Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Acknowledging that organizational culture the underlying belief that people are selfish and only
out for themselves might unwittingly influence a
is an important aspect for space planners, company’s attitudes and behaviors toward outside
this paper provides an overview of four salespeople, vendors, and consultants. This is profound
organizational culture types: Control (hierarchy), stuff that is largely invisible, unspoken, and unknown
to an organization’s members. So is it possible to really
Compete (market), Collaborate (clan), and know a company’s culture? While admittedly it would
Create (adhocracy). This typology reflects the be a daunting (and some might claim impossible) task
to fully account for all components of a company’s
range of organizational characteristics across
culture, the dominant attributes can generally be
two dimensions that were found critical identified. In focusing on “effective organizations”,
to organizational effectiveness. The spatial research has uncovered many critical dimensions.
John Campbell (1974) and his fellow researchers
implications for each type are presented so identified thirty–nine important indicators. While such
that workspace planners might be able to a list is helpful, it is still impractical for organizations to
account for so many dimensions. Realizing this, Robert
interpret the results of an organizational culture
Quinn and John Rohrbaugh (1983) reviewed the
assessment in their process of designing results of many studies on this topic and determined
environments that support the way companies that two major dimensions could account for such
a broad range. Their Competing Values Framework
work and represent themselves. combines these two dimensions, creating a 2x2 matrix
with four clusters.
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The second value dimension is marked in hierarchical cultures are those that culture was (and still largely is) highly
by internal orientation, integration, can organize, coordinate, and monitor competitive where performance results
and unity at one end of the scale with people and processes. speak louder than process.
external orientation, differentiation,
and rivalry on the other. Some Good examples of companies with COLLABORATE (CLAN)
organizations are effective through hierarchical cultures are McDonald’s
focusing on themselves and their (think standardization and efficiency) In the values matrix Collaborate (clan)
internal processes—“If we improve and government agencies like the are similar to Control (hierarchy) in
our efficiency and do things right, we Department of Motor Vehicles (think that there is an inward focus with
will be successful in the marketplace.” rules and bureaucracy). As well, having concern for integration. However,
Others excel by focusing on the market many layers of management—like Ford Collaborate (clan) emphasize flexibility
or competition —“Our rivals have weak Motor Company with their seventeen and discretion rather than the stability
customer service, so this is where we levels—is typical of a hierarchical and control of Control (hierarchy) and
will differentiate ourselves.” organizational structure. Compete (market) organizations.
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CREATE (ADHOCRACY) to present itself. The diagrams on the important issue must also be considered.
following page outline specific work The Competing Values Framework and
In the values matrix Create (adhocracy) space implications relative to the four its inclusion of the four organizational
are similar to Collaborate (clan) in organizational culture types. culture types offers a simple means
that they emphasize flexibility and of categorization and understanding;
discretion; however, they do not share COMPANY CULTURE AND however, it is possible for a company
the same inward focus. Instead they are SUB-CULTURES or department to have subdominant
like Create (adhocracy) in their external elements. This means that an accounting
focus and concern for differentiation. It is very important to note that the department that is a Control (hierarchy)
substantial research that contributed to may still have substantial Compete
With the advent of the Information the development and validation of the (market) traits.
Age, a new approach developed to organizational culture types focused on
deal with the fast-paced and volatile companies as a whole. Other research being the four organizational culture types
business environment. Social, economic, conducted around the same time as the offers a simple means of categorization
and technological changes made older Competing Values Framework — Martin and understanding; however, it is
corporate attitudes and tactics less and Siehl (1983), Louis (1983), Gregory possible for a company or department
efficient. Success now was envisioned (1983)—emphasizes that the company to have subdominant elements. This
in terms of innovation and creativity culture is not homogeneous. means that an accounting department
with a future-forward posture. An that is a Control (hierarchy) may still have
entrepreneurial spirit reigns where profit Instead, other subcultures are present substantial Compete (market) traits.
lies in finding new opportunities to and often even contradict aspects of the
develop new products, new services, company culture. In her recent book, In fact, pure Control (hierarchy), Compete
and new relationships—with little Companies are People, Too, Sandy Fekete (market), Collaborate (clan), or Create
expectation that these will endure. reports that functional teams within (adhocracy) are extremely rare. Most of
the 57 corporations that they studied the company cultures that have been
Adhocratic organizations value had a different organizational type than diagnosed using Cameron and Quinn’s
flexibility, adaptability, and thrive in their company 81% of the time. Schein Organizational Culture Assessment
what would have earlier been viewed (1999) notes that this is not necessarily Instrument indeed have a strong
as unmanageable chaos. High-tech dysfunctional, rather it allows the company secondary component. This is also the
companies like Google are prototypical to perform effectively in different case at the department/group level. Their
Create (adhocracy). Google develops environments based on function, product, research has additionally shown that it is
innovative web tools, taking advantage market, location, etc. In order to get a rare to have companies that share equal
of entrepreneurial software engineers more accurate picture of the company, it traits of all four culture types—with no
and cutting-edge processes and is important to understand not only the dominant or barely dominant type.
technologies. Their ability to quickly company organizational type, but the
develop new services and capture cultures of departments or other important
market share has made them leaders in groups as well. The same organizational
the marketplace and forced less nimble culture types — Control (hierarchy),
competition to play catch-up. Compete (market), Collaborate (clan), Create
(adhocracy)—apply at both levels. So, a
SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS Control (hierarchy) company may contain a
research group that is a Create (adhocracy),
Since each of these organizational an engineering department that is a
types is distinguished by different Compete (market), and a human resources
attitudes, values, behaviors, and beliefs department that is a Collaborate (clan).
it is understandable that the same The spatial implications for these different
workspaces would not best support groups may also compete with those of the
their different cultures. A Collaborate company, so space planners are faced with
(clan) organization, with its emphasis greater complexity in space solutions.
on teamwork and sociality, needs
spaces that foster and reflect this. Rows DOMINANT AND SUB-DOMINANT
of high paneled cubes, that might be TYPES
appropriate in certain Compete (market)
companies, would be incompatible As a company culture containing
with the way a Collaborate (clan) potentially numerous subcultures adds to
organization works and how it wants the complexity of this approach, one other
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An open and friendly place to work where A dynamic, entrepreneurial, and creative
people share a lot of themselves. It is like place to work. Innovation and risk-taking
an extended family. Leaders are considered are embraced by employees and leaders.
to be mentors or even parental figures. Group A commitment to experimentation and
loyalty and sense of tradition are strong. thinking differently are what unify the
There is an emphasis on the long-term organization. They strive to be on the leading
benefits of human resources development edge. The long-term emphasis is on growth
and great importance is given to group and acquiring new resources. Success
cohesion.There is a strong concern for people. means gaining unique and new products
The organization places a premium on or services. Being an industry leader is
teamwork, participation, and consensus. important. Individual initiative and freedom
are encouraged.
WHAT GOOD ARE THESE CATEGORIES? Even though this procedure provides an easy
mechanism for assessment and the four types
These organizational categories are helpful in that they are easy to understand, space planners still must
provide a foundation upon which space planners can look deeper and consider potential sub-dominant
begin to structure their solutions and thus account traits as well as the relationship between groups
for the important role that culture plays. Each of the and the company as a whole. Using the OCAI for
different organization types has different cultural diagnosis makes the process more objective, but still
attributes and preferred methods and concerns allows—and demands— that workspace planners
for work. The means of assessing an organization’s and designers interpret the results. Indeed, it is their
(company, group, or both) culture type using the OCAI crucial talents of interpretation that add value and
is relatively simple given the potential complexity of a allow the production of workspaces that account for
comprehensive investigation. the way companies think and behave as well as how
they want to represent themselves to the world.
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Four Organizational Culture Types / 04.09
References