CHAPTER 7

RHYTHM OF LIFE

Many of the rhythms of nature are like a heartbeat: they look for themselves, run 'in
the background.' Others are like breathing, there's a basic 'default' pattern that works when
nothing unexpected occurs, but also a more advanced control system that may kick in when
required. Controllable rhythms of this type are very frequent and especially fascinating
locomotives. In legged animals, the default motion patterns which occur when cognitive
control does not work are known as gaits. The organizing idea underlying many of these
biological cycles is the mathematical notion of an oscillator-a unit that repeats the same
behavioral cycle in its natural dynamics. The default patterns of motion that occur when
conscious control is not operating are called GAITS; gait is the way that a human or animal
walks or runs. An example of a gait is a slow step or a jaunty trot, manner of walking or
stepping. Gait Analysis is the systematic study of animal locomotion, more specifically the
study of human motion, using the eye and the brain of observers, augmented by
instrumentation for measuring body movements, body mechanics, and the activity of the
muscles. Eadweard Muybridge born as Edward James Muggeridge, he was an English
photographer known for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion, and early
work in motion-picture projection. Muybridge adapted a device namely ZOETROPE also
known as zoopraxiscope, an early device for displaying moving images and is considered an
important predecessor of the movie projector. Muybridge used the projector in his public
lectures from 1880 to 1895. The projector used 16" glass disks onto which Muybridge had an
unidentified artist paint the sequences as silhouettes. This technique eliminated the
backgrounds and enabled the creation of fanciful combinations and additional imaginary
elements.
Oscillation is the repetitive or periodic variation, typically in time, of some measure
about a central value or between two or more different states, the term vibration is precisely
used to describe a mechanical oscillation. Coupled Oscillations occur when two or more
oscillating systems are connected in such a manner as to allow motion energy to be
exchanged between them. The most obvious oscillators are the animal's limbs. The main
oscillators are found in the creature's nervous system. CPG stands for "central pattern
generator" while LEG stands for "locomotion excitation generator". The American zoologist,
Milton Hildebrand in 1965 noticed that most gaits possess degree of symmetry. Other
symmetries are more subtle. The dynamics of CPGs are used to change gaits (Central Pattern
Generator). The fundamental concept behind the CPG models is that animal gaits' rhythm
and phase interaction are controlled by the natural pattern of oscillation of relatively simple
brain circuits. Symmetry also organizes potential transitions between gaits. The quicker the
animal travels, the lower its symmetry: greater speed destroys more symmetry.
Eberhard Frederich Ferdinand Hopf mostly known as Eberhard Hopf, as a
mathematician and astronomer, one of the founding fathers of ergodic theory and a pioneer
of bifurcation theory who also made significant contributions to the subjects of partial
differential equations and integral equations, fluid dynamics, and differential geometry. In
Eberhard Hopf’s honor, this scenario is known as Hopf bifurcation.
Mathematics is indeed around us. We might comprehend a lot about ourselves, from
simple identifying the patterns of our surrounds, living and non-living objects, to more
complex building of formulae and hypotheses. Due to the existence of mathematics, this
helped to develop science and to build various types of tools to be able to know about the
celestial bodies and the size of the universe. Without these mathematical theories, formulas,
laws or even those influential scientists, we may not be able to collect answers for unknown
things or for literally things there, and we may not be able to appreciate most or more about
the secrets, mysteries, and clues to our nature and all about ourselves.
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