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COMPLETE COURSE ON PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
2021

COMPLETE COURSE ON INDIAN GEOGRAPHY FOR

2021

MAPPING AND INDIAN GEOGRAPHY FOR 2020

SOCIOLOGY PAPER-I AND II

CORE TOPICS

CURRENT AFFAIRS SPECIAL BATCH

SPECIAL CLASSES ON ART, ENVIRONMENT AND

ECONOMY

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© Deepanshu Singh (Code-DEEP27)
§ Article 309empowers the Parliament and the state legislatures to
regulate the recruitment and the conditions of service of the persons
appointed to public services and posts under the Centre and the states,
respectively. Until such laws are made, the president or the governor
can make rules to regulate these matters.
§ Recruitment includes any method provided for inducting a person in
public service like appointment, selection, deputation, promotion and
appointment by transfer.
§ Under this provision, the Parliament or the state legislature can impose
‘reasonable’ restrictions on the Fundamental Rights of public servants
in the interests of integrity, honesty, efficiency, discipline, impartiality,
secrecy, neutrality, anonymity, devotion to duty and so on. Such
restrictions are mentioned in the conduct rules like Central Services
(Conduct) Rules, Railway Services (Conduct) Rules and so on.

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§ Article 310, members of the defence services, the civil services of the Centre and the
all-India services or persons holding military posts or civil posts under the Centre,
hold office during the pleasure of the President.
§ Similarly, members of the civil services of a state or persons holding civil posts under
a state, hold office during the pleasure of the Governor of the state.
§ There is an exception to this general rule of dismissal at pleasure.

§ The president or the governor may (in order to secure the services of a person
having special qualifications) provide for the payment of compensation to him in
two cases: (i) if the post is abolished before the expiration of the contractual period,
or (ii) if he is required to vacate that post for reasons not connected with
misconduct on his part. Notably, such a contract can be made only with a new
entrant, that is, a person who is not already a member of a defence service, a civil
service of the Centre, an all-India service or a civil service of a state.

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Article 311 places two restrictions on the above ‘doctrine of pleasure’. In
other words, it provides two safeguards to civil servants against any arbitrary
dismissal from their posts:
(a) A civil servant cannot be dismissed or removed4 by an authority
subordinate to that by which he was appointed.
(b) A civil servant cannot be dismissed or removed or reduced in rank5
except after an inquiry in which he has been informed of the charges
against him and given a reasonable opportunity of being heard in respect
of those charges.
The above two safeguards are available only to the members of the civil
services of the Centre, the all-India services, the civil services of a state or to
persons holding civil posts under the Centre or a state and not to the members
of defence services or persons holding military posts

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the second safeguard (holding inquiry) is not available in the
following three cases:
(a) Where a civil servant is dismissed or removed or reduced in rank on the
ground of conduct which has led to his conviction on a criminal charge; or
§ (b) Where the reduce him in rank is satisfied that for some reason (to be recorded in
§ writing), it is not reasonably practicable to hold such inquiry; or

§ (c) Where the president or the governor is satisfied that in the interest of the
§ security of the state, it is not expedient to hold such inquiry.
authority empowered to dismiss or remove a civil servant or to

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The Supreme Court held that the expression ‘reasonable opportunity of
being heard’ envisaged to a civil servant (in the second safeguard mentioned
above) includes:
(a) an opportunity to deny his guilt and establish his innocence which he can
only do if he is told what the charges levelled against him are and the
allegations on which such charges are based;
(b) an opportunity to defend himself by cross-examining the witnesses
produced against him and by examining himself or any other witnesses in
support of his defence; and
(c) the disciplinary authority must supply a copy of the inquiry officer’s
report to the delinquent civil servant for observations and comments
before the disciplinary authority considers the report

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Article 312 makes the following provisions in respect of all-India services:
(a) The Parliament can create new all-India services (including an all-India
judicial service), if the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution declaring that it is
necessary or expedient in the national interest to do so. Such a resolution
in the Rajya Sabha should be supported by two-thirds of the members
present and voting. This power of recommendation is given to the Rajya
Sabha to protect the interests of states in the Indian federal system.
Parliament can regulate the recruitment and conditions of service o persons appointed
to all-India services. Accordingly, the Parliament has enacted the All-India Services Act,
1951 for the purpose.
§ Article 313 deals with transitional provisions and says that until otherwise
provided, all the laws in force before 1950 and applicable to any public service
would continue. Article 314 which made provision for protection of existing
officers of certain services was repealed by the 28th Amendment Act of 1972.

© Deepanshu Singh (discount code- DEEP27)

Article 312 makes the following provisions in respect of all-India services:
(a) The Parliament can create new all-India services (including an all-India
judicial service), if the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution declaring that it is
necessary or expedient in the national interest to do so. Such a resolution
in the Rajya Sabha should be supported by two-thirds of the members
present and voting. This power of recommendation is given to the Rajya
Sabha to protect the interests of states in the Indian federal system.
Parliament can regulate the recruitment and conditions of service o persons appointed
to all-India services. Accordingly, the Parliament has enacted the All-India Services Act,
1951 for the purpose.
§ Article 313 deals with transitional provisions and says that until otherwise
provided, all the laws in force before 1950 and applicable to any public service
would continue. Article 314 which made provision for protection of existing
officers of certain services was repealed by the 28th Amendment Act of 1972.

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