcing steel provided. ‘The reinforcing steel can sustain very high tensile strains, due to the ductile behaviour of steel, following yielding (the ultimate strain can be in the range of 0.12 to 0.20). However, the concrete can ‘accommodate compressive strains which are much lower in comparison (the ultimate compressive Strain is 0.0035). So, the final collapse of a normal beam at the ultimate limit state is cause inevitably by the crushing of concrete in compression, regardless of whether the tension steel has yield oF not Depending on the amount of reiaforeing steel provided, flexural failure may occur in three ways: 1. Balanced: Concrete crushes and steel yields simultaneously at the ultimate limit state. The ‘compressive strain of conerete reaches the ultimate strains &, and the tensile strain of steel reaches the yield strain g, simultaneously. The depth of neutral axis is equal to 0.6174. 0.0035 = 0.002 Under-reinjorced; Stee) reinforcement yields before concrete crushes. The ares of tension steel provided is less than the arca provided in balance section. The depth of neutral axis is tess than 0.617d. The onset of failure is gradual, giving ample prior waming of the impending collapse, Hence, such a mode of failure is preferred in design practice, 6¢< 0.0035 b= 0.002Introduction | 19 3. Over-reinforced: Concrete fails in compression before steel yields. The area of tension steel provided is more than the area provided in balance scetion. The depth of neutral axis is greater than 0.617d. The failure is sudden (without ony sign of warning) and brittle. For this reason, ‘over-reinforced flexural members are not permitted. x061Td &_-0.0035 jelding of the reinforcement enables the formation of plastic hinges so that redistibution of maximum moments can occur, esulting in a safer and more economical structure, To ensure rotation of plastic hinges with sufficient yielding of tensicn steel and also to allow for other factors such 98 the Strain bardening of the steel, EC2 limits the depth of neutral axis to x $ O.4Sd for concrete class <= 60 [See EN 1992: Cl. 5.5(4)]. This limiting value for x given by EC2 with no redistribution applied to the moments ealeulated by an clastic analysis of the structure. When moment redistribution is applied these maximum values of x are reduce. Problems 11 What are the main objectives of structural desi 1.2 __Listthe steps involved in the process of structural design. 13° Identify a typical reinforced concrete builling in your institution. Identify the various structural elements in the structural system of the building, and briefly explain how the loads. are transferred to the ground. 1.4 What is mean by limit state? Discuss the different limit states to be considered in reinforced concrote design. 15 Define the term “partial safety factor” as used in limit state design. Why is partial safety for concrete greater than that for reinforcing steel in the consideration of ultimate limit states? 1.6 Explain the term characteristic load and design loads 1.7 What are the fundamental assumptions in flexural theory of reinforced concrete? 18 Explain the term balanced, under-reinforced and over-reinforced sections in bending, Why is it undesirable to design over-teinforced section?I 20 | tntroduetion Blank PageDesign for Flesure | 21 2 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 21 Introduction ‘This chapter which is based on Section 6.1 EN 1992-1-1, deals with the analysis and design of section for the ultimate limit state désign consideration of structural clements subjected to bending. The bwo common types of reinforced concrete beam section are: Rectangular section: Singly and doubly reinforced, Flanged section: Singly and doubly reinforced. 22 Rectangular Section 2.2.1 Singly reinforced section Figure 2.1 shows the beam eross-section, strains and stresses distributions at the ultimate limit state of a singly reinforced rectangular beam, Section Strains Stress Figure 2.1: Singly reinforced section with rectangular stress block|. 22 | Design for Flexure Notation: f= Overall depth = Pefective depth b= Width of section 5 = Depth of'stress block ‘Ay = Area of tension reinforcement x = Neutral axis depth ‘fa ~ Charocterstic strength of concrete Lever arm fa = Characteristic strength of reinforcement Bending ofthe beam will induce a resultant tensile force Fin the reinforcing steel, and a resultant ‘compressive force in the conerete F, which act through the centroid ofthe effective ara of conerete in compression Internal forces, Fes OS67/a(6 0.8%) = Oas4 be Fe * O.87fix As. i ; \ For the internal forces to be in equilibrium, Fe = Fe | OAS fbx OTA, U x = OBILAL/ OAK en ‘Moment of resistance with respect tothe steel, Moo; Faz O.454faubx(d—0.Ax) ‘Moment of resistance with respect to the concrete, M Fut OBTAKA,(d—O.4¥) @3) Equation 2.2 shows that, A inerease with x and hence with 4, (Equation 2.1 and 2.3), In design, its x to not exceeding 0.45d in order to avoid the sudden failure exhibit by an oversreinforeed section, Whe ¥ = ¥jy = 0.454, the moment of resistance, Mis represent the maximum ultimate ‘moment capacity of the section which is known as the ultimate moment of resistance of singly reinforced section or balanced moment, Mug. ([0.454/46(0.45d)}[d- 0.400.450] (0.4547H(0.45¢} (0.820), = 0.t6 Tabi 4) Moat Equation 2,1, 2.2 and 2.3 can be used to determine the area of tension reinforcement in a eonerete section to resist an applied bending moment M or to calculate the moment of resistance of a given section with a known area of steel reinforcement. Example 2.1 ‘A rectangular reinforced conerete beam has to support a design moment of 175 kNm, Determine the ‘area of reinforcement required i 50 x 500 mm (Bx d), eonerete strength, f= 25 N/mm? and steel strength, fx ~ 500 NimDesign for Flexure | 23 ‘A reinforced concrete beam is 250 x $00 mm (b x d). Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the sectioi he tension reinforcement provided is 31120. if f=25 N/mm? and fy = 500 Nimm*. 22.2 Doubly Reinforced Section Where the applied bending moment M exceeds Ma. the excess (M~ Mu) is to be resisted by using ‘additional reinforcement 4,’ at the compression zone such that the neutral axis depth remains at the ‘maximum permitted value of 0.45¢, Section Strains Stress Figure 2.2: Doubly reinforced section with rectangular stress block Internal forces; Fe = OAS Afb Fe = (ORT, Fe = OB ThA, Lever arm; : (d-0.4%) A (d-a) For the internal forces to be in eq Fa Fa + Fo 0.8% As O4SYabr + OB ThA, ‘Taking moment about the centroid of the tension steel, M Fez + Facts ASA fbx)d~ 048) + OBTHLA).CA- A) Fordesign pupose, “T= 045d M - CO.ASMf bx). [(d—OAO.ASA] + (O.87K. A.A a) ONT bE + OSTKEA.)d- a) Mor + OBI A:)(d- 2)I 24 | Design for Flenute ‘The area of compression reinforcement, a (M = Mus) 0.877,,(d-') ae Kina ie” O87f,,(d-d') Equation25 xz, [2 = da0dx, ix = 0454, thenz = 0.824] Os Ant = OASAfbr s+ ORTEA,. = OST As 2 0.454fab(0-4Sd (0.82) ~ O.8TEads - = O8TALZ = Olde + OSEAN: = ‘The area of tension reinforcement, 4 ClSTh abd O87 f42 we Kueh O87f,,7 (Bamps ‘A rectangular reinforced concrete beam has to support a desi ‘area of reinforcement required if the bear dim 25 Nimmn’ and steel strenath, J, = 500 Nanm’, n moment of 300 KNm. Determine the yon is 250 x S00 mm (4 x , concrete strength fc = Example 24 [A reinforced concrete beam is 250 x 500 mm (b xd). The tension and compression reinforcements provided are 6120 and 2H12 respectively. Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the seston, if 25 N/m {00 Nim’. The depth to compression reinforcement is 50 mm. 2.2.3 Stress in compression reinforcement the derivation of design formula for doubly reinforced section assumed that the compression Figure 22, then) = (0.0035 x (aye = 5! 0.0035 dix = 1 / 0.0035) : * forcement reaches the design strength 0,87/. atthe ultimate limit state, From the strain diagram offor lexure | 28 For the design strength 0.87/, to be reached, «= 087/41 Ey 50, tle 1 [0.87 / £,(0.0035)] for fy = S00Nimm? dix = 1~{0.87(300)/ (200 x 107020033) = 0.38 ‘Therefore, as long as d’/x does not exceed 0.38 the compression reinforcement ean be assumed to reach the design strength of O.87f,. If (x exceed, a reduced siress should be used, te Bivts where G-~0.0035(1 —a'/) = 200 x 10° (0.0035\1 = d/x) = 001 ~aney The value of stress for the compressive steel must then be used in the denominator of equation 2.5 in place of 0.87, in order to calculate the area of A,” of compression steel ee RaaVfab co Si(d-d') tether ob wel stl tame Krataba? te bs O87f,,2 “loath, ) 2.2.4 Moment redistribution The plastic behaviour of reinforced concrete at the ultimate limit state affects the distribution of moments in a structure. To allow for this, the moments derived from an elastic analysis may be redistributed based on the assumption that plastic binges have formed at the sections with the largest ‘moments, The formation of plastic hinges requires relatvely large rotations with yielding of the tension reinforcement, To ensure large strain in the tension steel, the code of practice restricts the depth of the neutral axis according to the magnitude of the moment redistribution carried out. The equations for this, given by EC? for concrete class < C50/60 is, momen atsectionafter redistribution whee f= eee momen at section before redistribution and Ay are constant from the EC2 code and x is the maximum value of the depth of the neutral axis which will ake the limiting value ofthe equality of equation 2.7 but should never be less than 0.45¢ for conerete class < C50/60,— 0 eeeeo™~Ss”s—S ssts—<“‘iOO—O—OOOOCOO 26 | Design for Flexure 22.5 The depth of the stress block is sa 08 ‘and the lever arm is fm = = O58 “The moment of resistanee of the concrete in compression is Moar = Fee 8 Sd = 0,567fabsoa X Fa and Ka = Mou! btfa = 0.56751 X This equation for Ky: and the previous equation can be rearranged to give, Ka = OSB yk > hol? From EC2 clause 5.5 the constant ky and ks are given as: y= 0.44, a= 1.25(0.6 + 0.0014/6.u) = 1,25(0.6 + 0.0014/0.0035) = 1.25 Ka = OSHS —O4AVNIS - 0.182[(5—0.44)/1.25]° = 0366-044) - O.116(6- 0.48)" 9) Derivation of z equation Compressive force, Fe Os67fabs Lever arm, z = dos fs = 2-2) Moment, Mo = Fe-2 = 0.367fabs. @ = 0367f4b.2e- A]. = 113d. d-2)). 2 MI bib fx LUBA fbie / bel = 1.13 4fa Ko = MAG!) = 1 134G%dY (dy = Ghd) + KI = 0 2 bd fx, Quadratic solution for 2/4, dlo.s+ (@25-K71.130) 2.10)Design for Flexure | 27 2.2.6 Design Procedure for Rectangular Seetion “The steps to be followed in the design of rectangular beam can be summarized as follows. Supposed the design bending moment is Af, beam seetion is 6 x c, concrete strength is f and steel strength is fa, {to determine the area of reinforcement, proceed as follows. M 1, Calculate K = bd? fy a caleba Ka = 03645-0464) - 0.116(6-0.44)? u ine jo = omen atecellonaReredanéution. ry momen at section before redistribu tion 3. If KS Kis compression reinforcement is not required, and i 2 = dlo.s+J@25—K71.134) _ Z O87 F.2 4. If K> Kg, compression reinforcement is required, and i 2 = d(os+J@25—K,,/1.134)) fi, x - @-304 fe st fare/egeness) \ i, Check die (K Ky fauba® if die < 038 oF 0.877, d-a) BK fsbe® ap = a Rulfsbd it aie > 038 F(d~a') where 200(1 —a"tx) 5 Kufabd 4 {fe O87f,,2 O87 Example 2.5 A rectangular reinforced concrete beam is subject to an ultimate design moment of 350 kNm after a 20% reduction due to moment redistribution. The characteristic material strengths are fa, = 30 N/mm? ‘and f4,~ 500 Nimm?. Determine the area of reinforcement required if the beam dimension is 225 x 600 ‘mm (b x d) and the depth to compression reinforcement is 45 mm.28 | Design for Flexure 2.3 Flanged Section Beams having ‘Tscetion and Lesection are commonly enccuntered in bear supported 6B floor Satems ae shown in Figure 23. In such situations, a portion of the slab acts integrally with the beam {in longitudinal direction of the beam). Figure 2.3: T and L sections in bean supported floor slab system ‘The slab portion is called the flange ofthe T ar L beam. The beam partion below the Mange is term the web, When the flange is relatively wide, the flexural compressive sess isnot uniform overs were the stress varies from a maximum in the web region to progressively lower values at pole aia ay fom the web, In oeder to operate within the framework of the theory of flexure, whish Fae ay fon srs istration across the Width of section, i is necessary to define an effective flange width. “The effective flange width Ber is specified (Cl. 53.2.1 EC2) by the following equation: ber = ba t Thai <6 (2.10) where b begs = 026 + OL, < Oy andalso basi 5 _uisthe discance between the point of contaexure along the bee as shown in Figure 2.4-Design for Flexure | 29 2.3.1 Analysis of section ‘The neutral axis and hence the depth of scress block may lie either within the flange or in the web ofthe flange beam. Inthe case of neutral axis within the flange (Figure 2.5), as all the concrete on the tension side is assumed ineffective in flexural computations, the flange beam may just as well be treated as & rectangular section having a width be (@. Neutral axis in the flanges Section Stress Figure 2.5: Flange section neutral axis within flange This section may be treated as a rectangular section of width and the methods set out in section 2.2 above apply. When the simplified stress block is used the actual neutral axis may be in the web provided that 0.8x does net exceed the flange depth fc. The moment of resistance of the section for the cease when 0.8x = hcis, Moo- Fe 0567, b(0.8x) .d—0.4x) = 0567 ble. dhe?) en Ifthe applied moment Mis greater than M, the neutral axis les in the web, (@. Neutral axis in the web : Singly reinforced f Te Fea Section ‘Stress Figure 2.6: Flange section ~ neutral axis in web: singly reinforcedfor Flexure Forces, Fey = 0-567fa bul 8x) = 045A bu Fg = 0.567fa,(~ be) Fr Fe 087A, Lever arms, n= d-04x) = (d-05hi) Moment of resistance. Mo = Feats 21 (@ASAjibe) (d= 0.As) + 0.567f - bedhr(— OSH) se moment of resistance of the section is when x=,q= 0.45d unin Mo 0.A54fgb.(OASd) [4-040 A54)] + 0:567/4(6 - bye (d— OSI) = ONG Thabyde + 0.S62fa(b = budir(d ~ I/2) le by fab 2 0.1677 > Ma =P fab is not required. Taking IF the applied moment M is less than My the compression reinforcement moment about Fics Mo Fyn + Fea @2-2) 08 A(d— 05h) - (0-2f4bu4) [(d-0.5hn)- (4—0.184)] = O87 A(d=0.5Ir) = (0.2fabud)(0.184-0.5hi) ‘Area of tension reinforcement, M + OA fy.buA(O.36d =H) 0.87f,,(4—0.5h;) ‘This equation should not be used when /iy> 0.36dDesign for Flenute | 31 (lil), Neutral axis in the web : Doubly reinforced Section Stress Figure 2.7: Flange section ~ neutral axis in web: doubly reinforced Forces, Fe 0.561 5(0.8X) = OAS, By Fea = O56 (6- by) he Fe = O8Th Ag Fe = O8 Thue (d-0.4x) (d-0.5h) (aa) Moment of resistance, M Foti + Faget + Psks = OASH abr. (dl 0.4x) + 0.56764(b - budln . d= 05h) + O8%fy4r d-2) whens =0.4Sd Mi = O16 Tfgbyc? + O.S67fa(b - bye (d - hf2) + O8Ihude Md- a) = Ma + OBA (d= a) Area of compression reinforcement (M=Myy) ae. 14) 0.87 f,,(d-a')32 | Design for Flexure Equilibrium of forces. Fo = Fa + Fa t+ Fe O84, = OASALabe + OSETIA belle + O8Thn AL when x= 045d O84, = 0:16 abyd? + OS6Tfalb=b.) + O8ThnAs? ‘Area of tension reinforcement j= ETabad + OSSIAN 4 an a ote: When negative bending moments are applied as for example at the suppod SSNS, ‘beam, the flange is in tension and makes no contribution to the strength of the beam. In this ‘ease the beam behaves like a rectangular beam whose width is that of the web. Tension reinforcement is placed in the flange and compression reinforcement in the web. 2.32 Design procedure for flanged beam Supposed the bending moment is M, beam section is by x b x dx fig conerete strength is fa and steel Strength isfy to determine the area of reinforeement, proceed as follows, 1 Calculate Me = OS67f bh(d—0.5h) If MS Mj, neutral axis in the flange Lk = bd? fx ii z = d(0.5+JO25-KN 134) M ih A Carpe 3. If -M > Mg, neutral axis in the web + cate p ~ 0.1672 + o567%{ 1b > db e Caleulate Mya = Pr fal iii, Compare Mand Mig A. Af MS Mg, compression reinforcement isnot requted.Design for Flexure | 33 M + O1fbyd(0.36d~h,) —_ 087 7,,(d—0.5h,) 5. If M > Mya, compression reinforcement is required. (M=M, O87/(d-d') O1GTfabyd + OS67fahi(O—by) 4 O8TF . i, Ae Example 2.6 Determine the area of steel required in a T beam with the following dimensions for an applied moment of 180 KNm: Depth of slab = 100 mm, width of flange 600 mm, width of web 200 mm, effective depth 350 mim, Assume f, =25 N’mm? and f= 500 Nimm Example 2.7 Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of the following T beam: /ty= 100 mm, b= $00 mm, by ~ 250 mm, d~ 350 mm, d’ = 50 mm. The tension reinforcement consists of SH25 and the compression reinforcement 2HI2. Assume fo, ~ 25 N'mm? and f, = 500 Nim’.34 | Design for Flexure EXAMPLES. Example 2.1: Design of rectangular seetion from first principle Example 2.2: ly reinforced rectangular section Example 2.3: Design of rectangular seetion from first principle Example 24: Moment resistance of doubly reinforced rectangular seetion Example2.5: Design of rectangular seetion using design formula Example 2.6: Design of flanged section Example 2.7: Moment resistance of flange sectionDesign for Flexure | 38 Example 2.1 page 1/1 Ret. Calculations ‘Output Specification ‘Size, b xd = 250 x 500 mm ‘4. Chae. strenath of concrete, fy = 25 N/mm Chae. strenath of steel Fy 500 N/m ending Moment, M/ = 175 kNm ’ Determine the area of reinforcement required ‘Solution Mya > OGIfabd? = 0.167 x25 250% 500* = 261 kNm | Mu ‘Compression reinforcement isnot required Mo = 0.454 fgbe(d - 0.4) 17Sx 10 = 0.454 (25) 250) (x) (500 - 0.4) M3sx?- laix7sox > 17S 10" = 0 ye = 1280 + ESAIRS. ° X= Eb * (b-dac)"? /20 13871mm or 1 mm Lever arm z= d-dr = 500 = (04x 138.7) = 445mm = 098d = 475 mm ‘Area of tension reinforcement Ag > M/08Tfy2 175 x of | (0.87% 500% 444.5 ) ‘905 mn? Use :| 36 | Design forFlenure Example 2.2 page 1/1 Ret Caleulations ‘Output peeifieatio HE] sve xa 300 x 500 mm __ Chae, strength of concrete, fa, = _ 25 Nitnm’ Chae, stengih of steel fa, = 500 Nin +- Reinforcement, 3.1120 Ac= 48 mnt Determine the moment of resistance ‘Assuming initially that the steeI stress fy 8 achieved the design yell value O87/,4 Stress 0.56774 (0.8 )(b) O454fgbx — 0.454 x25 x 300(x) = 30S N Fa = O8Tfyd, = O87 x50 x 943 10031. Equilibrium of forces Fa 10031 x= 1204 mn <= 9617d = 302 mm | Steel has yiekled'as assumed Lever arm z= d-Odx = 500 - (04x 1204) = 451.8 mm Moment of resistance M Fat O87 fg 4s 2 = O87 x 500 x M3 x 451.8 x 10% = 185 kNmDesign for Flexure Example 2.3 page 1 Ret, Calculations ‘Output Size,b xd = 280 x 500 mm 4 Chae. strenath of conerete,/a. = 25 N/mm Chae. strength of steel fy 500 Ninan Bending Moment, Mf = 300 km Determine the area of reinforcement required Souition Mya = ONGIaba™ = 01167 x25% 250% 5007 = 261 km < _M__ Compression reinforcement is required = 50 man x Oasd = 250mm dix = 022 038 > The compression steel will have yielded O87, fu = 410 rom ‘Area of compression steel Ag = (OM - Mya) 087 ald ~d’) 300 = 261) x18 G87 x50 x GW 30) = 200 mm Use: 2H 12 (226 mm?) ‘Area of tension steal are Ay = Meg) O8Y/y 2m + Ae Bot x 10° omx se aa * Use: 6420 = 1663 mm? (1885 mm? 37OO 38 | Design for Flesure Example 2.4 page V1 Ret Caleulations ‘Output Soecification = ba = 50mm TR] Tp Sieh xd = 250 x 500 mm Fic. strenath of concrete, = 25 Nim (Chas, strength of steel, fy = 500 Nim LL Reinforcement > Compresion: 21112 Ay = 2261 FP enson: 620A, = 1885 em Determine the moment of vsistance ution ‘Assuming italy tat the tee stresses / and fe are the design yield vabies O87/, Suess OAsyabe = 0454 X25 x 25000) Dike N O87 fy A, ~ 87 x500 x226 98407 N = O87faA, = 0.87 x 500 x 1885 520062 N Fquitvium of forces Fy = [Fas Fe 820062 aie x” + 98107 x ~ (620062, = 98407) / 2888 =) tm = O6KId = 309 mm Tension tee! has yekled as assumed ts 50/254 = 020 < 038 Compression teet has yield as assumed Lever arm 4 -0.te = 88 mm n= ded 450 mmm Moment of resitance Mo= Foot + Pet [¢ 2838 x 254 x 368) + (98407 450) 18 107 = 2mExample 2.5 Design for Flexure Page Ref Calculations Output Specification @ — 45mm op Sieb xd = 225 x 600 mm [2 Chas. suength of concrete, f= 30 N/mm Chae. strength of steal fy, 500 Nan ending Moment, = 350 kN 2 | 1 IDeternne te area of retiroement equied ‘Solution K = Mlfabd? = 350 x j9¢ (30 x 225x 6007 ) = ons Redatrbuion= 209% —_Rediswribution ratio, 6 = 0.8 [Using BC2 Koo O.ASA(S ~ he Wk 2 ~ O.182[(8 ~ & a] ky O44 nd 0.363 (3- & 1) 0.116 (8 = #y) Ay> 125 = 016 K > Kw Compression reinforcement & required 2 = d [05 +J0a5~ Kail] O88 d= 088X600 ~ | 530.8 mm x= @@-2)/04 = 1729 am dix = 45/129 = 026< 038 > The compression steel will have yielled Las ~ OB. _Atea of compression steel Ae = (K ~Kyq) fab? (08h -d) = (0.144 -0.12) x (30x 225 x_600* 0.87 x S00 x (600- 45) = 286 mm? Use: 3H 12 (339 mm’) Area of tension steel Kya Sabd® | OR 205 + 0.116 x GOx_ 225 x 6007) ORT x 500 x 531 = 1503 mm? Ay + 286 Use: 5H 20 C1STI mn?) \40 | Design for Flexure Example 2.6 page V1 Ret Calculations ‘Output Specification w—te ty = b= 600mm = hg = 100mm @ a) = 350mm by = 200 mm ey Chee. strength of eonerete, fa = 25 Nrmne Chae. strengih of steel Se = $0 Nam? Bending Moment, = 260 kN Determine the area of reinforcement required Solution My = 0367fgbh (d- 0.549 = 0567 25x 60x 100 ( 350 - 50) =| 258 eNm M_> Mg Neutralaxis below the flange Ba = OAS6D Ib) + 0S67h ddI Bb A= hd} “hv ~ 028 = (0.156% 033)+ (0.567 x0.29) 0.67 x0.86 | “ed = 039 =) OS = BeLabel OLS (25 x 600x 35 = 266 kNm Mo = Muu ‘Compresion reinforcement is not required ‘Area of tension reinforcement a, = M+ Of yb d(O36d -h) ORT Syd - 05h) 260_x jo? 025 x 200 _x 350x_ 2) 0.87 x 500 x. G50 = 50) = 2027 mm 1a5y'08\ eX “ Design for Flexure | 41 en a Pn Example 2.7 page 1/2 Ret Calculations ‘Output i d= 50mm 6 800 mm ak 100 mm a 330 mm by 250 mm Compression bar: 2612 4,= 226 mmm? Tension bar ‘525 2952 mm* Chae. strength of concrete. fa = 25. Némm? Chae. strength of steel fsx. ~ 500 Ninn? Determine the moment of resistance jhation Assuming intially thatthe steel stres fs the design {yield value 0.87/,. and neutral axis in the web 6 Forces Fos DASA fyb yx = 0454 X25 x 250(e) 2838s N Fog = _O567F 4(B-b hy = 0.567 x 25x $50 x 100 = 779023 N Pe O87 yA, = 087 500x 226 = 98407 N Fa = O87 fuAy = 0.87% 500 x 2952 = 1284120 Equilibrium of forces Fal = |Fog_slFea_s\Fe last120 = “2x38 + 779625 + 98407 x (1284120 = 779623 - 98407) (2838 = 3mm = hy = 100 mm ‘Neurtal axis in the web as assumed ey'0842 | Design for Flexure Example 2.7 page 22 Ret. Caleulations ‘Output Lever arm : d-0.ar (550 = 37.2) = 493 mm 2 aad (350 - 50.0) = 500 mm. 2, = d-05h, = (550 - 50.0) = 500 mm. Moment of resistance M| = [Faz] * weil + Pye Zn ~ (406088 493) + ( 98407 x 500) + (779625 x 500) | x 10% = 69 kNmDesign for Fiexure | 43, Problems 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 Design a rectangular reinforced beam to resist service moment of 120 kNm from dead loads and 110 kNm from live loads. The beam dimensions should be (6 x d) 250 x 600 mm. Assume fa~ 25 Nimo? and fu = $00 Nim? A reinforced concrete beam is 250 x $00 mm (b x a). The tension steel consist of 3H25 + 2120 bars and the compression steel is 3H12 bars. Determine the ultimate moment capacity of | the section, assuming 4 = 30 N/mm? and fu ~ 500 Nim A rectangular reinforced concrete beam 300 x 550 mm (b x a) is provided with 4420 bars as compression steel. Determine the area of tension steel needed for the beam to attain its full moment capacity. Calculate also the corresponding ultimate moment of resistance, Assume fy =30N/imm? and f= $00 N/mm’. Determine the moment of resistance of the RC beam sections shown in Figure P2.4. It has been docided to inerease the moment eapacity of these beams by incorporating compression steel and adding tension steel if necessary, What will be the absolute maximum moments these beam can carry?, Determine the areas of steel needed. Assume that fix = 25 N/mm, f= 500 Nimm*, and cover to centre of stee! is SO mm, 450 650 HI 2H20 (a) (b) Figure P24 2H2S Indicate the three cases regarding the positions of neutral axis in the design of flange beams, Determine the area of steel required in aT beam with the following dimensions for an applied ‘moment of 460 KNm: Depth of slab = 100 mm, width of flange 700 mm, width of web 300 im, effective depth 500 mm, Assume fa =25 Nimm? and jg = 500 Nimm?, A floor system consist of a slab 100 mm thick cast integral on beams spaced at 2.5 mn centre ‘and spanning 6 m simply supported. The beam part has @ width 250 mm and effective depth of 500 mm. The beam is to be design for a characteristic dead load of 12 kN'm and characteristic live load of 8 kNim. Caleulate the main steel required atthe mid-seetion ofthe beam assuming fo, = 30 Nim? and fx = 500 Nima, Determine the moment of resistance of aT beam with the following data: Width of flange = 1000 mm, width of web = 200 mm, depth of skab = 100 mm, effective depth = 500 mm, depth of compression steel = 45 mm, tension steel SH25, compression steel 3HI2. Assume that grade 25 concrete is used.an ee 44 | Design for Flexure Blank PageDesign for Shear | 45 3 DESIGN FOR SHEAR 3.1 Introduction Structural members in reinforced concrete have to resist shearing forces, which seldom act on their ‘own but in combination with flexure, axial force and sometimes torsion. Failure of reinforced concrete beam in flexural shear often may not lead to an immediate collapse by’ itself. Hosvever, it ean be significantly reduce flexural strength as well zs ductility. Hence, the state of shear failure is treated by the Code as an ultimate limit state for design purpose. The behaviour of reinforced concrete beam under shear is very complex, mainly because of its nonhomogeneity, presence of eracks and reinforcement, andthe nonlinearity in its material response 32 Shear in a homogeneous beam In a homogeneous elastic beam a vertical shear forces causes complimentary shear stresses and diagonal tensile and compressive stresses of the same magnitude as shown in Figure 3. ‘The direction of the principal compressive stresses takes the form of an arch, while the tensile stresses have the curve of a suspended chain. Near the support where the shearing forces are greater, the principal stresses become inclined and the greater the shear force the greater the angle of inclination. The tensile stresses due to shear are liable to cause diagonal cracking of the concrete near to the support so that shear reinforcement must be provided. Enlarged cloreent chow agonal tension Figure 3.1: Stress trajectories in homogeneous beam46 | Design for Shear the shear fore fs transmited throug the crack member by a combination ofthe un ome concrete the compression zone, the doweling action of the flexural enforcement and th aagreBiie interlock across tension eracks as shown in Figure 3.2, | com song > gaye gate interlock TT Devt ecton 3.3 Design method in £2 method of Shear design is known a8 The Variable Stat Inclination Mato. In is method Im BC method of eum in hear orepeseted by an analogous trust as shown in Figure © Te ‘enforce one top compression member ard asthe diagonal compression members etna 8 fo eats the horizontal. Th bttom chord isthe Horizontal trson steel and te Yor Tinks are the angle J 10 the or rermbers, The angle of concrete tut varies. depending onthe shear force appli \ertcal sheer steel in tension Concrete strut in compression Et ZH @® @ Figure 3.3. Assumed tras model forthe strut inlination methodDesign for Shear | 47 Three important parameter need to be consider in the derivation of design equations are the ‘compressive strength of the diagonal conerete strut, the required shear reinforcement for vertical ties, and the additional tension required in the bottom chord member. 34 The diagonal compressive strut The shear foree applied to the section must be limited so that excessive compressive stresses donot ‘occur in the diagonal compressive strut, leading to compressive failure of the concrete. The maximum design shear force Vag, ga is limited by the ultimate crushing strength of the diagonal concrete member in the analogous truss and its vertical component Vous max aX (by X 2608 9) sin O fab. 7 0s 0sin 0 far by =! (cot 6 + tan 0) In EC2 this equation is modified by the inclusion of a strenath reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear vy anc the introduction of coefficient taking account of the state of the stress in compression chord day thus, Vos a oe fs by 2/ (608 9+ tan) n¥(fall 5) by 0.94 / (cot 0+ tan 8) eo¥i0.Gfa, Path! (COR + tan) Itis set by the EC2 that limit the 4 value is between 22 to 45 degrees. The recommended Value for dey and v are given Clause 6.2.3 EC2. For the purpose of this module ihe following values are used, cy = 1.0, v= 0.6 (1 ~f4/250) hence, 0:36 Fixby A= fix 1250) = 3.1 etme (cota + tan) 6) 3.5 The vertical shear reinforcement ‘The shear resistance of the link is given by Vas = Frida = Ca! 1-15) Ayy O87hide If the links ate spaced at a distance s apart, then the shear resistance of the link is increased proportionately and is given by Peas O87fadsu (@ 601 8s) O.87f, Ay (0.94 cOt 0/8) O.78hiAved (Cot 9/3) All shear force will be resisted by the provision of links with no direct contribution from shear capacity of conerete itselfBO 48 | Design for Shear Vee Vegas = 0.78f,4.Asnd (cot @/ s) ‘Thus rearranging Aay Vos 5 Avw 62) 5 0.78 fd 6018 EC2 (Cl. 9.2.2) specifies a minimum value for Aqs/s such that, 1.085. Fa A 0.086, VF ‘ses s In C2 (Cl. 9.2.2) also specifies that the maximum spacing of vertical link should not exceed 0.75d. 3.6 Additional longitudinal foree When using this method of shear design itis necessary to allow for the additional longitudinal fore in the tension steel eaused by the applied shear force Vo. This longitudinal tensile force AF is caused by the horizontal component required to balance the compressive force in the inelined concrete strut Resolving the applied shear force horizontally, the longitudinal component of the force in the compressive strut is given by Longitudinal foree (eal sin 8) x cos 0 - Ves cot 9 Itis assumed that half of this foree is carried by the reinforcement in the tension zone of the beam then the additional tensile force to be provided in the tensile zone is given by Fa OSV ys c0t 0 Ga) To provide for this longitudinal force, at any cross-section it is necessary to provide longitudinal reinforeement additional to that required at that seetion to resist bending. The total force given by Mra= + Aa should not be taken as greater than Myjway! 2 Where Mca is the maximum hogging or ‘maximum sagging moment along the bear. 3.7 Design procedure ‘The following procedure can be use for determining vertical shear reinforcement, 1 Determine design shear force Vey 2 Determine the conerete strut capacity for cot 9 =1.0 and cot 0 =2.5 (9 22" and 9=45° respectively) 0.36b,df-0(0 (coe + S250) 4) VeenaDesign for Shear | 49 3h Ver > Visine €Ot@= LO Redesign section AAR Mn Winns OHS, ‘tn on 8 =D, a ela he sea etree follows z a ea (eo9=25) s 078/,.deod _ 0.513%, Ind 5. TE Vesna Cot O=2.5 < Vea < Vein cot = 1.0 r, (i Calculate 6 0.5sin“| ——___#!_ __ (3.5) Se ae we a Calculate shear link as Aw ea s O78f,.Leotd 6 Calculate the minimum links required by EC2: C19.2.2(8), Ay 0.085,.4/ fa. Ty 7. Caleulate the additional longitudinal tensile Foree eaused by the shear AFu = O5¥eyeotd Example 3.1 A simply supported beam of 8 m span is to carry a uniform ultimate load of 100 KN/m. The beam dimension is 225 x 500 mm (6 x d) and the longitudinal reinforcements provided are 3H25 and 21116 for tension and compression respectively. Desian the shear reinforcement using vertial links. Assume fa 30 Nim! and f, = 500 Ninn?50 | Design for Shear 38 Shear between the web and flanged of a flanged section Longitudinal complementary shear stresses also occur in @ flanged section along the interface between the web and flange as shown in Figure 3.5. This is allowed for by providing transverse reinforcement ‘over the width of the flange on the assumption that this reinforcement acts 9s ties combined with compressive struts in the concrete. It is necessary to check the possibility of failure by excessive compressive stresses in the struts and to provide sufficient steel atea to prevent tensile failure in the ties. Compressive Strut Longitudinal bar anchorage beyond this projected point Figure 3.5: Shear between flange and web The longitudinal shear stress, yg at the web-flange interface is determine according to, Veg = G6) (hy x) AM (b,=h,)/2 (d=h,/2) be AM = the change in moment over the distance Ax where AF, = The maximum value allowed for Ax is hall the distance between the section with zero moment and that where maximum moment occurs. Where point loads occur Ax should not exceed the distance between the loads, The concrete strut capacity of the flange is given by, Yar = vfysinO, cosd, = 0.6(1 = fu, / 250).{ fa, /1.5)sin 6, cos 6, 04 Fy l= fy, (250) (cot d, + tand,) onDesign for Shear | 51 The permitted ranze of the values of cot @, are recommended as follows; 10S cot 520 for compression flanges (45° < 026.5") 10 cot <1.25 for tension flanges (45° < 0 < 38.6") 3.9 Design Procedure 1 Calculate the longitudinal design shear stress, vey a the web-flange interface Veg = AF my B90) 2 If yeq is less than or equal to 0.4f45 ~ 0.4(fs/1.5) = 0.274, then no shear reinforcement is required, Proceed to Step 4. 3. Cheek the shear stresses in the strut, To prevent crushing of the conerete in the compressive struts the longitudinal shear suess is limited 1, Soa(t= fo, 250) (cot, + tand,) ‘The lower value of the angle 6 is first tried and if the shear stresses are too high the angle @ is calculated from the following equation; @, = 0.Ssin"| ———"s_]< 450 G3) 0.2 fog fu, 1250) 4. Caleulate the transverse shear reinforcement required A, le 5 0877, cotd, Yeah ar G9) C2 requires that the area of transverse steel should be the greater of, (a) that given by equation (3.9) cof (b) half that given by equation (3.9) plus the area of steel required by transverse bending of the flange. ‘The minimum amount of transverse steel required in the flange is 0.26bhy fan fx > 0.0013 by mm?/m, where, 6 = 1000 mm52 | Design for Shear Example 3 A simply supported beam of 9 m span is to carry a uniform ultimate load of 90 kKN/m. The beam dimensions are: b- ~ 600 mm, by = 250 mm, f= 100 mm, d= 530 mm, d’ = 45 mm. The longitudinal reinforcements provided are 3H120 and 2Hi2 for tension and compression respectively. Design the shear reinforcement using vertical links, Assume f= 25 N/mm? and f ~ 500 N/mm? 3.10 Sections not requiring design shear reinforcement Where shear forces are small the concrete scetion on its own may have sufficient shear capacity (es) to resist the ultimate shear force (Vga) resulting from the worst combination of actions on the structure, although in most cases @ nominal or minimum amount of shear reinforcement will usually be provided! ‘The conerete sections that do not require shear reinforcement are mainly lightly loaded floor slab and pad footing. In those sections where Vx < Vaas then no caleulated shear reinforcement is required, ‘The shear resistance ofthe conerete, Vinge in such situations is given by an empirical expression; Yeas = (0.124100 fs)" 1 Bact With a minimum value of Yeae = (0.0354 7fa'"] bya where Yaic = the design shear resistance of the section without shear reinforcement. = (s+ fe) 20 with d expressed in mm M1 = Aglbud) < 0.02 u= the area of tensile reinforcement that extends (y+) beyond the section considered fy ~ the smallest width of the section in tensile area (mm) [Bxample 33 ‘A-4'm span simply supported slab with effective depth d= 150 mm is to carry an ultimate action of 15 N/m per m width. The steel reinforcement at the tension side consists of H10-200 bar which are continued to support, Assuming fy = 25 Nimm’ and fu 500 Nimm* . Verify shearDesign for Shear | $3 EXAMPLES ] Example 3.1: Design of shear reinforcement for rectangular section Fxample 3.2: Design of shear reinforcement for flanged section Example 3.3: Verification of shear for seetion not requiring shear reinforcement54 | Design for Shear Example 3.1 page 172 Ret Calculations Output SPECIFICATION wenn, a) Span, J som Sie.b xd ~ 225x500 mm Design lad, 100 kW/m ‘Characteristic strength of concrete fax = 30 Nia Characierisi sirength of steel fy = 500 Nim Tension steel 3H25 Compression steel 2H 16 Desizn shear reinforcement 623 9226) Solu Design shear fores Veg =wLi2 = 10Ox 80/ 2 400 kN Concrete strut eapacity = 036b,dfa(l - Fs/250)/ (cot @ * tan @) 5x 500% 30(1- 30250) (036% (wot D+ tan OY 3KN | =D 0 = 22dep_ cot ~ 25 o| 535kN SPO = A3deg ct ~ 1. =| Ppa; 20 = 2.5 0 Vee Veg

Therefore angle 0 > 2 = 0.5sin™ [pq 0.18 wf I~ Fa/25011 = 0ssin 400_x 10 } Ba 225 x S00 x 501 - 30/250 = 0.58in'" (0.753, = 24.2% Use: @ = 242° tan @ = 0.45 cot 0 = 2. Shear links Amis = Veal 0I8fyteo 0 "400 x 10° /(@.78x 500x S00x 2.22) = 0923 Try lnk HO Agy = 157 0 Spacing, s = 157/092 170 mm Max. spacing Sum = 075d = 0.75 x 500 use H10 - 150Design for Shear | 55 Example 3.1 page 22 Catcutations Output 9.2.205) | tinimunn ties Ais = |0.08f 420i fy 0.08 x (30)'? x 225/500 0.197 Try fink : HIO | 4,, = 1ST mm* Spacing, © = 157/020 se =| 77mm > —_0.75d= 375 mm M110 - 350, Shear resistance of minima fnks Ve (Ay WO.78df ye cot 2) (137/380) x (0.78 x 500x300 x25) = 217k Links arrangement 200KN (290-217 1000 217 = 183m Kl 217m 400K 110-150, 10-350 _,|y110- 150 183m 333m 1.3m 62.3(7) | Additional longitudinal reinforcement ‘Additional tensile foree, BFg = 0.5Vgqcot 6 03 x400 £2.22 HS KN ‘Addonal tension reinforcement, AL = Ak /O8T/y = 445 x 10° / 0.87 x soo Use = 1022 mm* 3H 25 1473 mm*36 | Design for Shear sample 3.2 pose 13 Ret. Calculations Output = SPECIFICATION » = Span L = 8.0m Design load, w= 90 Nin Dimension: byxdxbxhp= 280 «530x600 x 110mm Characteristic strength of concrete, fg = 25 Nimm? Characteristic strength of steel, fy, = 500 Nimm* ‘Tension steel 3H 20 ‘Compression steel 2H 12 Design shear reinforcement Solution Design shear force, Ver -\whi2 = | 9x 90/2 = 405KN 62.3 | Concrete strut capacity Vea.mm = 0.36b ydfg( ~ f/280) /(cot 0 + tan 0) (0.36% 250%. $30 25(1- 25250) (cor d+ tan BY = SKN | => 0 = 2deg cod STKN =P 9 = 45dex cord Vea >| Vrain €0t 8 Vee < Vrs. C0t 8 = 10 => Therefore angke 0 > 8 = 0.58sin* [Mug / 0.185 wf (I~ Fa/250)] Fe 405. x 10° tinex aioe sox ma aaa} O.5sin (0.753 =24.5° Use: 0 = 245° tan 9 = 046 cot d= 2.19) Shear links Age! = Veq/ 0.7 ydcot 0 405 x 10° (0.78% 500% $30 2.19) = 0893 Try lnk HOA, = 157 mm? Spacing, 5 ~ 157/089 = 17% mm Use : 9.226) | Max. spacing, tq = 0:75d = 0.75 x 330 = 398 mm 10-175Design for Shear | 57 Example 3.2 page 2/3 Ret, Calculations Ourput 9.2.2(5) | Minimum inks Amis 0.08" u Fou = 0.08 x\25)'* x250_ / 500 0.200 Try link H10 Ay = 187 mn Spacing, s = 157/ 0.20 Use : 786mm > 0.75d= 398 mm Mio - 375 624 62.46) Shear resistance of minimum links Ve = (Agy/s \0,78df,c€0t 0) = (S7/373)x (0.78 x 500 x530_x2.5) = 2k Links arrangement oan = Gos 219/900 >| 2a 50 Sm ie ‘Transverse steel in the flange ‘The longtuxlnal shear stresses are the greatest over a distance ‘Ax measured from the point of zero moment. Ax = 0.5(L/2) =(L/4) ‘2000/4 2250 mn ‘The change in moment over distance Ax from zero moment, AM = (nL/2ML/4) « (wh/AXL/8) = 3wh 7/32 3 x90x9.07/ 32 = 6834 KNm ‘The change in longitudinal force, AFe = [AM /(d -0.5i) IIb - y)/25] 683.44 x10? (600-250) 30-35) * 2 x60) = 20KN Longitudinal shear stress Vea = MF a/ Gir) 420 s10°/ (10x. 2250) = 170 Nim? ver > O27 ay =0.27 x 1.80 = 0.49 Ninm* > Transverse steel reinforcement is required|Example 3.2 page 3/3 Ref. Cateutations Ouput sapacity in the flange O.4f gl! ~F 9/250)! (cot A ~ tan 0) (0.40 x25. = 25250 y Cot 0+ tan DY = 3.59 Nimm? => 0 = 27doe cot 0 = 4.50 N/mm? => 8 = 4S dog cot O 20 10 Yen < Med mm COtO < Met mn CO 7 —> Therefore anole 0 < cag B= 05sin™ Lv eq/ 02fe(1- F/250)] 0.5sin 170 } 020% 241 - 257250 ). = 05s" (0.38) — 11.07 Use: 0 = 265° tan 8 = 050 cot = 20 Transverse shear reinforcement Ag! Se = Meal! ORF scot 0 1.70%, 110 / (0.87 x 500 x 2.0) 0.14 Ty: HIO 4g = 78.55 mm* Spacing, sp = 78.6 /0.214 = 367 mm Minimum transverse steel area, 4 = 026 anlfsa) Bhi = 0.26 (2.56 /500) ding Use = 0.0013 bey Use = 0.0013 bh ; H10- 300 = 0.0013 x 1000 x110.0 Lamm? | (262 mm’ /m) 62.307) AF yw = 0.5V 4 60t 0 = 0.5 x 405 2.19 444, kN Additional tension reinforcement, A, =| OP a/ 0.87% = 444 x 10°/ 0.87 x 500 Use 1021 mm? 3H 25 1473 mm?Example 3.3 Desig for Shear | 59 Ree. Calculations Span, L = 4.0m Size,b xd = 1000x150 mm Design foad, w = 15 kN/m per m width (Characteristic strength of concrete, fag = 25 Nimns Characteritic strength of steel, Jy, = Tension steel: HI0-200 A, = Verify shear ‘500 N/mm 393 mmm 622 ‘Saiurion Design shear force Veg = wh /2) = 15x 40/ Conerete shear resistance Vase = (0.12 (1009 fag)!” | ond & = 1+ 200id)'? = 20 = 1+ @00/ 150)"7 = BL = gibad ) = 0.02 =) 3937 1000 x 150 = 0.12 x 2.00 (100% 0.0026 = 67301. N = 67 KN Yoae = [0085277 bd 0.038% 2.15** x25! x 1000 HN = 44 eN So, Vea = 671 2 = 30KN 215 > 20 0.0025 = 0.02 x25} x 1000 x 150 x 150 Ok!60 | Design for Shear [Problems _] Explain how shear stresses produce tension eracks in concrete List the factors that affect the allowable shear in conerete beams anki write down the formula for shear strength of conerete in reinforced concrete beams, What are the types of reinforcements used to resist shear?. Deseribe the action of different types of shear steel in resisting shear. ‘A reinforced concrete beam of rectangular eross-scetion is reinforced for moment only and Subjected to an ultimate shear force V of 400 KN. Beam size b= 250 mm, d = 475 ram and material strength f= 30 N/mm, and fy = 500 N/mm”. Is the bean satisfactory for shear? Design the shear reinforcement for a beam with 6 = 300 mm, d= $50 mm, = 150 KN, fa = 25 Nimm?, and fy = 500 N’n 'A T beam and slab system of.a structure are made of beams spaced at 3.0 m with clear span of 7.2 m between brickwalls of 250 mm thick. For the T beam Jp= 100 mm, fy = 300 mm, d = 600 mm . if fy — 35 Nimm? and fx = S00 Nimm’, design the shear reinforcement. Assume S125 tension reinforcement are continued to support and variable lead = 5 kN/m”.Deflection and Cracking | 61 40 Introduction In order to serves its intended purpose, a structure must be safe and serviceable. A structure is safe iit is able to resist without disttess and with sufficient margin of safety, all forces which are likely to act ‘on it during its life time. Serviceablity, in addition, implies that deformation of structures such as ‘deflections cracking and other distortions under lod shall not be excessive. Excessive deflection for example lead 10 sagging of floors, erushing of partitions, buckling of glass enclosures, ill iting doors and windows, poor drainage, misalignment of machinery and excessive vibration. Its therefore, becomes important to control the defleetion and era thatthe serviceability condition of structure under normal load is satisfactory of reinforced concrete, $0 4.1 Deflection For control of deflection, two alternative methods are described in BC2 clause 7.4) |, Limiting span to depth ratios, according to clause 7.4.2, and ii, Calculation of actual deflection ancl checking it with a limit value, according to clause 7.4.3. The limitations necessary to satisfy the requirements will vary considerably according to the nature of the structure and its loadings, but for reinforced concrete the following may be considered as reasonable guides; i. final deflection of a beam, slab or cantilever subjected to quasi-permanent loads should not ji, for the deflection which takes place after the application of finishes or fixing of partition should not exceed span/500 to avoid damage to fixtures and fittings. C2 suggests that deflections should be calculated under the actions of the quasi-permanent load combination, assuming this loading to be of long-term duration, Hence the total loading to be taken in the calculation will be the permanent load plus a proportion of the variable load which typically be 30, per cent of the variable load for office type buildings.62 | Deflection and cracking 4A Limi 1g Span to Depth Ratio ‘The equations o calculate the basic span-effetive depth ratios, to control deflection to a maximum of span/250 are given in EC2 es: [ texas itp , where: Vd is the limiting span/depth K- isthe factor to take into account the dierent in structural system ‘pa isthe reference reinforcement ratio= «/7oy 10° | ‘pis the required tension reinforcement ratio = L00Ageq/ bd js the required compression reinforcement ratio = 1004, sey/ bd ‘Some typical values are given in Table 4.1 for rectangular section of class C30/35 concrete and for grade 500 steel “Table 4.1: Basic span/effective depth ratio (4 = 500 N/mm®, C30/35 Conerete) FTective depth ratio Structural System K | Gonereie highly | — Concrete Tightly sitessed,p= 1.55% | stressed, p = 0.5% 1, Simply supported beam, oneitwo 10 4 a0 way simply supported slab 2. End span of continuous beam or ‘one-way continuous slab oF two svay spanning slab continuous over | 1 s 6 one long side 3. Interior span ofbeam or one way or | 5 F re two way spanning slab 's » sd | 4, Slab supported on columns without ‘beam (lat slab) based on longer 12 ” 4 | span 5. Cantilever 04 6 8 (Source: Table 2.4N: EN 1992-F-1)Deflection and Cracking | 63 The basic ratios are modified in particular cases as follows: i, For flange section where the 1 should be multiplied by 0.8. fio of the flange width to the web width exceeds 3, the values For beam and slabs, other than flat slab, with spans exceeding 7 m, which support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflection, the values should be multiplied by 7/span. iii, Where more tension reinforcement is provided (A,yoy) than that calculated (44, 4), multiply the values by Avev!Asveg Copper limit = 1.5) Example 4.1 ‘A simply supported rectangular beam of 8 m_span is of width 250 mm and effective depth 550 mm. ‘The area of tension steel required is 1663 mm? and the area of compression steel required is 200 mm? 66H20 and 2H12 bars ate provided as tension and compression reinforcements respectively. Verify the beam for deflection consideration according to EC2. Assume concrete strength fey ~ 25 N/mm? and steel strength, fy = 500 Nimm’, 42 Cracking Cracks are induced in reinforced concrete clements as a result of: i. flexural tensile stress due co bending under applied loads; ii, diagonal tension stress due to shear under applied load iii, Volume changes due to shrinkage, creep, thermal and chemical effects; and jv, splitting along reinforcement due to bond and anchorage failure The primary objective of crack control is to limit the width of individual eracks. This is req not only for acsthetic reasons, but more importantly, for durability and particularly for corrosion protection of reinforcement. For control of crack, two alternative methods are described in EC2 clause 73. Control of eracking without direct calculation, according to clause 7.3.3, and CCaleulation of erack widths and checking i¢ with ati jt value, according to clause 7.3.4 In the absence of specific requirements (e.g. water tightness) the crack width may be limited to 0.3 ‘mm in all exposure classes under quasi-permanent combination of loads. In the absence of requirements for appearance, this limit may be relaxed to 0.4 mm for expasute classes XO and XC1.64 | Defletion and cracking 42.1 Control of cracking without direction calculation lowural cracking is generally controlled by providing a minimum ates of tension reinforcement and ig bar spacing or limiting bar sizes. , Minimum reinforcement area Ihe provision ofthe minimum steel area ensues thatthe reinforoement does not yield when the ccrete inthe tension zone cracks with a sudden transfer of tres fo the reinforcement. oe ore cause the uncontrolled development of afew wide cracks. Whenetsy this minimum ares fr provided, then yield should not oceur and cracking will hen Pe distributed throughout ar Trey ws 2 greater number of cracks but of lesser wih. dy mn 1© BCR by the expression, Aasnin = ke Bow eter! where ‘he = stress distribution coefficient (1.0 for pure tension, 0.4 for flexure) = non-linear stress distribution coefficient eM for webs with h < 300 mm or flanges < 300 mm wide, = 6.65 for webs h> 800 mm oF flanges > 800 mm wide, {interpolate for intermediate values) cas ~ tonsil strength of concrete at time of eacking with @ suggested minimum of 3 N/mm dag = area of conerete within tensile zone defined as tet ares ‘which isin tension just before the initiation ofthe first crack. bb. Maximum spacing of reinforcement Cracking duo to Toading is minimized by ensuring that the maxi spacing between Teatudinal reinforeng bars in beam is limiced to that given in Table 42. The spacing reads on the res inthe reinforsement which should be taken as he Ss under the action sere uasi-parmanent loadings. The quasi permanent loading is ten os he permanent load, Gu ples 2 proportion of the variable load, Qh. depending on the OP of structure. The Gi Mion ef ees level fe eam be complicated and an acceptable appronimation (for office ‘and domestic situations) isto be taken 9s, Say Ge H030, Aan A TAS” .35G, +150) Anpor F f “Table 42: Maximum bar spacing for crack control ‘Steel ste ‘Maximum bar spacing (mm) (N/mm?) v= 0.4 mm w= 03m 160 300. 300 200. 300. 250 240 250) 200 280 200. 150 320 150 100 360, 100 ed ‘Bounce: Table 73N: EN TDP:Deflection and Cracking | 65 ¢. Maximum bar size When considering loadl-induced cracking bar diameter may be restricted as indicated in Table 4.3. This table is based on C30/37 conerete and 25 man cover as an altemative to limiting, spacing, ‘Table 4.3: Maximum bar diameters for crack control Steel stress ‘Maximum bar size (am) (iam) w=. mm w= 03 mm 60. 40 32 200 32 25 240 20 16 280 16 2 320 1 10. 360 10 8 400, 8 6 450 6 5 Source: Table 72N: EN TH9ET-D) ‘Beam with a total depth of 1000 mm or more, where the main reinforcement is concentrated in ‘only 2 small proportion of the depth, should be provided with additional skin reinforeement to control cracking on the sce faces ofthe beam as shown in Figure 4.1 f 4 | h> 1000 mm Skin | reinforcement aa Figure 4.1: Skin reinforcement to control cracking, This reinforcement should be evenly distributed between the level of the tension steel and the neutral axis and should be located within link. The area of the skin reinforcement should not be less than Ayqig taking & as 0.5. The spacing and size of suitable bars may be obtained from Table 4.2 and Table 4.3 assuming pure tension and a steel stress of half the value assessed for the main tension reinforcement.eee 66 | Deflection and cracking (EXAMPLES: Example 4.1; Verification of deflection of a beamDeflection and Cracking | 67 Example 4.1 page V1 Ret Calculations Output SPECIFICATION Nin ft 2H 2 eo on 20 Span, b= 80m Size,6 xd =| 250x550. mm Characteristic strenath of concrete, fa = 25 Ninn? Charasteristi strength of steel Jue ~ 300 Nit? Tension steel: Ayegy= 1663 MM Ay 1885 mn? Comp. steel: 4, 200mm? AS ee= 226 mm? Check the beam for deficetion Solution 7.4 | Percentage of required tension reinforcement, P= Aany/ bd = 166i /250%x 550 oor Reference reinforeement ratio, Po = GFad'? x10? = (25) x10 0.005 Percentage of required compression renforcement, Do HAs my / bd 200 /250x 550 = 0.001 Tabk 74N | Factor forstructuralsystem, X= 10 2 > be f, ae, 1 5 fal] Kits Wie +e | = LOL + 1.5 (25 "4 0.005 / (0.012- 0.001) ~ (I/N2) (25% (0.001/ 0.005)"" = LOCI 352 + 022) lars Modification factor for ‘span greater than 7 m =Tispan =7/8 = 0.88 Modification factor tor steel arca provided, = Asm gee = 1885 / 1663 = 1.13 <1.5 ‘Therefore allowable span-effective depth ratio, Wd = 1875 xO88 x13 = 14.63 ‘Actual spemeffective depth = 9000/550 = 145 = 1463 ort68 | Deflection and cracking Problems 41 42 44 What are the methods available in EC 2 to ensure that the deflection of the beam one has designed is within allowable limits? A two span continuous T-beam section with equal spans of 7.5 m_has the following mensions: Width of flange 1100 mm, width of web 250. mm, effective depth 420 mm, tension and compression steel provided are 41120 and 2H respectively. Area of tension steel required is 1234 mm’ and the concrete grade use is C25. Verify the beam for deflection requirement. What is the magnitude of crack width allowed in reinforced concrete structures? ‘When will one provide side reinforcement in beams? What are the specifications regarding its position?Durability and detailing requirements | 69 5 DURABILITY AND DETAILING REQUIREMENTS 5.0 Introduction Detailing and durability requirements are to ensure that a structure has satisfactory durability and serviceability performance under normal circumstances throughout its lifetime. ‘These requirements will involve aspects of design, such as concrete mix selection and «determination of cover to reinforcing bars, as well as selection of suitable materials for the exposure conditions which are expected. EC2 recommends simple rules concerning the concrete mix and cover to reinforcement, minimum member dimension, and limits to reinforcement quantities and spacing Which must be taken into account at the member sizing and reinforcement detailing stage, 51 Concrete Cover ‘The nominal concrete cover is defined as the distance measured from the conerete surface to the nearest surfece of the reinforcing bar including links. The nominal cover should protect steel against corrosion and fire and to give the reinforcing bar the necessary embedment to ensure the safe transmission of bond forces without slipping, Clause 4.4 EC2 specified the nominal cover as Follows; nom = ‘min + ACaoy G1 where, coer #8 an allowance for construction deviations and should be taken as 10 mm, unless where an approved quality control system on cover (e.g. in situ measurements) is specified, in which case it ccan be reduced to 5 mm, ie is minimum conerete cover sets to satisfy the requirements for safe transmission of bond forces, durability and fire resistance,70 | urabilty and detain rea Minimum cover for bond | In order to transmit bond forces safely and to ensure equate compaction of the concrete the | minimum cover should not be less than Gy,» given in Table 5.1 ‘Table 5.1: Minimum cover, cas requirements with regard to bond ‘Anangement ofbars | Minimum cover owns™ Separated Diameter of bar Bundle Equivalent diameter b.- gm < 55mm ‘Where my is the number of bars in the bundle, which is ed t0 ‘y= 4 for vertical bars in compression nS 3 forall other cases + [Fhe nominal maximum aguregate size > 52 mit, cay should be neTeased by $ mm (Source: Table 4.2 EN 1992-I-1) ‘Minimum cover for durability ‘The recommendations for durability taking account of the exposure classes and the structural classes as given in Table 5.2. ‘Table 8.2: Minimum cover, cpinanrFequirements with regard to durability Structural Esporure Class according to Table 4.1 EC 2 ois x0 NC] XCaKCS | NCH | XDIXST | XDIXS2 | XDIXS3 ST 10 i 0 15 20 35 30 SZ 10 10 15 20 3 30 5 s 0 10 20 5 30 35 0 4 10 15 5 30 3 0 8 Ss 15 20 30 35 o 5 30 36 20 35 35 7 eS 30 5 (Source: Table 44N EN 1992-1-1) ‘The recommended Structural Class (design working life of $0 years) is $4 for the in concrete strengths given in Annex E of EC2 and the recommended modifications to the structural Classis given in Table $.2a, The recommended minimum Structural Class is ST