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Effect of Mobile Banking on Financial

Performance of Commercial Banks in Kisii
Town, Kenya
Isabellah Mageto1, Dr. Willy Mwangi Muturi2, Dr. Vitalis Mogwambo Abuga2
1
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (MBA Candidate)
2
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (PhD)

Abstract: Around half of the world’s population is out of formal banking and financial services. For this reason,
several mobile payment trend studies have revealed the potential of mobile network technologies for payment
purposes. The main objective of the study was to assess the effect of mobile banking to financial performance of
commercial banks in Kisii Town, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of
perceived security of mobile payments technology on financial performance of commercial banks in Kisii Town, to
determine the effect of perceived ease of accessibility of mobile payments technology on financial performance of
commercial banks in Kisii Town and to determine the effect of transaction cost of mobile payment technology on
financial performance of commercial banks in Kisii Town. The study used a sample of 255 respondents which was
drawn from Operation Managers, clients, cashiers and 7 M-Pesa paying agents. The data collected were analyzed
by use of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics with the help of Social Sciences version 21 software. The
study found out that, perceived cost, perceived access and perceived security of mobile payments technology have a
significant influence on the financial performance of commercial banks. The study concluded that the transaction
cost of mobile payment is cheap, mobile banking money can be sent any time of day; it saves time of travelling and
that mobile banking transactions are processed in accordance with clients’ expectations besides providing evident
of payment to another person.
Keywords: Craft, External equity, Financing, Growth, Microenterprise, Tabaka.

1. INTRODUCTION

The Internet in its present stance can be viewed as one of the commonly available distribution channels. In the mid
1990’s, almost immediately after embracing the Internet as a channel for banking services, banks started and
telecommunications companies started to work together towards the development of an online banking service based on
mobile telephony. Wang et al. (2006) observed that, the growth of wireless technology has increased the number of
people using mobile devices and accelerated the development of mobile service conducted with these devices.
Recently Banks have radically converted from the traditional use of banking to branchless positions of banking. Tiwari,
Buse and Herstatt (2006) define mobile banking as any transaction, involving the transfer of ownership of rights to use
goods and services, which is initiated and/or completed by using mobile access to computer- mediated networks with the
help of an electronic device. It is also called m-banking. Mobile banking has received overwhelming uptake in Kenya
since its introduction in 2007 (Petrova, 2002). In Kenya, only 19% of adult Kenyans reported having access to a formal,
regulated financial institution while over a third (38%) indicated no access to even the most rudimentary form of informal
financial service. This leaves a percentage of more than 80% outside the bracket of the reach of mainstream banking
(Njenga, 2013). Kato et al. (2014) stated that, mobile banking platform allows increased penetration by banks to areas not

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viable for physical presence that involves huge investments in physical infrastructure. Banks are also able to sell more
services to existing customers through mobile banking thus increasing the banks’ share of profit.
Kimenyi and Ndung’u (2009) asserted that, as a product of mobile payment technology, mobile-banking has become a
solution into the problems of the unbanked society and that it is an effective approach in reaching millions of unbanked
households in rural areas with very little investments. There are several basic mobile banking services offered by most
banks for their customers (Ethang’atha, Thiaine and Lyria, 2015; Anand, 2007). These include: account alert, security
alerts and reminders, account balances updates and history, customer service via mobile, branch or ATM location
information, bill payments, deliver online payments by secure agents and mobile application, funds transfers and
transaction verification.
Several mobile payment trend studies (Ivatury and Pickens, 2006; Bångens and Söderberg, 2008) have revealed the
potential of mobile network technologies for payment purposes. The Mobile Banking service enables subscribers to use
their mobile phones to carry out transactions that would have otherwise been done by commercial banks themselves,
usually over the counter. Besides, studies in other regions (outside Kenya) have indicated that mobile banking saves of
transaction costs, both direct and indirect, that are associated with manually depositing or withdrawing money from
banks. However, it has been observed that regardless of Mobile Banking’s wide set of applications, a good percentage of
the mobile phone users still do not make use of all the available Mobile Banking facilities. Many people still personally
visit banking halls to perform transactions that could have otherwise been done by mobile banking, thereby time
consuming to and from the bank, and money associated with the travels, besides risking theft of the withdrawal from the
banks. Besides, little is known about the effects of mobile banking to performance of commercial banks. Therefore the
study seeks to establish the effects of mobile banking on financial performance of commercial banks in Kisii Town,
Kenya.
The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of mobile banking on financial performance of commercial
banks in Kisii Town, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to establish the effects of transaction cost of mobile
payment technology on financial performance of commercial banks in Kisii Town, to establish the effects of perceived
ease of accessibility of mobile payments technology on financial performance of commercial banks in Kisii Town and to
establish the effects of perceived security of mobile payments technology on financial performance of commercial banks
in Kisii Town.

2. EMPIRICAL REVIEW
2.1 Transaction Cost and Financial Performance:
The penetration of mobile phones is increasing in developing and poorer nations, where a large percentage of the global
population resides (Kasyoki, 2012). Kasyoki (2012) opined that low-cost banking and financial services can attract a
considerable number of customers who formerly could be served only at too high a cost. Prior to introduction of M-pesa
(m-payment), individuals used a mixture of informal (such as large buses) and formal channels (mainly commercial banks
and other financial institutions) to transfer money (Ethang’atha et al., 2015). Mobile Banking has also been viewed as a
savior for commercial banks in the sense that it presents an opportunity for banks to retain their existing, technology-
savvy customer base by offering value-added, innovative services and that, it might even help attracting new customers
(Krueger, 2001). Kathuo, Rotich and Anyango (2015) observed that mobile banking has made basic financial services
more accessible by minimizing time and distance to the nearest retail bank branches as well as reducing the banks own
overheads and transaction- related costs. A study by Ethang’atha et al. (2015) recommended that there is need to reduce
the service charges imposed on the M-Payment services in Kenya, in order to reduce high costs incurred on M-Payment
transactions.
Kato, Otuya, Owunza and Nato (2014), established that there was positive relationship between mobile banking and
performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Kathuo et al. (2015) study on the effect of mobile banking on the financial
performance of banking institutions in Kenya, revealed that the branches have been offering mobile banking services to
their clients for the last five years to offer services such as deposits, withdrawals, ATM withdrawals and fund transfer.
The findings further revealed that the average the volume of mobile-banking transactions on the services per year for the

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last five years and those deposits, withdrawals and transfers recorded were over 30 million in number, while ATM
withdrawals recorded were over 45 million in number.
2.2 Ease of Accessibility and Financial Performance:
Access to Finance is critical for sustainable economic growth and social development. This is because, financial inclusion
empowers low income people and marginalized sectors of society to actively participate in the economy, which leads to
increasing employment and decreasing poverty levels (Arora and Ferrand, 2007). Mutua (2013) stated that mobile
banking can make basic financial services more accessible by minimizing time and distance to the nearest retail bank
branches as well as reducing the bank‘s own overheads and transaction- related costs. Besides, studies have also shown
that the poor often have greater familiarity and trust in mobile phone companies than with normal financial institutions.
Customers can access account information at any time, day or night, and this can be done from anywhere (Okiro and
Ngungu, 2013).
Burgess and Pande’s (2005) study proved that the expansion of rural banking in India significantly reduced rural poverty
rates due to increased access to credit, expansion of branchless banking, in which banks increase the financial reach using
agents as intermediaries to provide services to clients in rural and remote areas where the fixed costs of opening a branch
would be prohibitive. Asfour and Haddad (2014) observed that Jordanian banks opted for mobile payment as a way of
reducing the overhead cost in line with the changes in the evolution of service through using technology that will help to
get what customer expect from banking service. Nandhi (2012) study on the effects of mobile banking on the savings
practices of low income users in India, found out that, the ability to save has improved for a majority of users through
EKO mobile banking by comparison to earlier practices such as keeping cash on hand, and that, it has become a very
effective, safe, and trustworthy savings instrument for its users; importantly, dependence on risky informal methods has
decreased for a large percentage of customers who were previously dependent on these practices for lack of affordable
and safe savings options. Mutua (2013) study on the effects of mobile banking on the financial performance of
commercial banks in Kenya, revealed that, during the study period, the amount of money transacted through the mobile
money transfers increased steadily. The study however found that there exist a weak positive relationship between mobile
banking and the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study recommends that the policy makers take
mobile banking awareness creation into consideration when drafting policies on the operations of banks in Kenya.
2.3 Security of Mobile Banking and Financial Performance:
Nguyen, Cao, Dang and Anh (2016) found out that security is one of the major considerations by consumers when
deciding to use mobile services and hence concluded that, in order to enhance trust, service providers should increase
services’ security and reliability. Asfour and Haddad (2014) documented that, security is ensured in MB, as banking
transactions are encrypted and the mobile banking sim card is password-protected. A study by Ahmed et al. (2011)
discovered that security was the most important factor that motivated Chinese consumer adoption of online banking. The
findings of the Federal Reserve Survey (2013) cited in Asfour and Haddad (2014) lamented that mobile banking does not
offer a secure environment that customer always prefer interface interaction through making transaction besides also
posing lack of confidentiality by not use receipt or signature in any transaction they do. To counter this claim, Omwansa
(2009) proved the security of mobile banking by opining that a lost or stolen mobile phone does not mean catastrophe as
no one can access an M-Pesa account without a correct Personal Identification Number (PIN). Kathuo (2015) recognized
the need for all the commercial banks need to provide as many mobile banking products as possible. However, the study
recommends that proper caution should be taken to ensure that the services offer adequate customers’ trust, security as
well as their awareness of the M-banking products.
Asfour and Haddad (2014) study on the impact of mobile banking on enhancing customers’ E-satisfaction, with special
focus on the commercial banks in Jordan, recommended that Telecoms and banks should work hand-in-hand to offer a
high quality service whose security can meet customer satisfaction. The findings of Mbiti and Weil (2011) realized that
methods MB users had started shifting savings from informal tools to M-Pesa perhaps due to the superior security of M-
Pesa. Kasyoki (2012) researched on the factors affecting adoption of mobile phone banking by customers of commercial
banks in Kenya, and the findings of the study revealed that the respondents used mobile banking because they found it
cheap, safe and reliable to a greater extent.

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3. RESEARCH DESIGN
The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The study used a sample of 225 respondents drawn from
operation managers, clients, agents, cashiers and M-Pesa agents. Primary data were collected using a questionnaire. The
data collected were analyzed by use of descriptive statistics which involved calculation of weighted means and
percentages; and inferential statistics which involved regression analysis and ANOVA, with the help of Social Sciences
(SPSS) version 21 software. The results were presented in charts, tables and graphs.

4. FINDINGS
4.1 Response Rate:
The study aimed at obtaining relevant data by administering questionnaires to 255 respondents. Out of these, 249
questionnaires were obtained from the respondents, fully filled. This represented 97.4% response rate and this was
deemed enough to analyze and draw conclusions upon.
4.2 Gender of Respondents:
Respondents were asked to indicate their gender. This was aimed at determining the composition of both genders in the
study. The findings revealed the following results in figure 1.

Females
46%

Males
54%

Figure 1: Summary of Gender of Respondents

The findings in figure 1 show that 54% of the respondents were males while 46% of the respondents were females. This
shows that at least a third of the respondents were from either gender.
4.3 Age of Respondents:
The study sought to establish the age of the various categories of respondents involved in the study. The results were as
documented in figure 2.

70.0
Percentage Number of

60.0
50.0
Respondents

40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Less than 20 20-30 yrs 31-40 yrs 41-50 yrs 51-60yrs Over 60 yrs
yrs
Age Bracket

Figure 2: Age of Respondents

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Figure 2 illustrates that majority of the respondents (58%) were of age bracket 31-40 years. This was followed by 19% of
the respondents who were of age between 41-50 years; then 15% of the respondents who were in the age bracket 20-30
years. The research further indicated that 6% of the respondents were less than 20 years of age while only 1% of the
respondents were of age between 51-60 years. This shows that majority of the respondents were of age 31-40 years.
4.4 Effect of Transaction Cost of Mobile Payment Technology on Financial Performance:
Respondents were required to indicate the extent to which mobile technology has improved the financial performance of
banks. Some selected statements on mobile banking were provided on a five point likert scale and respondents were asked
to rate them. The results are presented in table 1.
Table 1: Effect of Transaction Cost of Mobile Payment Technology on Financial Performance

Very high High Moderat Low Very Low

Extent Extent e Extent Extent Extent
5 4 3 2 1
Mobile Bank can be sent any time of
day 123 27 1 0 0 151 726 4.81
Mobile Bank saves time of
travelling 67 81 3 0 0 151 668 4.42
Mobile Bank reduces paperwork
involved when sending money
through other modes 54 83 13 1 0 151 643 4.26
Has reduced transaction costs 69 49 21 11 1 151 627 4.15
Mobile Bank saves time of queing 33 67 28 15 8 151 555 3.68
Mobile Bank provides a platform for
saving for rural unbanked people 47 43 31 19 11 151 549 3.64
Mobile Bank has reduced travelling
costs 19 72 41 19 0 151 544 3.60

As table 1 shows, the respondents agreed that, to a high extent, mobile Bank can be sent any time of day (weight 4.81);
mobile Bank saves time of travelling (weight 4.42); that mobile bank reduces paperwork involved when sending money
through other modes (weight 4.26) and that mobile bank has reduced transaction costs (weight 4.15). The study also
revealed that mobile bank saves time of queing to a moderate extent (weight 3.68), it provides a platform for saving for
rural unbanked people (weight 3.60) besides reducing travelling costs (weight 3.60). All the ratings were on a five point
likert scale. These findings are in agreement with that of Kasyoki (2012) whose respondents claimed that, through mobile
banking, it was now cheaper cheap, safe and reliable to send money. Mbogo (20100 also observed that convenience of the
money transfer technology plus its accessibility, cost, support and security factors are related to behavioral intention to
use and actual usage of the mobile payment services by the micro businesses to enhance their success and growth.
4.5 Effect of Perceived Ease of Accessibility on Mobile Payments Technology:
The study wanted to know the effects of perceived ease of accessibility on financial performance of banks. Some selected
statements on the perceived ease of accessibility were provided on a five point likert scale and respondents were asked to
rate them. The results were as presented in table 2.
Table 2: Effect of Perceived Ease of Accessibility on Mobile Payments Technology

Very high High Moderate Low Very Low

Extent Extent Extent Extent Extent
5 4 3 2 1
There are prompt feedbacks
from the banks on clients’
transactions 36 115 0 0 0 151 640 4.24
Its very easy to access my banks
account from clients’ phone for 19 73 45 11 3 151 547 3.62

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transactions
There are long procedures
involved when using Mobile
Banking 9 26 37 42 13 127 357 2.81
On many occasions there is no
network to carry out Mobile
Banking 18 17 54 39 23 151 421 2.79
As table 2 illustrates, the study found out that there are prompt feedbacks from the banks on clients’ transactions to a high
extent (weight 4.24). The study further found out that, to a moderate extent, it was very easy to access my banks account
from clients’ phone for transactions (weight 3.62). However, the study reiterated that, there are long procedures involved
when using Mobile Banking and that, on many occasions there was no network to carry out Mobile Banking, though to a
low extent (weights 2.81 and 2.79 respectively). This could be because there are only a few steps one needs to follow in
the phone’s pop-up menu so as to enable them send or withdraw the money. The readily-available network also enables
one to carry out the transactions with ease. All the ratings were on a five point likert scale. Similar findings were observed
by Mbogo (2010) whose study came to the conclusion that mobile banking had brought about convenience of the money
transfer technology plus its accessibility. The study almost concurs with Mwando (2013) who observed that mobile
banking leads to increased accessibility of banking services by customers in Kenya.
4.6 Effect of Security of Transactions Carried Out During Mobile Payment
The study sought to know the effect of security of transaction carried out during mobile payment on the financial
performance of banks. To address this objective, some selected statements were provided on a five point likert scale and
respondents were asked to rate them. The findings revealed the following results on table 3.
Table 3: Effect of Security of Transactions Carried Out During Mobile Payment

Strongly Not Disagree Strongly

Agree Agree sure 2 Disagree
5 4 3 1
Transactions are processed in
accordance with my
expectations 57 92 2 0 0 151 659 4.36
Provides evident of payment 26 125 0 0 0 151 630 4.17
I don’t lose my privacy 37 99 12 2 1 151 622 4.12
There occurs remittances delay 51 69 21 6 4 151 610 4.04
No one can transact with my
money without my approval 40 63 29 19 0 151 577 3.82
No one can withdraw money
without my consent 24 29 53 27 18 151 467 3.09
Clients never lose amount of
money transaction 17 35 22 57 20 151 425 2.81
No one can transact with
client’s money without his/her
approval 9 31 55 33 23 151 423 2.80
My money can be stolen 12 17 29 71 22 151 379 2.51
Sometimes my bill payment is
erroneously credited in a
different account 0 0 0 95 56 151 246 1.63
Table 3 discloses that mobile banking transactions are processed in accordance with my expectations; that it provides
evident of payment to another person: that one doesn’t to lose privacy when doing mobile banking; and that Sometimes
there occurs remittances delay. The respondents also seemed undecided on the claims that no one can transact with
client’s money in the bank using phone account without the client’s approval and that no one can withdraw money
without Mobile Banking client’s consent. However, the study registered disagreement on the part of the respondents as far
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as the claims that they (clients) never lose money during mobile banking transaction nor can someone else transact with
client’s money in the phone account without approval or that their money cannot be stolen from client’s account even if
the client loses phone (weights 2.81, 2.80 and 2.51 on five point likert scale). Worse still, the respondents strongly
disagreed with the claims that sometimes their bill payment is erroneously credited in a different account by the Mobile
Service provider (weight 1.63). All the ratings were on a five point likert scale. These findings further confirm the
accessibility and security associated with using mobile payment. For instance, the fact that clients opined that one cannot
lose privacy, nor money from the account confirms further that mobile payment is secure. The provision of payment
during payment coupled with processing of transactions in accordance with clients’ expectation proves that there is easy
accessibility of mobile payment by the clients. These concurs with Mbiti and Weil (2011) who concluded that, widespread
cellular communication and the ability to transfer money instantly, securely, and inexpensively are together leading to
enormous changes in the organization of economic activity.
4.7 Return On Equity:
The study wanted to establish the financial performance of the banks under study. For this reason, their Return on Equity
was calculated and the results are presented in figure 3 below:

100
90
Percentage Number of Banks

80
70
60
50 2013
40 2014
30 2015
20
10
0
1-4.9 5-9.9 10-14.9 15-19.9 Above 20
Return on Equity (%)

Figure 3: Return on Equity

It is evident from the study that majority of the commercial banks realized Return on Equity in the range 5-9.9%. This
shows that the return to the shareholder is in the range 5-10% of their share value.
4.8 Coefficients Table:
The coefficients so found (shown on table 4) were used to write the full multiple linear regression equation. From table 4,
the P-value for perceived cost was found to be 0.000, that of perceived accessibility 0.012 while perceived security had a
p-value of 0.004. Since all these p-values were less than 0.05, it led to the conclusion that perceived cost of Mobile
Payment Technology, perceived accessibility of Mobile Payment Technology and perceived security of Mobile Payment
Technology have significant influence on financial performance of commercial banks in Kisii Town.
Table 4: Table of Coefficients

Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients

Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
(Constant) 68.959 0.900 .410 .709
Perceived Cost .100 0.828 .389 .548 .000
1
Perceived accessibility .402 0.257 .493 .765 .002
Perceived security .324 0.435 .207 .372 .004
a. Dependent Variable: Financial Performance

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The above coefficients lead to the formation the following model:

Where -Financial performance

-Transaction cost effect
-Accessibility effect
-Security effect
-regression equation coefficients
4.9 Model Summary of Regression Analysis:
The multiple regression analysis also produced a summary of the multiple regression model. Table 5 shows the model
summary.
Table 5: Model Summary

Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate

a
1 .672 .452 .672 .8274
a. Predictors: (Constant), perceived cost, perceived accessibility, perceived security, Financial Performance

The adjusted R2 also called the coefficient of multiple determinations, is the percent of the variance in the dependent
explained uniquely or jointly by the independent variables (Patel & Bhatt, 2013). As table 4.10 depicts, the value of the
coefficient of determination, was found to be .452. This communicates the fact that 45.2% of the factors determining the
financial performance are explained by the independent variables under consideration in this study. The remaining 54.8%
of the factors determining financial performance are explained by factors outside the model.
4.10 ANOVA Results:
An Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) test was run using three independent variables and the dependent variable in the
SPSS version 21 in an effort to determine the significance of the dependent variables in the regression model. The
findings are presented on table 6.
Table 6: ANOVA for the Overall Model

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Regression Between Groups 310.26 6 51. 71 19.21 .000
Residual Within Groups 654.69 243 2.692
Total 964.95 249
a. Dependent Variable: Financial performance
b. Predictors: (Constant), perceived accessibility, perceived security, transaction cost
Table 6 shows that the P value for the overall model is 0.000. Since this is less than the critical value (0.05), it leads to the
conclusion that, at 5% level of significance, the overall model is significant. This implies that, perceived accessibility,
perceived security, transaction cost jointly have a have a significant effect on the performance of commercial banks.
These findings are in harmony with Mbogo (2011) whose study realized that accessibility, security and cost were all
significant in performance.

5. SUMMARY
The first objective of the study was to establish the effects of transaction cost of mobile payment technology on financial
performance of commercial banks in Kisii Town. The respondents also agreed that, to a high extent, mobile bank can be
sent any time of day; it saves time of travelling and that it reduces paperwork involved when sending money through
other modes. The study realised that transaction cost of mobile payment technology has a statistically significant influence
on the financial performance of commercial banks.
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The second objective of the study was to establish the effects of perceived ease of accessibility of mobile payments
technology on financial performance of commercial banks in Kisii Town. The study found out that there are prompt
feedbacks from the banks on clients’ transactions to a high extent, and that there was network to carry out mobile
banking, although there are long procedures involved when using mobile banking. The study noted that perceived ease of
accessibility of mobile payments has a statistically significant influence on the financial performance of commercial
banks.
The third objective of the study was to establish the effects of perceived security of mobile payments technology on
financial performance of commercial banks in Kisii Town. The study revealed that mobile banking transactions are
processed in accordance with clients’ expectations; that it provides evident of payment to another person: that one doesn’t
to lose his/her privacy when doing mobile banking; and that sometimes there occurs remittances delay. It was also
observed that perceived security of Mobile payments technology has a statistically significant influence on the financial
performance of commercial banks.

6. CONCLUSION
It is evident from the study that the transaction cost of mobile payment is cheap, mobile Banking money can be sent any
time of day; mobile bank saves time of travelling, and that it reduces paperwork involved when sending money through
other modes. The study also observed that the mobile bank service provider prompt feedbacks on clients’ transactions and
that mobile banking transactions are processed in accordance with clients’ expectations besides providing evident of
payment to another person. It can also be noted that, perceived cost, perceived access and perceived security of mobile
payments technology have a statistically significant influence on the financial performance of commercial banks.

7. RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the above findings, the study recommends that; first, the mobile banking service provider should lower its
transaction charges further since over 25% of the respondents felt it was a bit expensive. Secondly, the service provider
should reduce the procedure followed in accessing ones bank account since it was not certain whether it is easy to access
banks account from clients’ phone for transactions. Thirdly, the service provider should work out mechanisms to avoid
remittance delays sine it was felt that sometimes there occurs remittances delay. Further still, more stringent measures
should be put in place to make it impossible for unauthorized person to transact money in the account without owner’s
approval.

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Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp: (116-125), Month: January - March 2017, Available at: www.paperpublications.org

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