Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

[Document title]
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
B.Sc Thesis On
Design and Implementation of Solar Based Automatic

Firefighting System with Alternative Power Supply
Members Name Stream

Tariku Dembelo………….……...…... power
Nigus Kebede…………………...…... >>
Solomon Berhanu…………………... >>
Advisor: Ato Dawit H. Signature___________
June, 2016
Design and Implementation of Solar Based Automatic Firefighting System with Alternative Power Supply
Acknowledgement
Primarily we are thankful to heavenly God for his unlimited Guidance and Protection
throughout the whole thesis work.
And also, we would like to express our sincere appreciation to our adviser Ato Dawit Habtu for
his encouragement, guidance and valuable advices. He has given us excellent advice and enormous
help throughout our thesis work.
Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to our families and all friends for their patience
and unreservedly continuous encouragement to pursue our B.Sc thesis.
i|Page Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................... i
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv
List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... vi
Chapter One .................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of the Thesis ...................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Problem Statement ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1. Problem of Life Safety .................................................................................................. 1
1.2.2. Problem of Mission Protection ...................................................................................... 2
1.2.3. Problem of Heritage and Property ................................................................................. 2
1.3. Objectives of the Thesis ....................................................................................................... 3
1.4. Motivation ............................................................................................................................ 4
1.5. Scope of the Thesis .............................................................................................................. 4
Chapter Two.................................................................................................................................... 5
2. Literature Review........................................................................................................................ 5
Chapter Three.................................................................................................................................. 7
3. Overall System Design ............................................................................................................... 7
3.1. Solar System Design and Description .................................................................................. 8
3.1.1. Solar Cell, Solar Module or Panel and Solar PV Array ................................................ 8
3.1.2. Charge Controller ........................................................................................................ 14
3.2 Output voltage ..................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.1 DC – DC Boost Converter ............................................................................................ 19
3.2.2 DC-AC Invertor Design................................................................................................ 22
3.3. Main System Components and Their Operational Characteristics .................................... 35
3.4. Water level controlling and tanker filling system .............................................................. 46
3.4.1. Automatic Tanker Filling System................................................................................ 46
3.4.2. Water Pump ................................................................................................................. 46
3.4.3. Water level sensors, fire detectors and microcontroller decisions .............................. 52
ii | P a g e Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

Chapter Four ................................................................................................................................. 55

4. System Simulation and Hardware Implementation .................................................................. 55
4.1. System Simulation.............................................................................................................. 55
4.1.1 The possible condition of fire detection system ........................................................... 55
4.1.2 The possible conditions of water level controlling system ........................................... 56
4.2. Hardware Implementation .................................................................................................. 59
Chapter Five .................................................................................................................................. 61
5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 61
Chapter Six.................................................................................................................................... 62
6. Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 62
6.1. Recommendation ................................................................................................................ 62
6.2 Challenges ........................................................................................................................... 62
7. References ................................................................................................................................. 63
8. Appendix ................................................................................................................................... 64
iii | P a g e Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

List of Figures
Figure 1 Overall block diagram of the system ................................................................................ 7

Figure 2 Solar Cell, Module and Array .......................................................................................... 8
Figure 3 Typical German solar Panel ........................................................................................... 10
Figure 4 The arrangement of PV modules .................................................................................... 12
Figure 5 Deep cycle battery .......................................................................................................... 14
Figure 6 Charge controller diagram .............................................................................................. 15
Figure 7 Charge controller flow diagram...................................................................................... 17
Figure 8 Combination of a converter working in boost mode and an inverter ............................. 18
Figure 9 DC-DC boost converter .................................................................................................. 19
Figure 10 Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter ................................................................................ 23
Figure 11 Single Phase Full Wave Bridge Inverter ...................................................................... 24
Figure 12 Single Pulse Width Modulation.................................................................................... 26
Figure 13 LC Filter ....................................................................................................................... 29
Figure 14 Block Diagram of single phase PWM-VSI .................................................................. 29
Figure 15 Temperature sensor (LM35) ......................................................................................... 36
Figure 16 Smoke Sensor ............................................................................................................... 36
Figure 17 LCD Display................................................................................................................. 38
Figure 18 PIC16F877A microcontroller ....................................................................................... 40
Figure 19 Schematic diagram of solenoid valve ........................................................................... 41
Figure 20 Basic working principle of solenoid ............................................................................. 42
Figure 21 Working procedure of a typical Solenoid valve ........................................................... 43
Figure 22 Typical Relay................................................................................................................ 44
Figure 23 Crystal Oscillator .......................................................................................................... 45
Figure 24 Automatic tanker filling system ................................................................................... 46
Figure 25 Water pumping system ................................................................................................. 47
Figure 26 The pump curves for positive displacement pumps and centrifugal pumps have quite
different shapes. ............................................................................................................................ 49
Figure 27 Fog nozzles ................................................................................................................... 50
Figure 28 Typical G+1 residential home ...................................................................................... 51
Figure 29 Water Tank ................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 30 Overall detection flow chart ......................................................................................... 54
Figure 31 The overall system simulation in different possible cases ........................................... 58
Figure 32 Hardware implementation with description ................................................................. 60
iv | P a g e Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

List of Tables
Table 1: Data of life losses occurred in last five years ................................................................... 2

Table 2: Data of the number of damages and capital loss .............................................................. 3
Table 3: Switching States.............................................................................................................. 23
Table 4: Switching States.............................................................................................................. 25
Table 5: Characteristics of a PIC16F877A ................................................................................... 40
Table 6: Comparison between centrifugal and positive displacement pumps .............................. 48
Table 7: Sprinkler's specification and quantity ............................................................................. 51
Table 8: Logic operation of each sensor and microcontroller decision ........................................ 53
Table 9: Rating of Used components and Devices ...................................................................... 59
v|Page Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

Abstract
The primary needs for socio-economic development in any nation in the world is the provision
of reliable power supply systems with safety. Safety issue should have to give attention due to the
increasing and emerging fire damages that are happening in our country as well as in the world.
The recent years’ data from the City Government of Addis Ababa Fire and Emergency Prevention
and Rescue Authority shows that the average damage and life loss in our country is very high.
To reduce such problems, proactive mechanisms will be developed by designing,

implementation and operation of the whole system which discus on firefighting and the fire
detection system.
To come up with implementation of the firefighting, this thesis also provides the alternative
power supply to the loads by introducing generation of electric power from solar PV panels with
designed charge controller and DC-DC converter coupled with DC-to -AC inverter. This is
because as solar energy is one of the most viable renewable energy source, little applications has
been done on operating this energy source. Once electrical energy has developed this energy is
used to run the motor that used to pump water to the tanker and some additional loads in the fire
detection system.
The firefighting system mainly uses water, thus the water which enables us to offer to fire
accident Provided with tanker filling system. Tanker filling system is a system used to store
sufficient water in the tanker to be used during fire accident, the tanker filling system with level
sensors controlled by microcontroller has been also developed to play the main role of firefighting
by supplying the desired amount of water. The feasibility analysis of the thesis and results from
level sensors, smoke sensors, heat detection system and microcontroller action will be studied.
The design, the system control algorithms, the way of connection with the motor and the way
of connection with microcontroller to open(close) the solenoidal valves to fight fire has been
discussed in detail.
vi | P a g e Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

[Document title]
Chapter One
1. Introduction
1.1 Background of the Thesis
Severe fire events in recent years dictate a need for a much more accurate and measured
approach to fire suppression.
Fire suppression involves applying the correct amount of water to the proper location in a fire
compartmenting an attempt to control a fire. In many organizations, manual fire suppression is
evolving from traditional water spray methods confirmed through experience to the use of new
and often untested combination tactics which focus on limiting fire spread while controlling the
fire and fire environment. Method to be used today is straight stream or fog approaches. This
approach can be achieved using a single combination nozzle, which can produce straight streams
as well as different fog angles.
For home and another bussines areas like Hotels the fire fighiting system needs power
supply to the systems. The power demand has been provided by solar system to this thesis. Because
the solar energy has been widely utilized in low power applications in the world. It is also the most
promising candidate for research and development for large scale users as the fabrication of low
cost PV devices becomes a reality. There are many studies that have been carried out for using
photovoltaic as source of energy for water pumping worldwide, but this technology is still in its
infant stage in Ethiopia while 4.6kw/m2 Solar power is available. On the other hand most of the
studies carried out are not optimal designs. They are mostly concentrated on efficiency
improvement techniques and design based on peak hydraulic energy demand without considering
the variation of solar energy and water requirement with time dynamically.
1.2. Problem Statement

Now a day’s fire is one of the serious problem in our country. Because there is no sufficient
fire protection system installed in buildings. This may cause the following basic problems.
1.2.1. Problem of Life Safety
Most residential (apartments, hotels, condominiums, etc.) applications of fire alarm systems are
not designed to enhance the life safety protection of the occupants. Therefore, we are interested to
construct fire protection system to prevent human life from accident. For example, let us see the
1
last five years (2003-2007) EC data gathered from City Government of Addis Ababa Fire and
Emergency Prevention and Rescue Authority.
Table 1: Data of life losses occurred in last five years
Year (EC) Died People Injured People

2003 57 39
2004 49 42
2005 66 121
2006 93 265
2007 55 125
Total 320 592
Source: - City Government of Addis Ababa Fire and Emergency Prevention and Rescue Authority
As it is seen from the above table average 64 people dies and about 119 people be injured each
year due to fire accident. So to prevent such life loss we need some pre-cautious system such as
automatic fire fighting system.
1.2.2. Problem of Mission Protection

“Mission protection” can be defined as the ability of a company or organization to stay in
business after a major fire in their facility. Another way to look at the protection required in a
facility is to determine whether or not each area of the building or an area which houses a certain
business function (i.e., receivables computer, special finishing processes, etc.) will be able to
withstand the impact of a fire. So, mission protection problem is taken as one reason.
1.2.3. Problem of Heritage and Property
Protecting historical landmarks can be challenging. Many of these facilities are, or contain,
treasures that cannot be replaced. In addition, many of these buildings are located in areas not
easily accessible by the emergency responders and water availability is limited. The buildings are
most often highly combustible structures and fire can spread very rapidly. These factors create a
need for complete or total detection coverage throughout the building.
For example, in our country it is know that veteran Taytu hotel has been destroyed by fire.
So Automatic Firefighting system will be designed to address such a damage.
2|Page Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

Again from City Government of Addis Ababa Fire and Emergency Prevention and Rescue
Authority the total accidents and the property damaged in birr for the last five years (2003-2007)
EC is tabulated in the following table.
Table 2: Data of the number of damages and capital loss
Year(EC) No of Damages Damaged Property in Birr(ETB)

2003 299 41,610,585
2004 343 62,869,150
2005 305 108,748,710
2006 462 255,764,300
2007 462 120,109,697
Total 1871 584,102,442
Source: - City Government of Addis Ababa Fire and Emergency Prevention and Rescue Authority
As it can be infared from the table,the average damage on properties is 375 and
about 116,820,488.2 Birr(ETB) capital loss be occurred in each year due to fire accident.
1.3. Objectives of the Thesis

General Objective
The general objective of this B. Sc thesis is to design and implement an automatic fire detection
and control system based on microcontroller.
Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of this thesis are:
 To design solar power generation system
 To design the fire-detection system by using reliable sensors.

 To design the water controlling system using water level detecting sensors and solenoid
valve.
 To model the overall system.

To study the behavior of the proposed system by taking various loading considerations with an
appropriate simulation tool.
1.4. Motivation
In our country the buildings are not well equipped with precautions like alarming systems. Due
to that the following reasons motivated us to do this B. Sc thesis.
Continuous Power interruption from utility while routine activities are on the way
The increasing of human life loss rate and number of damages on properties in the past five
years.
The increasing of capital loss rate on properties because of the fire accident.
Wastage of man power during fire accident.
1.5. Scope of the Thesis

In order to achieve this thesis objective, the following scopes has been covered:
 This thesis will show how to fill the tanker using water pump by detect the level of the
tanker, sense the temperature status of the room and sprinkle it using Fog nozzle, for the
pumping water by having feedback from each sub-systems and microcontroller to control
over all operation of the whole system.
 The thesis also will apply microcontroller Peripheral Interface Controller PIC16F877A by
using programming language C in mikroC.
 The hardware implementation of the overall system will be done using prototype materials.
 This thesis uses three different sensors (water level sensor, temperature sensors or
thermistors and smoke detectors) as an input to the microcontroller.

Chapter Two
2. Literature Review
Numerous summary of literatures has been published regarding the solar based automatic
firefighting system. Considerable attention has been taken to recognize and summarize on
following publicly available research papers.
1. Mosab Hamdan Adam & Abdelrasoul Jabar Alzubaidi, [4] proposed Automatic Fire
Fighting System. They develop a system that implements an early fire detection
mechanism, and communicates with its owners wirelessly over GSM networks. It should
also be capable of putting out fire by means of a firefighting pump, and to justify the status
of the indicator panel that provides visual feedback of the current status of the monitored
environment at any given time. According to the methodology, the Wireless Firefighting
System uses temperature sensors to monitor its surrounding environment and alert the
system owner in case it detects smoke, fire or that the temperature has gone outside the
normal parameters. The sensor signals are fed to, and processed by (ATmega32)
microcontroller program by BASCOM language which polls the sensors to monitor
environment and shows its status on LED status indicator panel. The ATmega32 also
connects to SIM900 GSM/GPRS module which enables the system to communicate their
owners over long distances and notify them the status of their protected environment.
2. Omar Asif, Md. Belayat Hossain and Mamun Hasan [2] proposed Fire-Detectors Review
and Design of an Automated, Quick Responsive Fire-Alarm System Based on SMS. The
aim of the system designed is to alert the distant property-owner efficiently and quickly by
sending short message (SMS) via GSM network. A Linear integrated temperature sensor
detects temperature beyond preset value whereas semiconductor type sensor detects
presence of smoke or gas from fire hazards. The sensor units are connected via common
data line to ATMega8L AVR microcontroller. A SIM300CZ GSM kit based network
module, capable of operating in standard GSM bands, has been used to send alert messages.
The system is implemented on printed circuit board (PCB) and tested under different
experimental conditions to evaluate its performances.
3. Jonathan A. Enokela, Isaiah I. Tsavwua, Simon A. Onyilo, [8] proposed The
Implementation of a Control Circuit for a Microcontroller Based Automated Irrigation
System. The system described here monitors the moisture needs of crops through
buried sensors and automatically pumps water for irrigation when the need arises. Through
the use of a microcontroller and sensors, water storage and delivery to the farm are
automatically carried out thus requiring minimal human interventions, achieving supply of
water as needed by plants thus optimizing plant growth and helping to conserve water and
energy. The system is very simple to operate and ideally suits the irrigation need of rural
farmers.

4. Papan Dey, Subir Das, Choton Kanti Das, Toufiq Ahmed, C. M. F. S. Reza and Md.
Mahbubur Rahman [6] proposed the design and implementation of an automatic fire
extinguishing system based on fault secure multi-detectors. The system proposed here
describes the design of a low cost, robust and secure fire protection system for buildings.
It sends early alarm when the fire occurs and helps to reduce the fire damage. This system
consists of a smoke detector and a temperature sensor whose outputs are connected to the
controller. The system takes into account the density of smoke and thus
the probability of false alarms can be avoided. A PIC16F84A microcontroller is considered
here to control the total arrangement and the test results through hardware prototype show
that the validity of proposed approach which achieves design requirements as well as
increase system reliability.
5. Bijoyprakash Majhi [5] deals the basic theory of a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulated
Inverter (SPWM), its Simulink modelling, estimating various designing parameters and
various instabilities. The thesis has been commenced by a basic understanding of the
circuitry of the SPWM Inverter, the components used in its design and the reason for
choosing such components in the circuitry. After that, it has been attempted to simulate a
model circuit on any simulating software e.g. MATLAB and analyse the output waveforms
for various values of the elements used in the circuit and hence study the system response
and instabilities.

Chapter Three
3. Overall System Design

The overall system of the project is consisting of basic components shown in the following.
Solenoid Valve
Optional Power Generation System Controlling
Water Flow
V1
Sun
H
Water
Tank
Solar Panel Manual
V2
Valve
L
Utility
Charge Lead Acid Motor Pump
Power
Controller Battery Back up
Boost DC-AC Combiner

ACB
Converter Inverter Box
Water
Fire
Source
Detection
System
The Entire
Building
Microcontroller
Figure 1 Overall block diagram of the system

3.1. Solar System Design and Description

This Sub-system is one part of the whole project which consists of the following components.
3.1.1. Solar Cell, Solar Module or Panel and Solar PV Array
In solar power generation system number of solar cells is required to produce high power so
they are connected in form of Solar Module or Solar panel and for higher capability form Array as
shown in figure.
Figure 2 Solar Cell, Module and Array
1. Solar Cell
A solar cell is an electronic device that converts the light energy directly into electric energy
without any form of moving parts by using photovoltaic effect. The solar cell is the basic building
block of solar photovoltaic. When charged by the sun, this basic unit generates a dc photo voltage
of 0.5 to 1.0V and, in short circuit, a photocurrent of some tens of mA/cm2.

 A Solar cell is also calling Photovoltaic (PV) Cell.

 It is a static device, no moving part.
 “Photo” means Light and “voltaic” means producing electricity.
 It is a solid state electronic device made of semiconductor materials like silicon.
 Solar cell converts energy of light directly into Direct Current (DC).
 Solar cell does not use heat of light to produce electrical energy.
 Efficiency of solar cell depends on many factors like shading on cells, irradiance,
temperature etc.
Since the voltage is too small for most applications, to produce a useful voltage, the cells are
connected in series into modules, typically containing about 28 to 36 cells in series to generate a
dc output of 18 V. To avoid the complete loss of power when one of the cells in the series fails, a
bypass diode is integrated into the module.
Basic Theory of Solar Cell
Solar cells are made by two types of semiconductor materials one is N type semiconductor and
other is P-type semiconductor material for generation of electricity.
 When light strikes on semiconductor, it generates electrons (-) and holes (+) pairs.
 when electron and hole pair reaches between two different type of semiconductor's joint
surface then electron and hole are separated, electron is attached by N-type semiconductor
and hole is attached by P-type semiconductor after that they are not region due to joint
surface do not allow both way traffic.
2. PV Module
PV Module or Panel: is a group of solar photovoltaic cells connected in series and/or parallel
and encapsulated in an environmentally protective laminate. It converts sunlight in to direct current
(DC) electricity. Modules can be wired together to form a PV array that is wiring modules in
parallel, the available current is increased. In this project we select typical PV module measures
about 1.59 square meters about 250W DC electricity in full.
3. PV Array
A solar array is a group of solar photovoltaic panels or modules connected electrically together
and mounted on a sustainable structure to produce higher amount of power. For this project the
main task is to design a stand-alone power generation system for a small load that is not connected
to grid network. For this kind of loads design such a system that uses the power generated from
PV Array and stores it in storage element with efficiently and paralleling supplies the load.
Available panels taken 190Wp German Solar GSP6 Premium Line and technical
specifications (from datasheet)

Pmax(W) = 190W
Vmax(V) = 24.77V
Impp(A) = 7.68A
Voc(V) = 31.15V
Isc(A) = 8.28A
Figure 3 Typical German solar Panel
Step 1. Determine the demands of power consumption (Wh)
The first step in designing a solar PV system is to find out the total power and energy
consumption of all loads that need to be supplied by the solar PV system as follows:
Step 2. Calculate total Watt-hours (Wh) per day for each appliance used.
Add the Watt-hours needed for all appliances together to get the total Watt-hours per day
which must be delivered to the appliances.
Step 3. Calculate total Watt-hours (Wh) per day needed from the PV modules.
Multiply the total appliances Watt-hours (Wh) per day x1.3 (the energy lost in the system) to
get the total Watt-hours per day which must be provided by the panels.
10 | P a g e Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

Step 4. Sizing the PV modules (Wp)
Different size of PV modules will produce different amount of power. To find out the sizing of PV
module, the total watt peak (Wp) produced needs. The peak watt (Wp) produced depends on size
of the PV module and system location. We have to consider “sunlight factor” which is different in
each site location. For Addis Ababa the factor is around 6, and corresponds to about 6 hours of
sunlight, per day, expected average over the whole year (including in the summer time).
To determine the sizing of PV modules, calculate as follows:
Step 5. Calculate the total Watt-peak rating needed for PV modules
Divide the total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules by 6 to get the total Watt-peak
rating needed for the PV panels needed to operate the appliances. The factor 6 corresponds to the
day-hours sun radiation under Addis Ababa conditions and all season working mode (also
summer), if PV system working for systems working only in winter, around 6-7 hours’ sun per
day (factor=6 to7).
Step 6. Calculate the number of PV panels for the system
Divide the answer obtained in item from the above result by the rated output Watt-peak of the PV
modules available to you. Increase any fractional part of result to the next highest full number and
that will be the number of PV modules required.
Result of the calculation is the minimum number of PV panels. If more PV modules are installed,
the system will perform better and battery life will be improved. If fewer PV modules are used,
the system may not work at all during cloudy periods and battery life will be shortened.
Our basic loads are:
Motor =2200W
Fire control panel=702W
Loses due to convertor and others=100W

Determine power consumption demands
Total power demand is (2200Wx1h+702Wx1h+100Wx1h) =3004Wh/day
Total PV panels energy needed = 3004Wh/dayx1.3 = 3905Wh/day

Sizing the PV generator (panels)
Total peak watt (Wp) of PV panel capacity needed =3905/6=650Wp (factor 6 = average daily
solar exposure in hours for Addis Ababa location)
Number of PV panels needed =650/190= 3.45 module ≈ 4 module
Actual requirement = 4 modules a 190Wp
So this system should be powered by at least 4 modules of 190Wp PV module.
24.77 V 24.77V 24.77V 24.77V 24.77V
7.68 A 7.68 A 7.68 A 7.68 A 30.72A
Figure 4 The arrangement of PV modules
4. Sizing the battery (Ah)
The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle battery. Deep cycle
battery is specifically designed for to be discharged to low energy level and rapid recharged or
cycle charged and discharged day after day for years. The battery should be large enough to store

sufficient energy to operate the appliances at night, cloudy days and if needed in winter. To find
out the size of battery, calculate as follows:
Calculate total Watt-hours per day used by appliances.
Divide the total Watt-hours per day used by 0.85 for battery loss…………………………. (1)
Divide the answer obtained in item (1) by 0.5 for depth of discharge……………………... (2)
Divide the answer obtained in item (2) by the nominal battery voltage……………………. (3)
Multiply the answer obtained in item (3) with days of autonomy (the number of days that you
need the system to operate when there is no power produced by PV panels) to get the required
Ampere-hour capacity of deep-cycle battery.
Battery Capacity (Ah) = Total Watt-hours per day used by appliances x Days of autonomy (0.85
x 0.5 x nominal battery voltage)
To design battery size, we should have to know the total load.

Loads are:
Motor =2200W
Control panel with 3.2A and 220V, P=704W
Loss on convertor (about 10%)
Total power required will be:
2200W+704W+100W=3004W
3004W*1h=3004Wh, (taking the operation hour is 1h)
Converting in to AH:
3004WH/24V=125AH
Battery size is 125AH, so we need one 125AH /24V deep cycle battery.

Figure 5 Deep cycle battery
3.1.2. Charge Controller
A charge controller is an electronic voltage regulator, used in off-grid systems and grid-tie
systems with battery backup, which controls the flow of power from the charging source to the
battery. The charge controller automatically tapers, stops, or diverts the charge when batteries
become fully charged. Solar Charge Controller act as the central control unit regulating the overall
energy flow within Solar Home System and some photovoltaic hybrid system.

Figure 6 Charge controller diagram

Operational principles of charge controllers
Switches are used to operate Charge Controllers. The switch can be either a Relay or a solid
state switch such as a MOSFET or power transistor. Relays contribute to less power loss due to
their smaller resistance, but they have a limited life span. On the other hand, MOSFETS have a
higher longevity, but also a higher rate of power loss in times of high current flow. Control circuits
are used to regulate the switching on-off of controller switches. One of the most popular
techniques, and the scheme preferred for this system, is the ON/OFF charge controller.
Most controllers measure the amount of voltage in the battery and accordingly supplies current
to the battery or stops current flow completely. This is done by measuring the Ah (Ampere Hour)
of the battery, rather than looking at the State of Charge (SOC) of the battery. The maximum
battery voltage allowed to reach is known as the ‘Charge Set Point’. Factors such as prevention of
Deep Discharge, Battery Sulphating, over current and short circuit current are also prevented
through the controller. Deep discharge can be detected by the microcontroller and it will run an
auto boost charge to keep the battery activated.

Sizing the charge controller (A)
As mentioned above, the solar charge controller is typically rated against Amperage (A) and
Voltage (V) capacities. Select the solar charge controller to match the voltage of PV system and
batteries and then identify which type of solar charge controller is right for your application. Make
sure that solar charge controller has enough capacity to handle the current from PV system.
For the PWM charge controller type, the sizing of controller depends on the total PV input
current which is delivered to the controller and also depends on PV panel configuration (series or
parallel configuration). According to standard practice, the sizing of solar charge controller is to
take the short circuit current (Isc) of the PV module, and multiply it by x 1.3
According PV energy demands from above, 2x 190Wp (e.g. German Solar GSP6 Premium
Line) and technical specifications:
Pm = 190Wp, Vmp = 24.77V, Imp = 7.68A, Voc = 31.15V, Isc = 8.28A
A (current)
The rated current for solar charge controller = (2 x 8.28 A) x 1.25 = 20A [25% safety buffer]
The solar charge controller should be rated at 20A or greater and would be a little undersized, but
OK.
V (voltage)
The PV voltage (Voc) of 2x190Wp panels, connected parallel (!) will be 31.15, multiplied x1.2 =
37Voc. The max allowed voltage within a 12V PWM charge controller is 41Voc, and will be not
exceeded (37V), thus is OK.
According above illustration (2x190Wp) a 20A PWM charge controller for 12V system
should be chosen. And will work optimally at slightly cloudy weather, typical for central
European location.

Charge controller design flow Char
Star
Initializing
Microcontroller Sensor
analogue input voltage
Is battery Battery Full

voltage < 24V? Switch OFF
No
Yes
Switch ON
Charging
No
Is battery full?
Yes
Figure 7 Charge controller flow diagram

3.2 Output voltage

There are two basic designs for producing household plug-in voltage from a lower-voltage DC
source:
 The first of which uses a switching boost converter to produce a higher-voltage DC and
then converts to AC.
 The second method converts DC to AC at battery level and uses a line
frequency transformer to create the output voltage.
There is no inverter with capability to convert 24V DC to 220V AC because the inverters
operate in buck mode and the DC link has to be larger than peak of AC output. And
commercially available converters known as inverter are combination of a converter working in
boost mode and an inverter. So, we follow the first method.
Figure 8 Combination of a converter working in boost mode and an inverter

3.2.1 DC – DC Boost Converter
DC-DC Converters are used to convert the unregulated DC voltage into regulated DC voltage.
DC-DC converters are operated under continuous conduction mode (CCM) or discontinuous
conduction mode (DCM). As the name implies, the output voltage of Boost converter is higher
than the input voltage. The input and output power of DC-DC converters are same for ideal case.
The DC-DC boost converters operate under two case, switch ON (Son) and switch OFF (Soff).
Circuit diagram for the boost converter is shown in figure below.
Figure 9 DC-DC boost converter
Operation of DC-DC Converter

For the given circuit, the current flows through the inductor (L) and the energy is stored in
inductor when the switch is ON. During Soff mode the sum of energy stored in the inductor during
ON time and the supply current will flow through the load resistor (R) and the capacitor (C). The
output voltage (VL) appears across the load and the capacitor stores energy. During Son mode, the
supply current flows through the inductor (L) and the energy is stored in the inductor. But, at the
same time the energy stored in the capacitor during Soff is discharged across the load. The diode D
is reverse biased in Soff and it blocks the reverse flow of current from load to source. Thus, the load
current and voltage is continuous. The output of the converter is controlled by the duty cycle (D)
of the switch. PWM technique is generally adapted to generate the triggering pulses to control the
switch of the DC-DC converter. For the given input supply voltage (Vs), the output voltage (V) of
the boost converter circuit can be obtained using the following formula.
1
Vo = Vs1−𝐷 3.1
For this project the following parameters are required to calculate the power stage:

1. Minimum Input Voltage, VIN(min)=24V

2. Desired Output Voltage, VOUT=220V
3. Maximum Output Current, IOUT(max)=12.2A
a.) Calculating the Duty Cycle
We start with calculating the Duty Cycle, D for a minimum input voltage of 24V.
[𝑉𝐼𝑁(𝑚𝑖𝑛)∗𝜂]
D=1 − 3.2
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇
where, D= Duty Cycle
VIN(min) = minimum input voltage (this will lead to the maximum switch current)
VOUT = desired output voltage
η = Efficiency of the converter, η=85%
[24𝑉∗0.85]
Thus, D = 1− 220𝑉
D = 0.907
b.) Choosing the Inductor
This is one of the most crucial component in designing a DC/DC Converter (whether it be buck or
boost). The higher the inductor value, the higher is the possible maximum output current because
of the reduced ripple current. We can use the following formula:
𝑉𝐼𝑁∗(𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇−𝑉𝐼𝑁)
L≥ 3.3
Δ𝐼𝐿∗𝑓𝑠∗𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇
where, L = Inductance in Henry
VIN = typical input voltage, here, 24V
fs = minimum switching frequency of the converter, here, take 60 kHz
ΔIL= estimated inductor ripple current as discussed below:
A good estimation for the inductor ripple current is 20 % to 40 % of the output current. A smaller
ripple reduces the magnetic hysteresis losses in the inductor, as well as output voltage ripple and
EMI. But in the same way, regulation time rises at load changes. In addition, a larger inductor
increases the total system costs. Inductor Ripple Current can be found out as below:
𝐼𝑂𝑈𝑇(𝑚𝑎𝑥)∗𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇
ΔIL= (0.2to0.4)∗ 𝑉𝐼𝑁

where, IOUT(max) = maximum output current desired in the application, here, we would like the
output current to be approximately 9A.
Taking an estimate for the inductor ripple current as 10 % of the desired output current, we get,
12.2A∗220V
ΔIL= 0.1∗ =11.18A
24𝑉
Substituting in the formula for Inductance, L, we get,
24𝑉∗(220𝑉−24𝑉)
L ≥ 11.18A∗60 KHz∗220V
L = 0.319 µH
For our application of boosting an inductance value of 0.319 µH was chosen.
c.) Capacitor Selection
To calculate the minimum output capacitance needed, we use the following formula:
C(min) ≥ 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝑚𝑎𝑥)∗𝐷
𝑓𝑠∗Δ𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇
3.4
where, C(min) = minimum output capacitance needed
IOUT(max)= maximum output current of the desired application
D = Duty Cycle of the converter
fs = minimum switching frequency of the converter, here, 60 kHz
ΔVOUT = desired output voltage ripple. Here, 10 mV.

12.2𝐴∗0.907
Thus, C(min) ≥ = 18.44 F
60KHz∗10mV
With a chosen ripple of 10 mV, a minimum capacitance of 18.44 F was required.

3.2.2 DC-AC Invertor Design

A power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct
current (DC) to alternating current (AC).
The input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and overall power handling depend on the design
of the specific device or circuitry. The inverter does not produce any power; the power is provided
by the DC source.
Voltage Source Inverter and Current Source Inverter
Voltage Source Inverter:

The type of inverter where the independently controlled ac output is a voltage waveform. The
output voltage waveform is mostly remaining unaffected by the load. Due to this property, the VSI
have many industrial applications such as adjustable speed drives (ASD) and also in Power system
for FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission).
Current Source Inverter:

The type of inverter where the independently controlled ac output is a current waveform. The
output current waveform is mostly remaining unaffected by the load. These are widely used in
medium voltage industrial applications, where high quality waveform is required.
Single Phase Half Bridge and Full Bridge VSI Inverter:

Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter:
It consists of two semiconductor switches T1 and T2. These switches may be BJT, Thyristor, and
IGBT etc. with a commutation circuit. D1 and D2 are called Freewheeling diode also known as
the Feedback diodes as they feedback the load reactive power.

Figure 10 Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter

Table 3: Switching States
Vo
T1 is ON during the positive half cycle of the output voltage, which makes Vout = and T2 is
2
Vo
ON during the negative half cycle which makes Vout = - . The both switches must operate
2
Alternatively, otherwise there may be a chance of short circuiting. In case of resistive load, the
current waveform follows the voltage waveform but not in case of reactive load. The feedback
diode operates for the reactive load when the voltage and current are of opposite polarities.

Single Phase Full Wave Bridge Inverter:

It consists of two arms with a two semiconductor Switches on both arms with antiparallel
freewheeling diodes for discharging the reverse current. In case of resistive-inductive load, the
reverse load current flow through these diodes. These diodes provide an alternate path to
inductive current which continue so flow during the Turn OFF condition.
Figure 11 Single Phase Full Wave Bridge Inverter

Table 4: Switching States
The switches are T1, T2, T3 and T4. The switches in each branch is operated alternatively so that
They are not in same mode (ON /OFF) simultaneously. In practice they are both OFF for short
period of time called blanking time, to avoid short circuiting. The switches T1 and T2 or T3 and
T4 should operate in a pair to get the output. These bridges legs are switched such that the output
voltage is shifted from one to another and hence the change in polarity occurs in voltage waveform.
If the shift angle is zero, the output voltage is also zero and maximal when shift angle is π.
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):

The Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a technique which is characterized by the generation of
constant amplitude pulse by modulating the pulse duration by modulating the duty cycle. Analog
PWM control requires the generation of both reference and carrier signals that are feed into the
comparator and based on some logical output, the final output is generated. The reference signal
is the desired signal output maybe sinusoidal or square wave, while he carrier signal is either a saw
tooth or triangular wave at a frequency significantly greater than the reference.
There are various types of PWM techniques and so we get different output and the choice of the
inverter depends on cost, noise and efficiency. Three basic PWM techniques are:
 Single Pulse Width Modulation

 Multiple Pulse Width Modulation
 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

Single Pulse Width Modulation:

In this modulation there is an only one output pulse per Half cycle. The output is changed by
varying the width of the pulses. The gating signals are generated by comparing a rectangular
reference with a triangular reference. The frequency of the two signals is nearly equal.
Figure 12 Single Pulse Width Modulation
The rms ac output voltage

Where Vr = Reverence signal voltage

VC = Carrier signal voltage
By varying the control signal amplitude Vr from 0 to Vc the pulse width ton can be modified
from 0 secs to T/2 secs and the rms output voltage Vo from 0 to Vs.
Multiple Pulse Width Modulation:

In this modulation there is multiple numbers of output pulses per half cycle and all pulses are of
equal width. The gating signals are generated by comparing a rectangular reference with a
triangular reference. The frequency of the reference signal sets the output frequency (fo) and carrier
frequency (fc). The number of pulses per half cycle is determined by:
The variation of modulation index (MI) from 0 to 1 varies the pulse from 0 to π/p and the output
Voltage from 0 to Vs.
Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation:

In this modulation technique are multiple numbers of
Output pulse per half cycle and pulses are of different width. The width of each pulse is varying
in proportion to the amplitude of a sine wave evaluated at the center of the same pulse. The gating
Signals are generated by comparing a sinusoidal reference with a high frequency triangular signal.
The rms ac output voltage
Invertor selection:
There are generally three types of inverter for general purpose
 Square Wave Inverter
 Modified Square Wave Inverter
 True Sine Wave Inverter

Sine Wave Generation

The most common and popular technique for generating True Sine Wave is Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM). Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation is the best technique for this. This PWM
technique involves generation of a digital waveform, for which the duty cycle can be modulated
in such a way so that the average voltage waveform corresponds to a pure sine wave. The simplest
way of producing the SPWM signal is through comparing a low power sine wave reference with
a high frequency triangular wave. This SPWM signal can be used to control switches. Through an
LC filter, the output of Full Wave Bridge Inverter with SPWM signal will generate a wave
approximately equal to a sine wave.
This technique produces a much more similar AC waveform than that of others. The primary
harmonic is still present and there is relatively high amount of higher level harmonics in the signal.
Designing a single phase inverter for household purpose or UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)
of rating 220V, the basic things we have to design is LC Filter.
LC Filter Design
A low pass LC filter is required at the output terminal of Full Bridge VSI to reduce harmonics
Generated by the pulsating modulation wave form. While designing L-C filter, the cut-off
frequency is chosen such that most of the low order harmonics is eliminated. To operate as an ideal
voltage source, that means no additional voltage distortion even though under the load variation
or a nonlinear load, the output impedance of the inverter must be kept zero. Therefore, the
capacitance value should be maximized and the inductance value should be minimized at the
selected cut-off frequency of the low-pass filter.
Each value of L and C component is determined to minimize the reactive power in these
components because the reactive power of L and C will decide the cost of LC filter and it is selected
to minimize the cost, then it is common that the filter components are determined at the set of a
small capacitance and a large inductance and consequently the output impedance of the inverter is
so high. With these design values, the voltage waveform of the inverter output can be sinusoidal
under the linear load or steady state condition because the output impedance is zero. But in case
of a step change of the load or a nonlinear load, the output voltage waveform will be distorted
because by the slow system response as the output response is non-zero.
Figure 13 shows the power circuit of the single phase PWM-VSI with any linear or nonlinear
load. The load current flows differently depending on the kind of loads such as linear and nonlinear
load. Therefore, it is difficult to represent the transfer function of inverter output voltage to load
current. The plant composed of L-C low-pass filter satisfies linear property, so it is possible to
represent the system which has two inputs of inverter output voltage and load current.

Figure 13 LC Filter
Using the closed relation between the filter capacitor value and the system time constant, the
capacitor value can be calculated. The effect of the load current to the voltage distortion can be
calculated from the closed form. It is also possible to analyse how much the voltage waveform is
distorted in the system in case of a nonlinear load.
Figure 14 Block Diagram of single phase PWM-VSI
Figure 14 shows the system block diagram of the single phase PWM-VSI and the input and
output transfer function.




The amplitude of the voltage harmonics at the filter output can be calculated by summing the
two harmonics caused by the inverter output voltage and by the load current the above equation
can be simplified by neglecting the imaginary part in both the terms as equivalent series resistance
of inductor is very small that means

In the conventional output filter design method, the load current is treated as the disturbance so
it can be neglected. This filter design procedure can be well applied to the linear load. But in case
of nonlinear load or transient load change, the output current term cannot be neglected due to the
increase of load current harmonics. Therefore, for the analysis of voltage harmonics under the
nonlinear load, it should be considered. In order to be independent of the load current, the inductor
value should be minimized and on the contrary maximized the capacitor value at the same cut-off
frequency. Then it satisfies the zero output impedance and works as an ideal voltage source. At
Cut-off frequency
The filter output to input voltage harmonics must be less than 3%.
So,
Where, f=corner or cut-off frequency
So, from this we can find out the L and C for the filter.

Assume the cut-off frequency of the filter(fc) be 5KHz, the system frequency(f) 50Hz and the
inductor value(L) be 10mH.
Then the minimum value of the capacitor can found as
L = 2πfL = 2π*50*0.01 = 3.14H
𝑋𝐿 34.2
=
𝑋𝐶 𝑓𝑐2
2π𝑓𝐿 34.2
≤
1/2π𝑓C 𝑓𝑐2
34.2 34.2
C≥ ≥
2π𝑓∗XL∗𝑓𝑐2 2π∗50∗3.14∗25000000
C ≥ 1.387 pF
Therefore, the minimum value of capacitor is 1.387 pF
3.3. Main System Components and Their Operational Characteristics
1. Temperature Sensor (LM35):
These sensors use a solid-state technique to determine the temperature. They use the fact as
temperature increases, the voltage across a diode increases at a known rate. (Technically, this is
actually the voltage drop between the base and emitter - the VBE - of a transistor). By precisely
amplifying the voltage change, it is easy to generate an analogue signal that is directly proportional
to temperature. There have been some improvements on the technique but, essentially that is how
temperature is measured. Because these sensors have no moving parts, they are precise, never wear
out, don't need calibration, work under many environmental conditions, and are consistent between
sensors and readings. Moreover, they are easy to use.
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage
over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large
constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The output from the
LM35 is 0.1V/'C. So, when temperature sensed is 61'C, the output voltage is 0.61V. This analogue
voltage is read by the PIC and processed to display the corresponding temperature value on the
LCD.
Application: The LM35 can be applied easily in the same way as other integrated circuit
temperature sensors. It can be glued or cemented to a surface and its temperature will be within
about 0.01˚C of the surface temperature. This presumes that the ambient air temperature is almost
the same as the surface temperature; if the air temperature were much higher or lower than the
surface temperature, the actual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an intermediate
temperature between the surface temperature and their temperature.

Figure 15 Temperature sensor (LM35)
2. Smoke Sensor
A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial,
industrial, and mass residential devices issue a signal to a fire alarm system, while household
detectors, known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector
itself. Smoke detectors are typically housed in a disk-shaped plastic enclosure Most smoke
detectors work either by optical detection (photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization), while
others use both detection methods to increase sensitivity to smoke. Sensitive alarms can be used
to detect, and thus deter, smoking in areas where it is banned such as toilets and schools. Smoke
detectors in large commercial, industrial, and residential buildings are usually powered by a central
fire alarm system, which is powered by the building power with a battery backup. However, in
many single families detached and smaller multiple family housings, a smoke alarm is often
powered only by a single disposable battery.
Figure 16 Smoke Sensor
3. LCD Display
LDC is a combination of two states of matter namely the solid and the liquid. They have both
the properties of solids and liquids and maintain their respective states with respect to another.
Solids usually maintain their state unlike liquids who change their orientation and move
everywhere in the particular liquid. Further studies have showed that liquid crystal materials show
more of a liquid state than that of a solid. It must also be noted that liquid crystals are more heat
sensitive than usual liquids. A little amount of heat can easily turn the liquid crystal into a liquid.
This is the reason why they are also used to make thermometers.

We always use devices made up of Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) like computers, digital
watches and also DVD and CD players. They have become very common and have taken a giant
leap in the screen industry by clearly replacing the use of Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT). CRT draws
more power than LCD and is also bigger and heavier. All of us have seen an LCD, but no one
knows the exact working of it. Let us take a look at the working of an LCD. The liquid-crystal
display has the distinct advantage of having a low power consumption than the LED. It is typically
of the order of microwatts for the display in comparison to some order of mill watts for LEDs.
Low power consumption requirement has made it compatible with MOS integrated logic circuit.
Its other advantages are its low cost, and good contrast. The main drawbacks of LCDs are
additional requirement of light source, a limited temperature range of operation (between 0 and
60° C), low reliability, short operating life, poor visibility in low ambient lighting, slow speed and
the need for an ac drive.
The main principle behind liquid crystal molecules is that when an electric current is applied to
them, they tend to untwist. This causes a change in the light angle passing through them. This
causes a change in the angle of the top polarizing filter with respect to it. So, little light is allowed
to pass through that particular area of LCD. Thus that area becomes darker comparing to others.
The LCDs have a parallel interface, meaning that the microcontroller has to manipulate several
interface pins at once to control the display. The interface consists of the following pins:
A register selects (RS) pin that controls where in the LCD's memory you're writing data to.
You can select either the data register, which holds what goes on the screen, or an instruction
register, which is where the LCD's controller looks for instructions on what to do next.
A Read/ Write (R/W) pin that selects reading mode or writing mode. An enable pins that
enables writing to the registers. 8 data pins (D0 -D7). The states of these pins (high or low) are
the bits that you're writing to a register when you write, or the values you're reading when you
read. There's also a display contrasts pin (Vo), power supply pins (+5V and Gnd) and LED
Backlight (Bklt+ and BKlt-) pins that you can use to power the LCD, control the display contrast,
and turn on and off the LED backlight, respectively. The process of controlling the display involves
putting the data that form the image of what you want to display into the data registers, then putting
instructions in the instruction register.

Figure 17 LCD Display
4. Microcontroller (PIC16F877A)
A microcontroller is a single chip microcomputer made through VLSI fabrication, to which an

internal device is added to make arrangements without the need to attach additional external
components. Choosing a microcontroller is important because on it depend the performances, the
size, the facility of use and the price of the assembly. A microcontroller is available in different
word lengths like microprocessors (4bit,8bit,16bit,32bit,64bit and 128 bit microcontrollers are
available today). A microcontroller basically contains one or more following components:
 Central processing unit(CPU)

 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Read Only Memory(ROM)
 Input/output ports
 Timers and Counters
 Interrupt Controls
 Analog to digital converters
 Digital analogy converters
 Serial interfacing ports
 Oscillatory circuits
CPU: CPU is the brain of a microcontroller. CPU is responsible for fetching the instruction,
decodes it, and then finally executed. CPU connects every part of a microcontroller into a single
system. The primary function of CPU is fetching and decoding instructions. Instruction fetched
from program memory must be decoded by the CPU.
Memory: The function of memory in a microcontroller is same as microprocessor. It is used to

store data and program. A microcontroller usually has a certain amount of RAM and ROM
(EEPROM, EPROM, etc.) or flash memories for storing program source codes.

Parallel input/output ports: parallel input/output ports are mainly used to drive(interface) various
devices such as LED’S, printers and memories to a microcontroller.
Serial ports: Serial ports provide various serial interfaces between microcontroller and other
peripherals like parallel ports.
Timers(counters): This is the one of the useful function of a microcontroller. A microcontroller

may have more than one timer and counters. The timers and counters provide all timing and
counting functions inside the microcontroller. The major operations of this section are performing
clock functions, modulations, pulse generations, frequency measuring, making oscillations, etc.
This also can be used for counting external pulses.
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC): ADC converters are used for converting the analogue signal
to digital form. The input signal in this converter should be in analogue form (e.g. sensor output)
and the output from this unit is in digital form. The digital output can be used for various digital
applications (e.g. measurement devices).
Digital to Analog Converter (DAC): DAC perform reversal operation of ADC conversion. DAC
convert the digital signal into analogue format. It usually used for controlling analogue devices
like DC motors, various drives, etc.
Interrupt control: the interrupt control is used for providing interrupt (delay) of working program.
The interrupt may be external (activated by using interrupt pin) or internal (by using interrupt
instruction during programming).
Special functioning block: Some microcontrollers used only for some special applications (e.g.
space systems and robotics) these controllers containing additional ports to perform such special
operations. This considered as special functioning block.
There are many types of microcontroller used for different applications like ATMEGA and PIC
types. In our case we have selected the PIC type which is PIC16F877A.

U3
13 33
OSC1/CLKIN RB0/INT
14 34
OSC2/CLKOUT RB1
35
RB2
2 36
RA0/AN0 RB3/PGM
3 37
RA1/AN1 RB4
4 38
RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF RB5
5 39
RA3/AN3/VREF+ RB6/PGC
6 40
RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RB7/PGD
7
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT
15
RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
8 16
RE0/AN5/RD RC1/T1OSI/CCP2
9 17
RE1/AN6/WR RC2/CCP1
10 18
RE2/AN7/CS RC3/SCK/SCL
23
RC4/SDI/SDA
1 24
MCLR/Vpp/THV RC5/SDO
25
RC6/TX/CK
26
RC7/RX/DT
19
RD0/PSP0
20
RD1/PSP1
21
RD2/PSP2
22
RD3/PSP3
27
RD4/PSP4
28
RD5/PSP5
29
RD6/PSP6
30
RD7/PSP7
PIC16F877A
Figure 18 PIC16F877A microcontroller
Characteristics
The 16F877 is part of the subfamily 16F87x. This branch is part of the family of PIC ® Mid-
Range, Table 1 represents the characteristics of a PIC16F877A.
Table 5: Characteristics of a PIC16F877A
PIC FLASH RAM EEPROM I/O A/D Parallel PORT Serial PORT
16F877A 8K 368 256 33 8 PSP USART/MSSP

Advantages of Microcontrollers
The main advantages of microcontrollers are given.
 Microcontrollers act as a microcomputer without any digital parts.

 As the higher integration inside microcontroller reduce cost and size of the system.
 Usage of microcontroller is simple, easy for troubleshoot and system maintaining.
 Most of the pins are programmable by the user for performing different functions.
 Easily interface additional RAM, ROM, I/O ports.
 Low time required for performing operations.
Disadvantages of Microcontroller
 Microcontrollers have got more complex architecture than that of microprocessors.
 Only perform limited number of executions simultaneously.
 Mostly used in micro-equipment.
 Cannot interface high power devices directly.
5. Solenoid Valve
A solenoid is a simple electromagnetic device that converts electrical energy directly into linear
mechanical motion, but it has a very short stroke (length of movement), which limits its
applications. The solenoid consists of a coil of wire with an iron plunger that is allowed to move
through the center of the coil.
Figure 19 Schematic diagram of solenoid valve

Figure 20 Basic working principle of solenoid
Notice that the plunger is being held about halfway out of the coil by a spring. When the coil is
energized, the resulting magnetic field pulls the plunger to the middle of the coil. The magnetic
force is unidirectional; a spring is required to return the plunger to its un-energized position.
Working principle of a practical Solenoid valve
A solenoid valve is the combination of a basic solenoid and mechanical valve. So a solenoid
valve has two parts namely- Electrical solenoid, mechanical valve. Solenoid converts electrical
energy to mechanical energy and this energy is used to operate a mechanical valve that is to open,
close or to adjust in a position.

Figure 21 Working procedure of a typical Solenoid valve

Limitation of Solenoid valve
The main limitation of the solenoid is its short stroke, which is usually under an inch. Still,
there are many applications for short-stroke linear motion; examples are activating electric car-
door locks, opening and closing valves, and triggering mechanical latches. Most applications use
the solenoid as on or off device that is, the coil is either completely energized or switched off.
However, variable-position control is possible by varying the input voltage.
6. Relay
A relay is usually an electromechanical device that is actuated by an electrical current. The
current flowing in one circuit causes the opening or closing of another circuit. Relays are like
remote control switches and are used in many applications because of their relative simplicity,
long life, and proven high reliability. Relays are used in a wide variety of applications throughout
industry, such as in telephone exchanges, digital computers and automation systems. Highly
sophisticated relays are utilized to protect electric power systems against trouble and power
blackouts as well as to regulate and control the generation and distribution of power. In the home,
relays are used in refrigerators, washing machines and dishwashers, and heating and air-
conditioning controls. Although relays are generally associated with electrical circuitry, there are

many other types, such as pneumatic and hydraulic. Input may be electrical and output directly
mechanical, or vice versa.
How do relays work?
All relays contain a sensing unit, the electric coil, which is powered by AC or DC current. When
the applied current or voltage exceeds a threshold value, the coil activates the armature, which
operates either to close the open contacts or to open the closed contacts. When a power is supplied
to the coil, it generates a magnetic force that actuates the switch mechanism. The magnetic force
is, in effect, relaying the action from one circuit to another. The first circuit is called the control
circuit; the second is called the load circuit.
There are three basic functions of a relay: On/Off Control, Limit Control and Logic Operation.
On/Off Control: Example: Air conditioning control, used to limit and control a “high power”
load, such as a compressor
Limit Control: Example: Motor Speed Control, used to disconnect a motor if it runs slower or
faster than the desired speed
Logic Operation: Example: Test Equipment, used to connect the instrument to a number of
testing points on the device under test.
Types of Relays: There are two basic classifications of relays: Electromechanical and Solid State.
Electromechanical relays have moving parts, whereas solid state relays have no moving parts.
Advantages of Electromechanical relays include lower cost, no heat sink is required, multiple poles
are available, and they can switch AC or DC with equal ease.
Figure 22 Typical Relay

7. Crystal Oscillator
A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit which uses inverse piezoelectric effect, ie
when electric field is applied across certain materials it produces mechanical deformation. Thus
it uses mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric materiel to create an electric
signal with very precise frequency. They have high stability, quality factor, small size and low
cost and this makes them superior over other resonators like LC circuit, ceramic resonator,
turning forks etc.
Crystal oscillator is used to provide clock to microcontroller. Clock is used to carry all the
function that microcontroller provides.
Figure 23 Crystal Oscillator

This above image shows an 8MHz crystal oscillator commonly used in microcontrollers and
microprocessors. Although the crystal has electromechanical resonance, we can represent the
crystal action by an equivalent electrical resonant circuit.

3.4. Water level controlling and tanker filling system

3.4.1. Automatic Tanker Filling System
The Tanker is a device used to store water to help the firefighting system as a backup. This
improves the system efficiency as the firefighting system is working without the help of pump
motor from the tanker. The Tanker level sensors has the function of sensing the water level of the
tanker in order to fill the tanker automatically, when the lower water level sensor is activated in
case of the water level in the tanker is decreased below the predefined level and close the valves
when the higher water level sensor is activated in case of the water level in the tanker is increases
and reaches above the predefined level. This is illustrated in the figure below.
Figure 24 Automatic tanker filling system
3.4.2. Water Pump

Centrifugal pumps are most common in solar plants. They are reliable and they have a
reasonable cost, even more, they are too powerful for many solar water heaters. Using photovoltaic
as the power source for water pumping is considered as one of the most promising areas of PV
application. PV water pumping systems generally consist of PV array, controller, and inverter,
motor, pump and water storage tank. Photovoltaic water pumping systems are particularly suitable
for water supply in remote areas where the electricity is not available. Water can be pumped during
the day and stored in tanks, making water available also at night or when it is cloudy. The pumped
water can be used in many applications such as domestic use, water for firefighting and village
water supplies. The advantages of using water pumps powered by photovoltaic systems include
low maintenance, ease of installation, reliability and the matching between the powers generated
and the water usage needs. In addition, water tanks can be used instead of batteries in photovoltaic
pumping systems
Pumping Motor: This is a water pump motor help to pump water from water source to tanker
and firefighting. The motor may be Ac-motor and its size is depending on the wideness of the
firefighting system (tanker size). In this case we have selected a AC-motor having 2.2KW rated
power. The pumps’ role is to provide sufficient pressure to move the fluid through the system at
the desired flow rate.

Figure 25 Water pumping system
Pressure, friction and flow are three important characteristics of a pump system. Pressure is the
driving force responsible for the movement of the fluid. Friction is the force that slows down fluid
particles. Flow rate is the amount of volume that is displaced per unit time.
Pressure is often expressed in pounds per square inch (psi) in the Imperial system and kilo
Pascal’s (KPa) in the metric system. In the Imperial system of measurement, the unit psig or
pounds per square inch gauge is used, it means that the pressure measurement is relative to the
local atmospheric pressure, so that 5 psig is 5 psi above the local atmospheric pressure. In the
metric system, the KPa unit scale is a scale of absolute pressure measurement and there is no KPag,
but many people use the KPa as a relative measurement to the local atmosphere and don't bother
to specify this. This is not a fault of the metric system but the way people use it. The term pressure
loss or pressure drop is often used; this refers to the decrease in pressure in the system due to
friction. In a pipe or tube that is at the same level, your garden hose for example, the pressure is
high at the tap and zero at the hose outlet, this decrease in pressure is due to friction and is the
pressure loss.
This Pressure provides the driving force to overcome friction and elevation difference. It's
responsible for driving the fluid through the system, the pump provides the pressure. Pressure is
increased when fluid particles are forced closer together. For example, in a fire extinguisher work
or energy has been spent to pressurize the liquid chemical within, that energy can be stored and
used later. Is it possible to pressurize a liquid within a container that is open? Yes. A good example
is a syringe, as you push down on the plunger the pressure increases, and the harder you have to
push. There is enough friction as the fluid moves through the needle to produce a great deal of
pressure in the body of the syringe Friction is always present, even in fluids; it is the force that
resists the movement of objects. In fluids, friction occurs between fluid layers that are traveling at
different velocities within the pipe. There is a natural tendency for the fluid velocity to be higher
in the canter of the pipe than near the wall of the pipe. Friction will also be high for viscous fluids
and fluids with suspended particles.

Hydraulic Pump Curves

The hydraulic system curve tells us the amount of head that the pump must provide to supply
a given flow rate Q. To determine the actual flow that a given pump will provide, we need to
know something about the characteristics of the pump that will be used. Pumps suitable for PV
powered systems generally fall into one of two categories: centrifugal and positive displacement
pumps.
Centrifugal pumps have fast-spinning impellers that literally throw the water out of the pump,
creating suction on the input side of the pump and creating pressure on the delivery side. When
these are installed above the water, they are limited by the ability of atmospheric pressure to
push water up into the suction side of the pump that is, to a theoretical maximum of about 32ft.
In practice, this is more like 20 ft. When the pump is installed below the water line, however,
the pump can push water up hundreds of feet. Submersible pumps with waterproof housings for
the motor are suspended in a well using the same pipe that the water is pumped through. In this
configuration, centrifugal pumps can push water over 1000 vertical feet. One of the
disadvantages of centrifugal pumps, however, is that their speedy impellers are susceptible to
abrasion and clogging by grit in the water. When powered by PVs, they are also particularly
sensitive to changes in solar intensity during the day.
Positive displacement pumps come in several types, including helical pumps, which use a
rotating shaft to push water up a cavity, jack pumps, which have an above-ground oscillating arm
that pulls a long drive shaft up and down (like the classic oil-rig pumper), and diaphragm pumps,
which use a rotating cam to open and close valves. The traditional hand pump as well as the
wind-powered water pumps are versions of jack pumps. Jack pumps use simple flap valves that
work very much like hydraulic diodes. During each upward stroke of the shaft, a flap closes and
a gulp of water is carried upward; during the downward stroke, the valve opens and new water
enters a chamber to be carried upward on the next stroke. In general, positive displacement
pumps pump at slower rates so they are most useful in low volume applications. They easily
handle high heads, however, and they are much less susceptible to gritty water problems than
centrifugal pumps. They also are less sensitive to changes in solar intensity. A brief comparison
of the two types of pumps is presented in the following Table.
Table 6: Comparison between centrifugal and positive displacement pumps
Centrifugal Positive Displacement

Positive Displacement Volumetric movement
Large flow rates Lower flow rates
Loss of flow with higher heads Flow rate less affected by head
Low irradiance reduces ability to achieve head Low irradiance has little effect on head
Potential grit abrasion Unaffected by grit

Notice that the fundamental difference in processes that produce the pumping for centrifugal
and positive displacement pumps yield quite different shapes to their pump curves. For a
centrifugal pump, as the height of the water column above the pump increases, more and more of
the pump’s energy is devoted to simply holding up the water so flow rates rapidly diminish. For
example, imagine a small centrifugal pump connected to a hose. Raising the open end of the hose
higher and higher (increasing the head) will result in less and less flow until a point is reached at
which there is no flow at all. On the other hand, the flapper valve, diaphragm, or rotating screw in
a positive displacement pump holds up the water column mechanically, so their flow rates are
much less affected by increasing head [1].
Figure 26 The pump curves for positive displacement pumps and centrifugal pumps have quite
different shapes.
Electrical I–V curves and hydraulic Q–H curves share many similar features. For example, recall
that the electrical power delivered by a PV is the product of I times V and the maximum power
point is at the knee of the I–V curve. For the hydraulic side, the power delivered by the pump to
the fluid is given by
P = ρH Q 3.5
where ρ is fluid density. In American units,
P (watts) = 8.34 lb/gal × H (ft) × Q(gal/ min) × (1 min /60 s)× 1.356 W/(ft-lb/s)
P (watts) = 0.1885 × H (ft) × Q(gpm) 3.6
In SI units,
P (watts) = 9.81 × H (m) × Q(L/s) 3.7
When Q is zero, there is no power delivered to the fluid; when the head H is
zero, there is no power delivered either.
If pump voltage and efficiency are given, pump power can be determined using
Power to fluid 0.1885 × H(ft) × Q(gpm)
Pin (W) to pump = Pump efficiency = 3.8
ηp

After having sized the system, the water pumped can be estimated by rearranging (3.8) and
adding in the de-rating factor:
ηP
Q = 24V/mod *5A*(1 mods)*(h/min)*60 min /h*de-rating*[0.1885 × H(ft)] (gal/min) 3.9
Since we have designed for buildings less than or equal to G+1 and assuming the motor is at the
ground, then the maximum height will be
H(m) = 2*3m =6 m (assume the height of the single floor be 3m)
H(ft) = 6m*3.2808ft/m = 19.6848 ft
Select submersible pump with efficiency of 0.35 then the water pumped to the top of the building
can be found as follows.
0.35 271.6552927 gal/min
Q = 24*5*1*60*0.8*(0.1885∗19.6848) = 271.6552927 gal/min = *1 m3/min
264.172 gal/min
= 2.0283 m3/min
Selection of sprinkler
From reliably and wide usage of its perfect sprinkling ability we have chosen FOG nozzle
Fog Nozzle
A fog nozzle is a firefighting hose spray nozzle that breaks its stream into small droplets. By
doing so, its stream achieves a greater surface area, and thus a greater rate of heat absorption,
which, when compared to that of a smoothbore nozzle, speeds its transformation into the steam
that smothers the fire by displacing its oxygen.
Figure 27 Fog nozzles

Fog nozzles play an important part in firefighting tactics due to their versatility. The wide
variety of fog nozzle manufacturers allows them to accommodate different sizes of fire hose- most
often attack hand line- and streams and are capable in both fire protection and attack. With regard
to flow rate, it is imperative to be sure that each fog nozzle be able to handle the flow rate of its

water supply because the master stream devices to which they are sometimes attached can expel
up to 2,000 US gallons (7.6 m3) per minute. This is for truck application but this thesis concerns
about design of G+1 home with following specification
Figure 28 Typical G+1 residential home

Table 7: Sprinkler's specification and quantity
Places NO NO of nozzle need Specification of the

sprinklers
Salon 2 2 Fogg(0.05m3)
Kitchen 2 4 Fogg(0.05m3)
Restrooms 6 6 Fogg(0.05m3)
Toilet 2 2 Fogg(0.05m3)
Roof - 2 Fogg(0.05m3)
Total 16
Pump capacity =1.083m3/min

Total number of sprinklers =16, (each sprinkler with 0.05 m3/min sprinkling capacity)
The volume water which will be expelled per minute = 16*0.05 m3/min = 0.8 m3/min

Water tank sizing

Assumption: deration of fire 30 min:
15 min*0.8 m3/min=12 m3 tanker =12,000 liter.
So, the total volume of the water thank has been chosen 12,000 litter.
Figure 29: Water Tank

The total time needed to fill the tank is calculated as
V=12,000 litter = 12,000*0.001 = 12 m3, Since 1 m3 = 1000 litter
12m3
t = 1.0283m3/min = 11.67 ≈ 12 minutes
Therefore, to fill the tanker around twelve minutes should be needed.

3.4.3. Water level sensors, fire detectors and microcontroller decisions
We can design using logic operation of each sensor. Let S1 = Temperature sensor, S2 = Smoke
detector, S3 = Tanker full, S4 = Tanker empty, 1 = High logic level operator. 0 = Low logic level
operation, V1 = Solenoidal valve 1 and V2 = Solenoidal valve 2.

Table 8: Logic operation of each sensor and microcontroller decision

Switch Condition Indication Output (Decision)
S1 S2 S3 S4
1 1 1 1  High temperature & smoke  Pump “ON”; V1&V2 are “OPEN”
 Tanker empty  Red LED & Buzzer “ON”
1 1 1 0  High temperature & smoke  Pump “ON”; V1&V2 are “OPEN”

 Tanker partly empty  Red LED & Buzzer “ON”
1 1 0 1  Not applicable  Not applicable
1 1 0 0  High temperature & smoke  Pump “OFF”; V2 “OPEN”

 Tanker full  Red LED & Buzzer “ON”
1 0 1 1  High temperature & no smoke  Pump “ON”; V1 “OPEN”

1 0 1 0  High temperature & no smoke  Pump “ON”; V1 “OPEN”

 Tanker partly full  Red LED & Buzzer “ON”
1 0 0 0  High temperature & no smoke  Pump “OFF”; V1&V2 are “CLOSED”

0 1 1 1  High smoke & no temperature  Pump “ON”; V1 “OPEN”

0 1 1 0  High smoke & no temperature  Pump “ON”; V1 “OPEN”

 Tanker partly full  Red LED & Buzzer “ON”
0 1 0 0  High smoke & no temperature  Pump “OFF”; V1&V2 are “CLOSED”

 Tanker full  Red LED & Buzzer “ON”
0 0 1 1  No smoke & temperature  Pump “ON”; V1 “OPEN”

 Tanker empty
0 0 1 0  No smoke & temperature  Pump “ON”; V1 “OPEN”
 Tanker partly full
0 0 0 0  No smoke & temperature  Pump “OFF”; V1&V2 are “CLOSED”

 Tanker full

Based on the above table we can construct a flow chart as follows
Start
Initializing Process
Monitor temperature & smoke

sensor input
No
Either temp or Yes Yes
smoke high? Is temp & Is areal
smoke high? tank full?
Yes
No
No No
Is areal Is areal
tank full? tank full?
No
Yes Yes
Pump ON and V1 Turn OFF pump, V1&V2 Turn OFF pump, V2
OPEN Pump OFF and Turn OFF pump, OPEN and OPEN and
Red_LED&Buzzer Red_LED&Buz Pump ON and V1&V2 CLOSED and Red_LED&Buzzer ON Red_LED&Buzzer ON
ON zer ON V1 OPEN Red_LED&Buzzer
OFF
Figure 30 Overall detection flow chart
Algorithm
The microcontroller algorithm is based on performing the following steps:
 Polling the sensors.

 If the temperature sensor gives high reading, it is an indication of possible fire.
 If the smoke sensor is on, it is an indication of possible fire.
 If the two sensors give abnormal readings, it is a definite indication of fire

Chapter Four
4. System Simulation and Hardware Implementation

4.1. System Simulation
The simulation of this project or the system is done on the Proteus software. This also operates
by writing an appropriate code on mikroC to direct the different components of the system.
4.1.1 The possible condition of fire detection system
A) Proteus software simulation when there is danger fire accident
B) Proteus software simulation when there is possible fire accident

C) Proteus software simulation when the system is under safe condition
4.1.2 The possible conditions of water level controlling system
D) Proteus software simulation when the tanker is empty

E) Proteus software simulation when the tanker is partly full
F) Proteus software simulation when the tanker is full

G) Proteus software simulation when the tanker is not in practical condition

Figure 31 The overall system simulation in different possible cases
Thus, the Simulation shows the operations of overall system with different cases:
1) The sample microC program in 1 & 2 monitors the microcontroller to operate the system.
2) The possibility of fire accident when there is danger fire, possible fire and safe condition.
3) Automated tanker filling system simulation/ filling water to the tanker if the water level is
below the predefined (LL) value and stop the motor if the tanker filled or reach the (HL)
value.
4) Automated firefighting system which simulates feeding the field automatically by opening
the solenoid valves if the temperature of the room is above some predetermined value
(50oC in our case) and if there is smoke.
5) Automatically start the motor if the above condition (2) occurred and the tanker is empty.

4.2. Hardware Implementation

This part is dedicated to reflect how we used our thesis and design to build our prototype of the
automatic firefighting system. The design and implementation of hardware part is done based on
the simulation what we have done on PROTEUS software by involving the mandatory components
included in the software except the hardware implementation is real or practical circuit
combination of different real chips, real components, real motors (DC), homemade water level
sensor circuits and other supplementary circuit components.
After an intensive research on all the available techniques and components, to meet the
requirement of the desired system and to satisfy the prime objective of the thesis, suitable methods
and components were selected and implemented through electrical circuits.
The rating of components and devices used in the hardware implementation of our thesis are
mentioned below:
Table 9: Rating of Used components and Devices
No Component/Device Unit Rating (Volt/A/KΩ/PF) per unit

1 Microcontroller 1 5V
2 Relay 4 12V
3 DC-Motor Pump 1 6-12V
4 Temperature sensors 1 (-55oC to 150 oC)
5 Smoke detecters 1 9V
6 Solenoid valve 2 12V
7 Buzzer(sounder) 1 3-12V
8 Electronic components(resistors , - -
transistors, capacitors, diode, LED,
cristal, LCD display)

Motor Pump
LCD Display
Water Tank
Relays
Water Reservoir
PIC16F877A
Level & smoke detector Ckt

LM35
Figure 32 Hardware implementation with description

Chapter Five
5. Conclusion
In this Thesis the design and implementation of solar based automatic firefighting system with
alternative power supply has been dealt. Full design of solar power generation by designing the
panel size, battery size, and modelling of charge controller has been included. The design of DC-
to-DC boost converter coupled with DC-to -AC inverter which produce a higher-voltage DC and
then converts to AC has been discussed in detail with appropriate parameters.
The Thesis additionally assessed on five years’ fire accident profile of City Government of
Addis Ababa Fire and Emergency Prevention and Rescue Authority. And has estimated the
average damage on human life, heritage and property. Then the thesis has provided the appropriate
proactive firefighting mechanism with intelligent devices.
It also includes microcontroller based water tanker filling system which driven by the motor
pump to back up the firefighting activity without water shortage interruption. The flow rate of the
water and the size of tanker has been designed according to the demand of the water volume during
the fire accident.
The detection system has been discussed by taking the considerable working principle of a
LM35 -Temperature Sensor with considerable variables. Finally, the whole design of system has
been modeled by Proteus and the implementation of the system has been done on the PCB board.
The results from the prototype hard ware implementation shows the feasibility of the system as it
has been predicted on the simulation model.

Chapter Six
6. Recommendations
6.1. Recommendation
Current government policies recommend all buildings should have equipped with appropriate
proactive firefighting systems. But this policies and laws should have implemented in a respective
building on mandatory base. Automatic firefighting system with alternative power supply has
been developed to maintain safer and threat free modern life style according to the law of
government.
Therefore, this thesis encourages all buildings to have such system as buildings costs numerous
capital and financial investment, they need safer firefighting system to keep up their attractive,
beautiful and adorable features. also, this Thesis provides all options with affordable, reliable and
optimum design for:
 Hotels
 Residential homes
 Business centers
 Industrial areas and etc.
6.2 Challenges
Some challenges faced during the thesis, we have got some external and internal challenge that
made us in limitation of our work. These are recommended as follow:
 In this thesis the main challenge was finding materials (components and equipment’s)
which are used to implement the prototype of the system.
 Internet or wireless access was not available as much as the project need. This was main
factor in limitation of our work. So the internet access in the campus should be improved.
 Limited knowledge of interface was our major problem, since we have not learned interface
course due to curriculum problem and that costed more of our time to understand about it.
The course should have to give for the next batches.
 Time is the basic factor in doing whatever starting from simple work up to designing and
implementing the thesis. So, the department and administration system must give us
enough time in order to do our thesis properly and completely.

7. References
[1] Gilbert M. Masters Stanford University, Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems
[2] By RUPESH PATEL, Design and Implementation of an Isolated Solar Photovoltaic Power
Generation System, Department of Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology
[3] Ugur FESLi, Raif BAYIR, Mahmut ÖZER, Design and Implementation of a Domestic Solar-
Wind Hybrid Energy System. Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Engineering Faculty, Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 67100 Zonguldak,
[4] Mosab Hamdan Adam & Abdelrasoul Jabar Alzubaidi, Automatic Fire Fighting System. Post
graduate candidate Sudan University of science and Technology- Engineering College Electronics
Dept.
[5] Bijoyprakash Majhi, Analysis of Single-Phase SPWM Inverter
[6] Papan Dey, Subir Das, Choton Kanti Das, Toufiq Ahmed, C. M. F. S. Reza and Md. Mahbubur
Rahman: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN AUTOMATIC FIRE EXTINGUISHING
SYSTEM BASED ON FAULT SECURE MULTI-DETECTORS. Chittagong University of
Engineering & Technology, Chittagong – 4349
[7] TURKEY Central Station Alarm Association, A Practical Guide to Fire Alarm Systems. New
York, NY July 2011
[8] Chitesh Dubey, Yogesh Tiwari: To design solar (photovoltaic) - Wind hybrid power generation
system. ME Scholar, Department of Electrical Engg, SSCET Bhilai, India
[9] Jonathan A. Enokela1, Isaiah I. Tsavwua2, Simon A. Onyilo3, The Implementation of a Control
Circuit for a Microcontroller Based Automated Irrigation System
[10] S. Sheik Mohammed a, D. Devaraj, Design, Simulation and Analysis of Microcontroller based
DC-DC Boost Converter using Proteus Design Suite
[11] Bijoyprakash Majhi, Analysis of Single-Phase SPWM Inverter

8. Appendix
microC code for the automatic firefighting system

//LCD MODULE CONNECTIONS
sbit LCD_RS at RB4_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at RB5_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at RB0_bit;
sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISB4_bit;
sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISB5_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISB0_bit;
// END LCD MODULE CONNECTIONS
float temperature;
char temper[11];
void Read_temperature(void)
{ temperature=ADC_Read(0);
temperature=temperature*5/1023;
temperature=temperature*100;}
void data_converstion(void)
{inttostr(temperature,temper);}
void display(void)
{Lcd_Out(1, 1, "T=");
Lcd_Out(1, 3, Ltrim(temper));
Lcd_Chr_Cp(0xdf);

Lcd_Chr_Cp('C');
Lcd_Chr_Cp(',');}
void main() {
TRISA = 0XFF; //TO use PORTA as input
TRISD = 0xFF; //TO use PORTD as input
TRISC = 0x00; //TO use PORTC as output
TRISB = 0x00; //TO use PORTB as output
ADC_Init();
Lcd_Init();
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF);
lcd_out(1,1,"SYSTEM OVERVIEW");
delay_ms(1000);
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
while(1) //Endless Loop
{ Read_temperature();
data_converstion();
display();
Lcd_Out(2, 1, "M=");
Lcd_Out(1, 8, "Tn=");
Lcd_Out(2, 6, "FS=");
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF);
//Checking the status of the tanker
if(PORTD.RD0==1&&PORTD.RD1==1)
{PORTC.RC7=1;
PORTB.RB6=1;
Lcd_Out(1, 11, "Empty ");
Lcd_Out(2, 3, "ON,");

delay_ms(5000);}
else if(PORTD.RD0==0&&PORTD.RD1==1)
{PORTC.RC7=1;
PORTB.RB6=1;
Lcd_Out(1, 11, "P Full");
Lcd_Out(2, 3, "ON,");
delay_ms(5000);}
else if(PORTD.RD0==1&&PORTD.RD1==0)
{Lcd_Out(1, 11, "NPracl");
delay_ms(1000);}
else
{Lcd_Out(1, 11, "Full ");
delay_ms(5000);}
//Checking the temperature & smoke status
if(temperature>50&&PORTD.RD2==0)
{PORTC.RC4=1;
PORTC.RC7=1;
PORTB.RB6=1;
PORTC.RC6=1;
Lcd_Out(2, 9, "Dng Fire");
Lcd_Out(2, 3, "ON,");
delay_ms(5000);}
else if(temperature>50&&PORTD.RD2==1)
{PORTC.RC4=1;
PORTC.RC7=0;
PORTB.RB6=0;
PORTC.RC6=0;
Lcd_Out(2, 9, "Pos Fire");
Lcd_Out(2, 3, "OF,");

delay_ms(1000);
Lcd_cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF);}
else if(temperature<50&&PORTD.RD2==0)
{PORTC.RC4=1;
PORTC.RC7=0;
PORTB.RB6=0;
PORTC.RC6=0;
Lcd_Out(2, 9, "Pos Fire");
Lcd_Out(2, 3, "OF,");
delay_ms(1000);
else
{PORTC.RC4=0;
PORTC.RC7=0;
PORTB.RB6=0;
PORTC.RC6=0;
Lcd_Out(2, 9, "Safe ");
Lcd_Out(2, 3, "OF,");
delay_ms(1000);

Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

[Document title]

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

Design and Implementation of Solar Based Automatic

Members Name Stream

Advisor: Ato Dawit H. Signature___________

i|Page Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

ii | P a g e Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

Chapter Four ................................................................................................................................. 55

iii | P a g e Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

Figure 1 Overall block diagram of the system ................................................................................ 7

iv | P a g e Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

Table 1: Data of life losses occurred in last five years ................................................................... 2

v|Page Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

To reduce such problems, proactive mechanisms will be developed by designing,

vi | P a g e Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

1.2. Problem Statement

Table 1: Data of life losses occurred in last five years

Year (EC) Died People Injured People

1.2.2. Problem of Mission Protection

2|Page Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

Table 2: Data of the number of damages and capital loss

Year(EC) No of Damages Damaged Property in Birr(ETB)

1.3. Objectives of the Thesis

The specific objectives of this thesis are:

 To design solar power generation system

 To design the fire-detection system by using reliable sensors.

 To model the overall system.

3|Page Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

1.5. Scope of the Thesis

4|Page Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

5|Page Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

6|Page Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

3. Overall System Design

Boost DC-AC Combiner

Figure 1 Overall block diagram of the system

7|Page Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

3.1. Solar System Design and Description

Figure 2 Solar Cell, Module and Array

8|Page Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

 A Solar cell is also calling Photovoltaic (PV) Cell.

9|Page Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

Figure 3 Typical German solar Panel

Step 1. Determine the demands of power consumption (Wh)

10 | P a g e Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

Step 4. Sizing the PV modules (Wp)

Step 5. Calculate the total Watt-peak rating needed for PV modules

Step 6. Calculate the number of PV panels for the system

Our basic loads are:

Fire control panel=702W

Loses due to convertor and others=100W

Total power demand is (2200Wx1h+702Wx1h+100Wx1h) =3004Wh/day

Total PV panels energy needed = 3004Wh/dayx1.3 = 3905Wh/day

11 | P a g e Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

Sizing the PV generator (panels)

Number of PV panels needed =650/190= 3.45 module ≈ 4 module

Actual requirement = 4 modules a 190Wp

So this system should be powered by at least 4 modules of 190Wp PV module.

24.77 V 24.77V 24.77V 24.77V 24.77V

7.68 A 7.68 A 7.68 A 7.68 A 30.72A

Figure 4 The arrangement of PV modules

4. Sizing the battery (Ah)

12 | P a g e Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, June 2016

Calculate total Watt-hours per day used by appliances.