Physical Education 4  In some sports where participants are entered

LESSON 1: TEAM SPORTS by a team, they do not only compete against

What is Team Sports? members of other teams but also against each

 A team sport includes any sport where other for points towards championship

individuals are organized into opposing teams standings. For example, motor-sport, particularly

which compete to win. Formula One.

 Team members act together towards a shared  In cycling however, team members whilst still in

objective. This can be done in a number of competition with each other, will also work

ways such as outscoring the opposing team. towards assisting one, usually a specialist,

 The objective often involves teammates member of the team to the highest possible

facilitating the movement of a ball or similar finishing position.

object in accordance with a set of rules, in  Through the years, the popularity of team sport

order to score points. has continued to grow, positively influencing

 The meaning of a "team sport" has been not just athletes, but also fans, local and

disputed in recent years. Some types of sports national economies.

have different objectives or rules than  All over the world, the impact of team sport can

"traditional" team sports. These types of team be seen as professional athletes live out their

sports do not involve teammates facilitating the dreams while serving as role models, youth

movement of a ball or similar item in athletes develop life skills and follow in the

accordance with a set of rules, in order to score footsteps of their role models, fans bond over

points. For example, swimming, rowing, sailing, the love of their teams while supporting their

dragon boat racing, and track and field among economies with their support.

others can also be considered team sports.

 In other types of team sports, there may not be 1. FOOTBALL (summer)

an opposing team or point scoring, for example,  Commonly known as football or soccer, has

mountaineering. Instead of points scored been included in every Summer Olympic

against an opposing team, the relative difficulty Games as a men’s competition sport,

of the climb or walk is the measure of the except 1896 and 1932. Women’s football

achievement. was added to the official program at the

1996 Atlanta Games

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2. WATER POLO (summer) exception, the four-man competition has

 Water polo has been part of the Summer been competed at every game (in 1928, it

Olympics program since the second games, was a five-man competition). The two-man

in 1900. A women's water polo tournament event was introduced at the 1932 Lake

was introduced for the 2000 Summer Placid games and a two-woman event was

Olympics. Hungary has been the most first contested at the 2002 Salt Lake City

successful country in men's tournament, Olympics.

while the United States is the only team to 5. CURLING (Winter)

win multiple times at the women's  Curling was included in the program of the

tournament since its introduction. Italy is the inaugural Winter Olympic Games in 1924 in

first and only country to win both the men's Chamonix although the results of that

and women's water polo tournaments. competition were not considered official by

3. FIELD HOCKEY (Summer) the International Olympic Committee until

 Field hockey was introduced at the Olympic 2006. Curling was a demonstration sport at

Games as a men's competition at the 1908 the 1932 Games, and then again after a

Games in London, with six teams, including lengthy absence in 1988 and 1992. The

four from the United Kingdom of Great sport was finally added to the official

Britain and Ireland. program for the 1998 Nagano Games.

4. BOBSLEIGH (Winter)  Since the 1998 Olympics, Canada has

 Bobsleigh is an event in the Winter Olympic generally dominated the sport with their

Games where a two- or four-person team men's teams winning gold in 2006, 2010,

drives a specially designed sled down an and 2014, and silver in 1998 and 2002. The

ice track, with the winning team women's team won gold in 1998 and 2014,

completing the route with the fastest time. a silver in 2010, and a bronze in 2002 and

The event has been featured since the first 2006. Their mixed doubles team won gold in

Winter Games in 1924 in Chamonix, France, 2018.

with the exception of the 1960 games in 6. ICE HOCKEY (Winter)

Squaw Valley when the organizing  Ice hockey tournaments have been staged

committee decided not to build a track in at the Olympic Games since 1920. The

order to reduce expenses. Other than that men's tournament was introduced at the

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 1920 Summer Olympics and was transferred  On June 9, 2017, the Executive Board of the

permanently to the Winter Olympic Games International Olympic Committee

program in 1924, in France. The women's announced that 3x3 basketball would

tournament was first held at the 1998 Winter become an official Olympic sport as of the

Olympics. 2021 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, for

7. BASKETBALL (Summer) both men and women.

 Basketball at the Summer Olympics has 8. HANDBALL (Summer)

been a sport for men consistently since  Handball at the Summer Olympics refers to two

1936. Prior to its inclusion as a medal sport, different sports. Field handball was introduced

basketball was held as a demonstration for men at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin,

event in 1904. Women's basketball made its but dropped after that. At the 1952 Olympics,

debut in the Summer Olympics in 1976. FIBA field handball was a demonstration sport.

organizes both the men's and women's FIBA (Indoor) handball was introduced for men at

World Olympic Qualifying Tournaments and the 1972 Summer Olympics, also on German

the Summer Olympics basketball territory. Women's handball competition was

tournaments, which are sanctioned by the introduced at the 1976 Summer Olympics in

IOC. Montreal.

 The United States is by far the most 9. VOLLEYBALL (Summer)

successful country in Olympic basketball,  Volleyball has been part of the Summer

with United States men's teams having won Olympics program for both men and

15 of 18 tournaments in which they women consistently since 1964.

participated, including seven consecutive  Brazil, United States, and the former Soviet

titles from 1936 through 1968. United States Union, are the only teams to win multiple

women's teams have won 8 titles out of the gold medals at the men's tournament since

10 tournaments in which they competed, its introduction. The remaining five editions

including six in a row from 1996 to 2016. of the Men's Olympic Volleyball

Besides the United States, Argentina is the Tournament were won each by a different

only nation still in existence who has won country including Japan, Poland,

either the men's or women's tournament. Netherlands, Russia and the defunct

Yugoslavia.

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  Gold medals are less evenly distributed in great success of world competitions such as the

women's volleyball than in men's; the FIVB World Championships, the FIVB World

fourteen editions of the Women's Olympic League, the FIVB World Grand Prix, the FIVB

Volleyball Tournament were won by only World Cup and the FIVB Grand Champions Cup

five countries: Brazil, Cuba, China, Japan as well as the Olympic Games, the level of

and the former Soviet Union. participation at all levels internationally

10. RUGBY SEVENS (Summer) continues to grow exponentially.

 Rugby Sevens at the Summer Olympics was  The beach volleyball phenomenon also

played for the first time at the 2016 Summer continues to amaze. The overwhelming

Olympics with both men's and women's spectator and television success of beach

contests. Rugby Sevens was added to the volleyball since its introduction to the Olympic

Olympics following the decision of the 121st Games at Atlanta 1996 and the stunning

IOC Session in Copenhagen in October success of the FIVB World Tour, the World

2009. The champions for the inaugural Championships and the Continental Cup has

rugby sevens tournament in 2016 were Fiji opened up volleyball to a completely new

for the men and Australia for the women. market.

LESSON 2: HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL THE ORIGINS

 Volleyball has come a long way from the dusty-  William G. Morgan (1870-1942), who was born in

old YMCA gymnasium of Holyoke, the State of New York, has gone down in history

Massachusetts, USA, where the visionary William as the inventor of the game of volleyball, to

G. Morgan invented the sport back in 1895. It which he originally gave the name "Mintonette".

has seen the start of two centuries and the  The young Morgan carried out his

dawn of a new millennium. Volleyball is now undergraduate studies at the Springfield

one of the big five international sports, and the College of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian

FIVB, with its 220 affiliated national federations, Association) where he met James Naismith who,

is the largest international sporting federation in in 1891, had invented basketball. After

the world. graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the

 Volleyball has witnessed unprecedented Auburn (Maine) YMCA after which, during the

growth over the last two decades. With the summer of 1895, he moved to the YMCA at

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 Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he became tried the basketball itself, which was too big and

director of physical education. In this role he too heavy."

had the opportunity to establish, develop and  In the end, Morgan asked the firm of A.G.

direct a vast programme of exercises and sport Spalding & Bros. to make a ball, which they did

classes for male adults. at their factory near Chicopee, in

 His leadership was enthusiastically accepted, Massachusetts. The result was satisfactory: the

and his classes grew in numbers. He came to ball was leather-covered, with a rubber inner

realize that he needed a certain type of tube, its circumference was not less than 25 and

competitive recreational game in order to vary not more than 27 inches (63.5 cm and 68.6 cm,

his programme. Basketball, a sport that was respectively), and its weight not less than 9 and

beginning to develop, seemed to suit young not more than 12 ounces (252 gr and 336 gr,

people, but it was necessary to find a less respectively).

violent and less intense alternative for the older  Morgan asked two of his friends from Holyoke,

members. Dr. Frank Wood and John Lynch, to draw up

 At that time Morgan knew of no similar game to (based on his suggestions) the basic concepts

volleyball which could guide him; he of the game together with the first 10 rules.

developed it from his own sports training  Early in 1896 a conference was organized at the

methods and his practical experience in the YMCA College in Springfield, bringing together

YMCA gymnasium. Describing his first all the YMCA Directors of Physical Education. Dr.

experiments he said, "In search of an Luther Halsey Gulick, director of the professional

appropriate game, tennis occurred to me, but physical education training school (and also

this required rackets, balls, a net and other executive director of the department of

equipment, so it was eliminated, but the idea of physical education of the International

a net seemed a good one. We raised it to a Committee of YMCA's) invited Morgan to make

height of about 6 feet, 6 inches (1.98 meters) a demonstration of his game in the new college

from the ground, just above the head of an stadium. Morgan took two teams, each made

average man. We needed a ball and among up of five men (and some loyal fans) to

those we tried was a basketball bladder, but Springfield, where the demonstration was made

this was too light and too slow. We therefore before the conference delegates in the east

gymnasium. The captain of one of the teams

5
 was J.J. Curran and of the other John Lynch suggestions for the game's promotion and

who were respectively, mayor and chief of the teaching.

fire brigade of Holyoke.  A brief report on the new game and its rules

 Morgan explained that the new game was was published in the July 1896 edition of

designed for gymnasia or exercise halls, but "Physical Education" and the rules were

could also be played in open air. An unlimited included in the 1897 edition of the first official

number of players could participate, the object handbook of the North American YMCA

of the game being to keep the ball in Athletic League.

movement over a high net, from one side to the

other. WORLDWIDE GROWTH

 After seeing the demonstration, and hearing  The physical education directors of the YMCA,

the explanation of Morgan, Professor Alfred T. encouraged particularly by two professional

Halstead called attention to the action, or the schools of physical education, Springfield

act phase, of the ball's flight, and proposed that college in Massachusetts and George Williams

the name "Mintonette" be replaced by "Volley College in Chicago (now at Downers Grove,

Ball." This name was accepted by Morgan and Illinois), adopted volleyball in all its societies

the conference. (It is interesting to note that the throughout the United States, Canada (in 1900

same name has survived over the years, with Canada became the first foreign country to

one slight alteration: in 1952, the Administrative adopt the game), and also in many other

Committee of the USVBA voted to spell the countries: Elwood S. Brown in the Philippines

name with one word, "Volleyball", but (1910), J. Howard Crocker in China, Franklin H.

continued to use USVBA to signify United States Brown in Japan (1908), Dr. J.H. Gray in Burma, in

Volleyball Association). China and in India, and others in Mexico and

 Morgan explained the rules and worked on South American, European and African

them, then gave a hand-written copy to the countries.

conference of YMCA directors of physical  By 1913 the development of volleyball on the

education, as a guide for the use and Asian continent was assured as, in that year, the

development of the game. A committee was game was included in the programme of the

appointed to study the rules and produce first Far-Eastern Games, organized in Manila. It

should be noted that, for a long time, Volleyball

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 was played in Asia according to the "Brown" Europe where the level of play had reached a

rules which, among other things, used 16 players remarkable standard).

(to enable a greater participation in matches).  Volleyball thus became more and more a

 An indication of the growth of volleyball in the competitive sport with high physical and

United States is given in an article published in technical performance.

1916 in the Spalding Volleyball Guide and

written by Robert C. Cubbon. In that article LESSON 3: FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

Cubbon estimated that the number of players OVERVIEW (Volleyball)

had reached a total of 200,000 people  is a team sport in which two teams of six (6)

subdivided in the following way: in the YMCA players are separated by a net.

(boys, young men, and older men) 70,000, in  FIVB (International Volleyball Federation)

the YWCA (girls and women) 50,000, in schools - Highest governing body of the sport

(boys and girls) 25,000 and in colleges (young founded in Paris, France in 1947.

men) 10,000. - Its headquarters are located in Lausanne,

 In 1916, the YMCA managed to induce the Switzerland and its current president is Ary S. Graça.

powerful National Collegiate Athletic

Association (NCAA) to publish its rules and a HISTORY REVIEW

series of articles, contributing to the rapid WILLIAM G. MORGAN

growth of volleyball among young college  Created on the 9th of February, 1895.

students. In 1918 the number of players per  It was called Mintonette.

team was limited to six, and in 1922 the  The sport was officially included in the program

maximum number of authorized contacts with for the 1964 Summer Olympics.

the ball was fixed at three.

 Until the early 1930s volleyball was for the most FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

part a game of leisure and recreation, and Volleyball Court

there were only a few international activities  the first equipment required to play volleyball.

and competitions. There were different rules of 18m x 9m

the game in the various parts of the world;  Lines – painted in all white.

however, national championships were played

in many countries (for instance, in Eastern

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 2. Center Line - is marked at the center of the

court dividing it equally into 9m, above which

the net is placed.

3. Attack Line - Attack line, whose rear edge is

drawn 3m back from the axis of the center line,

marks the front zone.

LINES OF THE COURT

 All lines are 5 cm wide. Must be of light color

which is different from the color of the floor and 4. Boundary Lines - Two sidelines and two end lines

from any other lines. mark the playing court.

1. Service Line - the area from which the server

may serve the volleyball, is marked 10 feet

inside the right sideline on each back line.

BALL

 Standards - Shall be spherical, made out of

flexible leather or synthetic leather case with a

bladder inside, made of rubber or similar

material.

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 Colors: Uniform light color or a combination of 4. Antenna

colors.  A flexible rod, 1.80m long and 10mm in

 Standard regulation according to FIVB, the ball diameter, made of fiberglass or similar

must: material.

 Circumference - between 20-27 inches (65-67 5. Posts

cm).  Placed at a distance of 0.50-1.00 m outside

 Weight - between 9-10 oz. (260-280 g). the side lines. They are 2.55 m high and

 Inside pressure of 4.26- 4.61 psi or between 0.30 preferably adjustable.

to 0.325 kilograms per centimeter square.

NET AND POSTS LESSON 4: BASIC SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL

 NET BASIC SKILLS I VOLLEYBALL

 NET POSTS are positioned 36 feet apart and 3 1. Serve

feet further out from the sidelines  A player stands behind the inline and serves

the ball, in an attempt to drive it into the

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT opponent's court.

1. Height of the Net  The main objective is to make it land inside

 Placed vertically over the center line. the court; it is also desirable to set the ball's

 Top is set at the height of 2.43m for men direction, speed and acceleration so that it

and 2.24 for women. becomes difficult for the receiver to handle

2. Structure of the Net it properly.

 Net is 1m wide and 9.5-10m long (with 25-  A serve is called an "ace" when the ball

50cm on each side of the side bands), lands directly onto the court or travels

made of 10cm square black mesh. outside the court after being touched by

3. Side Bands an opponent; when the only player on the

 2 White bands, 5 cm wide (same width as server's team to touch the ball is the server.

the court lines) and 1m long fastened In contemporary volleyball, many types of serves

vertically to the net and placed above are employed:

each side line.  Underhand: a serve in which the player strikes

the ball below the waist instead of tossing it up

and striking it with an overhand throwing motion.

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 Underhand serves are considered very easy to 2. Pass

receive and are rarely employed in high-level  Also called reception, the pass is the attempt

competitions. by a team to properly handle the opponent's

 Sky ball serve: a specific type of underhand serve or any form of attack. Proper handling

serve occasionally used in beach volleyball, includes not only preventing the ball from

where the ball is hit so high it comes down touching the court but also making it reach the

almost in a straight line. position where the setter is standing quickly and

 Topspin: an overhand serve where the player precisely.

tosses the ball high and hits it with a wrist snap,  The skill of passing involves fundamentally two

giving it topspin which causes it to drop faster specific techniques:

than it would otherwise and helps maintain a  underhand pass, or bump, where the ball

straight flight path. Topspin serves are generally touches the inside part of the joined

hit hard and aimed at a specific returner or part forearms or platform, at waistline; and

of the court. Standing topspin serves are rarely  overhand pass, where it is handled with the

used above the high school level of play. fingertips, like a set, above the head.

 Float: an overhand serve where the ball is hit 3. Set

with no spin so that its path becomes  The set is usually the second contact that a

unpredictable. team makes with the ball. The main goal of

 Jump serve: an overhand serve where the ball is setting is to put the ball in the air in such a way

first tossed high in the air, then the player makes that it can be driven by an attack into the

a timed approach and jumps to make contact opponent's court. The setter coordinates the

with the ball, hitting it with much pace and offensive movements of a team, and is the

topspin. This is the most popular serve among player who ultimately decides which player will

college and professional teams. actually attack the ball.

 Jump float: an overhand serve where the ball is  As with passing, one may distinguish between

tossed high enough that the player may jump an overhand and a bump set. Since the former

before hitting it similarly to a standing float serve. allows for more control over the speed and

The ball is tossed lower than a topspin jump direction of the ball, the bump is used only

serve, but contact is still made while in the air. when the ball is so low it cannot be properly

handled with fingertips.

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 Sometimes a setter refrains from raising the ball 5. Block

for a teammate to perform an attack and tries  Blocking refers to the actions taken by players

to play it directly onto the opponent's court. This standing at the net to stop or alter an

movement is called a "dump". This can only be opponent's attack.

performed when the setter is in the front row,  A block that is aimed at completely stopping

otherwise it constitutes an illegal back court an attack, thus making the ball remain in the

attack. More experienced setters toss the ball opponent's court, is called offensive. A well-

into the deep corners or spike the ball on the executed offensive block is performed by

second hit. jumping and reaching to penetrate with one's

4. Attack arms and hands over the net and into the

 The attack, also known as the ”spike”, is usually opponent's area. It requires anticipating the

the third contact a team makes with the ball. direction the ball will go once the attack takes

The object of attacking is to handle the ball so place. It may also require calculating the best

that it lands on the opponent's court and footwork to executing the "perfect" block.

cannot be defended.  The jump should be timed so as to intercept the

 Ideally, the contact with the ball is made at the ball's trajectory prior to it crossing over the plane

apex of the hitter's jump. At the moment of of the net. Palms are held deflected downward

contact, the hitter's arm is fully extended above roughly 45–60 degrees toward the interior of the

their head and slightly forward, making the opponents' court. A "roof" is a spectacular

highest possible contact while maintaining the offensive block that redirects the power and

ability to deliver a powerful hit. The hitter uses speed of the attack straight down to the

arm swing, wrist snap, and a rapid forward attacker's floor as if the attacker hit the ball into

contraction of the entire body to drive the ball. the underside of a peaked house roof.

A 'bounce' is a slang term for a very hard/loud  By contrast, it is called a defensive, or "soft"

spike that follows an almost straight trajectory block if the goal is to control and deflect the

steeply downward into the opponent's court hard-driven ball up so that it slows down and

and bounces very high into the air. A "kill" is the becomes easier to defend. A well-executed

slang term for an attack that is not returned by soft-block is performed by jumping and placing

the other team thus resulting in a point. one's hands above the net with no penetration

11
 into the opponent's court and with the palms  Some specific techniques are more common in

up and fingers pointing backwards. digging than in passing. A player may

 Blocking is also classified according to the sometimes perform a "dive", i.e., throw their

number of players involved. Thus, one may body in the air with a forward movement in an

speak of single (or solo), double, or triple block. attempt to save the ball, and land on their

 Successful blocking does not always result in a chest. When the player also slides their hand

"roof" and many times does not even touch the under a ball that is almost touching the court,

ball. While it is obvious that a block was a this is called a "pancake". The pancake is

success when the attacker is roofed, a block frequently used in indoor volleyball, but rarely if

that consistently forces the attacker away from ever in beach volleyball because the uneven

their 'power' or preferred attack into a more and yielding nature of the sand court limits the

easily controlled shot by the defense is also a chances that the ball will make good, clean

highly successful block. contact with the hand. When used correctly, it

 At the same time, the block position influences is one of the more spectacular defensive

the positions where other defenders place volleyball plays.

themselves while opponent hitters are spiking  Sometimes a player may also be forced to drop

6. Dig their body quickly to the floor to save the ball. In

 Digging is the ability to prevent the ball from this situation, the player makes use of a specific

touching one's court after a spike or attack, rolling technique to minimize the chances of

particularly a ball that is nearly touching the injuries.

ground. In many aspects, this skill is similar to

passing, or bumping: overhand dig and bump LESSON 5: BASIC RULES IN VOLLEYBALL

are also used to distinguish between defensive BASIC VOLLEYBALL RULES FOR PLAYING THE GAME

actions taken with fingertips or with joined arms.  6 players on a team, 3 on the front row and 3

It varies from passing however in that is it a on the back row

much more reflex based skill, especially at the  Maximum of three hits per side

higher levels. It is especially important while  Player may not hit the ball twice in succession

digging for players to stay on their toes; several (A block is not considered a hit)

players choose to employ a split step to make  Ball may be played off the net during a volley

sure they're ready to move in any direction. and on a serve

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 A ball hitting a boundary line is "in"  Touching the net with any part of the body

 A ball is "out" if it hits... while the ball is in play. Exception: If the ball is

 an antennae, driven into the net with such force that it causes

 the floor completely outside the court, the net to contact an opposing player, no foul

 any of the net or cables outside the will be called, and the ball shall continue to be

antennae, the referee stand or pole, in play.

 the ceiling above a non-playable area  When blocking a ball coming from the

 It is legal to contact the ball with any part of a opponents court, contacting the ball when

players body reaching over the net is a violation if both:

 It is illegal to catch, hold, or throw the ball 1) your opponent hasn't used 3 contacts AND

 If two or more players contact the ball at the 2) they have a player there to make a play on

same time, it is considered one play and either the ball

player involved may make the next contact  When attacking a ball coming from the

(provided the next contact isn't the teams 4th opponents court, contacting the ball when

hit) reaching over the net is a violation if the ball

 A player can not block or attack a serve from hasn't yet broken the vertical plane of the net.

on or inside the 10 foot line  Crossing the court centerline with any part of

 After the serve, front line players may switch your body. Exception: if it's the hand or foot, the

positions at the net entire hand or entire foot must cross for it to be

 At higher competition, the officiating crew may a violation.

be made up of two refs, line judges, scorer, and  Serving out of order.

an assistant scorer  Back row player blocking (deflecting a ball

coming from their opponent), when at the

BASIC VOLLEYBALL RULES VIOLATIONS moment of contact the back row player is near

The result of a violation is a point for the opponent. the net and has part of his/her body above the

 When serving, stepping on or across the service top of the net (an illegal block).

line as you make contact with the serve  Back row player attacking a ball inside the front

 Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully zone ( the area inside the 10 foot line), when at

 Contacting the ball illegally (lifting, carrying, the moment of contact the ball is completely

throwing, etc. ) above the net (an illegal attack).

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PLAYING ACTIONS OF THE VOLLEYBALL LIBERO

 The libero is allowed to replace in player that is

in a back row position.

 The libero is restricted to perform as a back row

player and isn't allowed to complete an attack

hit from anywhere if at the moment of contact,

the ball is entirely above the top of the net.

 The libero may not block, attempt to block, or

serve.

 A player may not complete an attack hit from

higher than the top of the net, if a ball is coming

from an overhead finger pass from a libero in

the front zone or it's extension.

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