‫اﻻﺳﺗدﻻل‬

‫ﯾراﺟﻊ‬
 ‫اﺿطراب طﯾف اﻟﺗوﺣد‬

‫اﻟﻧﻣو‬ ‫اﺿطراﺑﺎت‬ ‫اﻻﻋراض‬

‫اﻟﻠﻔﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﻋرض‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﻛرر‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻠوك‬ ‫ﻋدم اﻟﻘدرة‬
‫ﯾﻌوض‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣدﯾﺎت‬ ‫وظﺎﺋف ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﯾش‬
‫ﻧﻣوذﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻋﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺻطﻠﺢ ﺷﺎﻣل‬

‫ﯾﻘدر‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟم‬
‫ﻗدرة ﻏﯾر ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻻﺣﺗﻔﺎظ‬
‫ﺳرد‬

‫ﻟﻠﻌﯾش‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﺑؤ‬
 ‫ﻣﮭووس‬
‫ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ‬

‫اﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ‬

‫واع‬
 he had moved to France.
he had reterned to England
Befor he learned to play chess and

he had started learning forein languages .

he startedsecondary school, he had published memoir
writin first book in French when he moved to Lithuania to
He had learned Icelandic language his sister porned
He grauated from secondary school he had became a bestseller in Frace.
and he is considered a prodigy because he achieved huge musical accomplishments
at a very young age.
the genetic information and the nuture do

He has published seven books

f
c

f
c

f
f
c
 ‫ﺷﻛك‬
‫ﺣدق‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ذﻟك‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻋد‬

‫ﺣﺎز‬ ‫اﻋﺟﺎب‬
‫ﺗﺎﻣل‬
‫روى‬ ‫ﺣﻛﺎﯾﺔ طرﯾﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻣرح ﻣﻣﯾز‬
‫ﻋﻘول ﺷﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺷرﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻣﺎس‬ ‫ﺟذب‬ ‫زﻋم‬
‫ﺑطل‬
‫اﻟﺣﺎدث‬
‫ﻣﺷروع اﻟﺛﻘﺔ‬
‫اﺳﺗﻌﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟداﻓﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺣرﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﻧﮫ‬

‫ﯾﺿﯾﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻛر‬
‫اﻟﻔﺳﺎد اﻟﻛﺑﯾر‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘر واﻟﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎة‬
‫ﻣﺣددة ب‬

‫ﺧطﻰ‬

‫ﯾﺗوﻗون اﻟﻰ‬

‫ﯾﻔك رﺑطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫رؤﯾﺗﮭم‬

‫ﺗﺣﻘﻘت‬
‫ﺧﺑز اﺳﻣر‬
‫ﯾﺗﻣﻛن ﻣن دﻋم‬
‫اﻋﺎد‬
‫اﺗﮭﺎم‬

‫ﻣﮭروﺳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺑﺎزﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﺣم اﻟﺧﻧزﯾر‬
‫ﺑﻐض اﻟﻧظرھذه اﻟذﻛرى ﻋن‬

‫ﻏﯾر ﺗﻘﻠﯾدي‬ ‫ﻟدﯾﮫ روح اﻟدﻋﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻐطﯾﺔ ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺗﮭم‬

‫ﺗﺎﻣل‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﯾل اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺑدﯾل‬ ‫اﺟره اﻟﺿﺋﯾل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدى اﻟﺳﻧوات اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻧﺎدرا‬
‫اﻟﻌﺷﺎء اﻟﻧﻣوذﺟﻲ‬
‫ﯾﺗﻛون ﻣن‬
‫ﻟﺟﺄت‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟدﯾن‬ ‫ﺗﺗﺟول ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣم‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗدﻓﺋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺷﺎﻣﺧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﺣﻣل ﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف اﻟطﻌﺎم‬
‫ﺧداع‬
‫اﺻﺣﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﺧﯾرﯾﺔ‬
‫اﺻﺎﺑﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗدﺑﯾر اﻣورھﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺧزي‬
‫اﻟﺧﺻوم‬
‫اﻟﺻﻌوﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻏﺿون ذﻟك‬
‫اﺳﺗﺑﻌد‬
‫ﻣﮭزوﻣﺔ‬
‫اﺗﺧذوا‬ ‫ﻏرﯾﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻗرارا ﺻﻌﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫اﺳﺗﻣرت ﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻻﺳرة‬

‫ﯾﺎﻣﻠون‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﮭم‬ ‫ﺗﺧﻠﻰ ﻋﻧﮭﺎ‬

‫اﻟﯾﺎس‬ ‫اﺣﺎط ﺑﮫ‬
‫اﻗﺎرب‬
‫ﻣﺻﻣﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺿوﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺿوﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻓرت‬
‫ﺗرك اﻧطﺑﺎﻋﺎ ﻛﺑﯾرا‬
‫ﺗﻌﯾش‬
‫اﺳﺗﻘﺑﺎل ﺑﺎرد ﻣﻣﺎﺛل‬
‫اﻧﺗﮭﻰ ﺑﮭم اﻟﻣطﺎف‬
‫اﻻھﺎﻧﺔ واﻟوﺣدة‬

‫ﻣوﺑوءة ﺑﺎﻟﺑراﻏﯾث‬
‫دﺧل‬ ‫اﻟﺗﯾﻔوﺋﯾد‬
‫ﯾﻌذب‬

‫اﻗﺎم ﺻداﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺷدة‬
‫اﻻﻣﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌواﺻف‬

‫اﻟﺗﮭﺎب رؤوي‬ ‫اﻟﺳل‬ ‫اھﺗﻣﺎم‬ ‫ﻧﻣﻰ‬

‫اﻟﺗﮭﺎب اﻟﺷﻌب‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺧﻔﯾف‬ ‫وﺳرﻋﺎن ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺻدر ﻗﻠﻖ‬ ‫وﺳﯾﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺑؤس‬
‫اﻟﺣﻣﻰ اﻟﻘرﻣزﯾﺔ‬
‫واﻓﺗﮫ اﻟﻣﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌد ﻓﺗرة وﺟﯾزة‬ ‫ﻣﻘرﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺎل‬
‫ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫اﺣﻠك اﯾﺎﻣﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﯾن ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺣرﯾص ﺟدا ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎد ﺗﺳﺗطﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﻗﻧﺎﻋﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎء ﻛﻠﻣﺎﺗﮫ‬

‫ﻟم ﯾﻛن ﯾﻔﮭﻣﮭﺎ ﺣﻘﺎ‬

‫ﻓﻛﺎھﺔ‬
‫ﻣن ﻧﺎﺣﯾﺔ اﺧرى‬
‫اﺟﺑرﺗﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺗوﺻل اﻟﻰ‬
‫ظروﻓﮫ‬
‫واﺟﮭﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺣﻠول اﺑداﻋﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺷﻌرت ﺑﺳﻌﺎدة‬ ‫ﺟﮭود‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻛﻧﺗﮫ‬
‫ﺷراء ﺗذﻛرة‬ ‫طوال‬
‫ﺷﺟﻊ‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﻛل أﺧطﺎءه‬
‫ﯾﺗﻘدم‬
 ‫ﺑﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﯾﺎﺗﮫ اﻟﻣﮭﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻣرور اﻟﺳﻧﯾن‬

‫ﺗﺣدﯾﺎت‬
‫ﯾواﺟﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﻧزل‬

‫داﺋﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑواب‬
‫اﻟﺳﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺳﺟﯾل‬ ‫ﻣن اﻟﻼﻓت ﻟﻠﻧظر‬
‫ﺑﺎﺋﺳﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺳﻣﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺟﻧﯾده‬ ‫ﻟم ﯾﺗم ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ اﻻ اﻟﻘﻠﯾل‬
‫ﻟﻠﺧدﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺗب‬
‫ﺧدﻣﺗﮫ اﻟﻐﺳﻛرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺑروا ﻗﺻﺻﻛم‬
‫اول ﺗﺟرﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾﺎة اﻟﻣﮭﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ‬

‫ادرك اﻧﮫ‬
‫اﻟﻣﻛﺗﺷﻔﺔ ﺣدﯾﺛﺎ‬
‫اﻟطﻣوح‬
‫ﺗﺳﺎءل ﻛﺛﯾرا‬
‫ﯾﺣﺎول‬

‫ﯾﺗﺟﺎوز ﻧﻔﺳﮫ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻘﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬

‫ﺗدﻧﻲ اﺣﺗراﻣﮫ ﻟذاﺗﮫ‬

‫ﺑﻌد اﻟﻣدة اﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺿﺎھﺎ‬ ‫ﺷرع‬

‫اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣؤھﻼت‬

‫وﻣﻊ ذﻟك‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن ﺷﻛوك‬
‫ﯾﺗﺧﻠﻰ ﻋن‬

‫اﺣواض ﺑﻧﺎء اﻟﺳﻔن‬

‫ﺗراﺟﻊ‬

‫اﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺣﻣﯾل وﺗﻔرﯾﻎ‬

‫ﻏﯾر ت وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظره‬

‫ﻣﻧﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻛﯾﺎس‬

‫ﻧﺷﺎﺗﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﮭﺞ‬
‫ﺷﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﻔزھم‬
‫اﻻﻧﻔﺗﺎح‬ ‫وھذا ﺑدوره‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌض اﻻﺣﯾﺎن‬ ‫اﻧﺗﻘد‬

‫اﺳﺎﻟﯾﺑﮫ‬
‫زﻋﻣوا‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻛﻧﺗﮫ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺣﻖ‬
indistinct shapes

given

attend

drawn to the track

mercy

extremely difficult

holding yourself accountable

McCourts often struggled to
make ends meet

his friend
her mother

winning McCourt both a Pulitzer Prize and

the National Book Critics Circle Award
‫ﻣﮭﺟور‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫اذﻻل‬ ‫ﺑؤس‬ ‫ﻋﺎر ﺧﺟل‬
‫ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺿوﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻘر‬ ‫ﺻراع‬
‫ﻓﺿوﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺳﻠم‬ ‫ﺷﺎق‬ ‫ﻓﺧر‬ ‫ﻣﻌذب‬
‫ﻣﮭزوم‬ ‫اﻟﯾﺎس‬ ‫ھزﯾل‬
‫اﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟذات‬

‫واﺟﮫ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻠب ﻋﻠﻰ‬

 ‫ﺷﺧص ﻣﻘدس‬

‫ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺎت اﻟﻘﺑﺎﺋل اﻻوﻟﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﯾوﻧﺎن‬

‫اﻟراﺑﻊ ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﯾﻼد‬

‫اﻟﻘرن اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻣﯾﻼدي‬

risk factor
impact on
potential

inverement

interaction
aspect
consensus

advocate
interpreting
reliable
linked

revolutionized
 ‫داﻋﻣﺎ ﻟﮭﺎ‬

‫ﻓﺣص اﻟدم‬
‫ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ﻧﻔﺳك‬

‫اﻟﻣرض‬

‫ﻻ ﯾرﻏب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺣص‬
 ‫اﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﺟل‬

‫ﺗﺎﺟﯾل اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر‬

‫اﻻﻣراض‬
‫اﻻﻛﺛر ﺗﻌﻘﯾدا‬

‫ﺟﻣﻌت دوﻻر ﻣن ﻣوﻗﻊ‬

‫ﻏﯾﺎب اﺧﺻﺎﺋﻲ طﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺷﺧﯾص واﻟدﺗﮭﺎ‬

‫ﻟم ﺗﻛن ﺗﻌرف ان اﻧﺗﺷﺎر اﻟﻣرض‬

‫ﻻﺗرﯾد ان ﯾﻧﺗﻘل اﻟﺟﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗوﻗﯾﻊ‬

‫ﯾﺣذروا ﻣن اﻟﺗﺎﺛﯾر اﻟﻌﺎطﻔﻲ ﻟﻼﺧﺗﺑﺎر‬

 ‫ﺟزء ﻻ ﯾﺗﺟزء‬

‫اﻟوﻗﺎﯾﺔ ﻣن‬

‫ﻛﯾف ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟوﺻول ﻟﻠﺗﻐﯾﯾر‬

‫‪1v. b‬‬ ‫‪2b‬‬ ‫‪n 1.b‬‬

‫‪2a‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪n 1.a‬‬ ‫‪1v. a‬‬

‫‪n 2.a‬‬
h

a
b
g
d
c

j
i
f
 ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
‫اﺳﺗﺷﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺗم ﺗﺷﺧﯾﺻﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﮭﺎب اﻟﻔﻘﺎر اﻟﻼﺻﻖ‬ ‫ﺧطﯾر‬ ‫ﻣدﻣر‬
‫اﻟﺗﮭﺎب اﻟﻣﻔﯨﺎﺻل‬ ‫ﯾﺟﻣد وﯾﻣوت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻧﺟﺎة‬
‫اﻟﺗﺷﺧﯾص‬ ‫ﻣﺻﻣﻣﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻐﻠب‬
‫اﻟﻌﺿوي‬

‫اﻻﺟﮭﺎد اﻟﻌﺎطﻔﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣواﻗف اﻟﺳﻠﺑﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻔواﺋد اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣواﻗف واﻟﻌواطف اﻻﯾﺟﺎﺑﯾﺔ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫‪5‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
‫ﻣﻧظم اﻟرﺳم‬
 2 5 3 1 4

8 10 9 7 6
 12 14
13 11

s
d
d s
s d\s
s s

s s
d s
s

‫اوﻟﺗر ﻧﺗف‬
Is there an interaction between

what do say to those who are skeptical to your alternative therapy ?

Do you think your theropy is reliable?

if she hadn't wanted , she would have chosen
if he hadn't red , he would've had

if he had tried, he wouldn't have made

if he hadn't found , he wouldn't have mad

if he hadn't contacted , he wouldn't have learned

if he had been, he wouldn't have developed

interodection

theses
 ‫‪topic‬‬

‫ﯾﺳﺎء ﺗﻔﺳﯾرھﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﯾرات ﻣدﻣرة‬ ‫ﺷﺎھدت‬ ‫‪suport‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺗﻧﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺎﺳﺎة اﻟوﺷﯾﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗرﻛﯾز‬
‫اﻟﺗﺧﻠﻲ ﻋﻧﮫ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺳﯾر‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﮭدھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫‪supporting‬‬

‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣن اﻟﻧﺎدر‬ ‫ﯾﺛﺑت‬
‫‪evidence‬‬

‫اﺣﺗﻣﺎل‬

‫ﯾؤﺛر‬
‫ﺗﻌرض‬ ‫‪supporting‬‬
‫ﻟﯾس ﻟﮭم ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻌﻠم اﻟوراﺛﺔ‬
‫دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﺗﻘد ﺣﻘﺎ‬
‫‪topic‬‬
‫ﻣﺳؤوﻟﯾﺗﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻧظﯾﻣﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺷﻣل‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺷﺎرة‬
‫ﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻﯾن‬ ‫ﺑﮭذه اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻔﺳﯾر‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻠﻔﺧم‬ ‫اﺳﻠوب ﺣﯾﺎﺗﮭم‬

‫اﺧﺗﯾﺎر اﻓﺿل اﻟﺧﯾﺎرات اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻘﺎ‬
‫‪opinion‬‬
‫ﯾﺷﺎرك‬ ‫ﻗرار‬

‫ﻏﯾر اﻟواﻗﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺷروط‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺑﺎب واﻟﺗﺎﺛﯾرات‬

 ‫ﺣث‬
encourage

‫ﺣﻛم ﺻﺎدم او ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ‬

‫ﺣﻛﺎﯾﺔ او ﻗﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻗﺗﺑﺎس‬
cite

a quotation

a shocking

story

an interesting point
 ‫ﺗﻘﻠﯾد اﻟﺳﻠوك اﻟﺑﺷري‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻛﺎء ﻋﺎل‬

‫اﻻﻟﯾﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺗظﮭر‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت ذﻛﺎء اﻋﻠﻰ ﻣن ﻏﯾرھﺎ‬

 ‫ﺗﺻرف‬ ‫اﻻدراك‬ ‫واﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻗد اﻟوﻋﻲ‬
‫ﯾﻧﺟز‬ ‫ظﺎھر‬
‫ﻧﮭﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﺟدل‬ ‫ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻛﺗﺳب‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺋﺔ‬
‫‪strategy, way‬‬

‫‪controversy‬‬
‫ﺧﻼف ﺟﺎد‬
‫‪category‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ذات ﺧﺻﺎﺋص ﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ‬

‫‪behavior‬‬
‫ﺳﻠوك‬

‫‪obvious‬‬
‫واﺿﺢ‬
‫‪unconcious‬‬
‫ﻏﯾر واع‬
 cognition
‫ﺗﻔﻛﯾر‬

apparently
‫ﯾﺑدو ﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ‬

perception

unique

approach

aquired

achieve
‫ﺳﻠﻊ ﻣﮭرّﺑﺔ‬
f
d
c

b
a
g
e
‫اﻟﻣﺷﺎر اﻟﯾﮭﺎ‬
 which

who
whose
 which

who

in which
where

who

who
‫ﺗﻘﯾﯾم‬
 Some people deceive themselves by believing that animals are intelligent by using
the clever Hans story.

seizure alert Dogs have acquired skills on their own without the help of others, which makes their
behavior a sign of high intelligence.
‫ادراك ﺷدﯾد‬

‫ﺗظﮭر ﻓﮭﻣﺎً ﻋﻣﯾﻘﺎً ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﮭم ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬

 We cannot compare the trait of intelligence between humans
and animals when we want to search about animal behavior.

Determining human or animal intelligence depends on the language of communication

Comparative studies contribute to finding solutions to questions about the neural circuits of the brain