ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT OF URBAN SLUMS

H A B I TAT A N D E N V I R O N M E N T P L A N N I N G ( G R O U P 1 1 ) GROUP MEMBER

SAKSHI KORI - MEPM

SHILPA RANA - MEPM
PA R T 1 - I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E S C H E M E SHREEEYA PALIT - MURP
SRISHTI MEHRA - MTP
PA R T 2 – C A S E S T U D Y O N T H E S C H E M E
SARTHAK SAMPANN - MTP
SANAT BHAVSAR - MTP

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT OF URBAN SLUMS
CONTEXTUAL BACKGROUND
The problems pertaining to the slums drew the attention
of planners and policy makers since the II Five Year Plan
(1956-61). Initially, emphasis was put on the clearance
and re-housing/ relocation of slum dwellers by following
a project approach. But later it was realized that the
strategy was not working because of the growing slum
population in absence of proper housing program.
Therefore, it was felt that more emphasis should be laid
on the improvement of existing slums by providing basic
amenities. And thus, the scheme entitled
“Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums” was
formulated in 1972.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SCHEME
The scheme Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums (EIUS) was
introduced as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme in 1972 and then was
transferred to the State Sector in 1974. The EIUS envisages the
improvement of living standard of the people in slum areas. EIUS
focused on physical improvement of environmental infrastructure
in slum areas of major cities by provision of 7 basic amenities.
The beneficiaries of this scheme mainly include notified slums. Most
of the slum dwellers belong to the BPL (Below Poverty Line)
category.

TIMELINE

EIUS was EIUS was Coverage of 49.96 lakh persons (136% against
introduced as transferred to the annual target of 36.70 lakh persons)
CSS State Sector

1972 1974 2001 2003 2004

408 lakh persons were covered under this scheme

Reference: Slums and Urban Environmental Challenges in India: An Appraisal of Planning

and Policy Issues - January 2013

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

BASIC AMENITIES COVERED UNDER THE SCHEME
Sl. No. AMENITIES STANDARDS
01 Water Supply One tap per 150 persons
02 Sewer Open Drain with normal outflow Some additional activities have also been
03 Storm Water Drain To quickly drain out storm water added to the scheme. This includes:
04 Community Baths One bath for 20 to 50 persons • Community Facilities: Community
Centers, Common work sheds,
05 Community Latrines One latrine for 20 to 50 persons
common retail outlets etc.
06 Street Lighting One pole 30 meters apart • Garbage Disposal
• Maintenance of Facilities
To make room for easy flow of pedestrians,
Widening and paving of
07 bicycles and hand carts on paved paths to
existing lanes
avoid mud and slush.

FINANCIAL STRUCTURE
A statement showing the loans, grant received and expenditure, duly reconciled with the account and the unspent balance of the
scheme:
The expenditure norm laid down by the
Expenditure incurred and unspent balance 1980-81 to 1987-88:
Govt. of India was to impose a cost ceiling
UNSPENT of Rs. 120 per capita in 1972- 73, which
(Balance as was raised by Govt. of India to Rs. 150. Rs.
SCHEME LOAN GRANTS TOTAL EXPENDITURE
on 250. Rs. 300 from time. to time. This
31.08.1988) scheme was also followed in the Sixth Plan
Environmental and continued in the Seventh Plan also.
Improvement of - 3235.00 3235.00 2568.90 666.10
Urban Slums Reference: Slum Clearance and Improvement of Slums and Economically
Weaker Sections: Housing Program, Ministry of Urban Development

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT APPROACH REGARDING SLUMS
Types of Slum Considerations Impact Analysis Results Plan of Action
Environmental Approach regarding

Upgradation

Existing Slum
Redevelopm

Rating of Socio-Economic Aspects

Participation
Curative/ Punitive
Redevelopment

ent

and Analysis of Impacts

measures in planning or

Inclusion & Integration

Prioritization of Issues
Relocation & designing
Slums

Rehabilitation

Slum Development
Development

Prone Area
Future Slum

Inclusion
Preventive Measures in
Future

Proposed Residential
Policy, Planning and
Zone
Designing
Vacant Land Suitable for
Housing Poor

LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
• EIUS program did not extend its services to the non-notified However, implementation of the scheme brought qualitative
slums. change in slum dwellers life however it remained ameliorative
• Inflexible norms prevented people from accessing better in nature and did not provide long term solution to the
options based on their choicest. problem. To improve the situation of lack of improvement
• The EIUS schemes lacked feasible methods for evaluating activities in urban slums under Environmental Improvement
the progress of works in financial terms. of Urban Slums (EIUS), Govt of India introduced the National
• Inherent problem of execution of development of works in Slum Development Program (NSDP) in August 1996 with the
narrow slum lanes and local resistance from the objective to provide adequate and satisfactory water supply
neighborhood. and sanitation, pre-primary and primary educational facilities,
• Improper Investment of funds due to Operational Reasons. adult literacy and non-formal educational facilities etc.
• No detailed records relating to fixation of targets, areas
identified. Reference: Review Paper of Slum Redevelopment Strategy: A Way forward to Urban Environment
Management through Inclusive Approach

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

 CASE STUDY : DELHI SLUMS
LOCATION OF 25 SAMPLES JJ CLUSTER ISSUES IN JJ CLUSTER
Sl. NAME of LACK OF SANITATION
No. CLUSTER
01 Gandhi Camp LACK OF ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER
02 Jagadamba Camp LACK OF LEGAL RIGHTS
03 Indira market
04 Mayapuri Phase II POOR HEALTH
05 Sant Ravi Das Camp
UNEMPLOYMENT
06 Indira Colony
07 Hanumari Camp WATER POLLUTION
08 Indira Camp
09 Sonia Gandhi Camp AIR POLLUTION
10 Tata Nagar
WASTE
Mazdoor Kalyaan
11
Kendra TRAFFIC CONGESTION
12 JJ cluster
Dr. Amberdkar QUALITY OF LIFE
13
Camp
14 Jaina Tower GROUND WATER TABLE
15 Tahirpur URBAN BIODIVERSITY
16 Nairiiwalabagh
17 Malkaganjh ENERGY
18 Model Town
Khasara no. 261- FOOD SUPPLY
19
250
20 Shastri Park
21 Chitra Gupta Road Reference: An
Evaluation Study
22 Chiria Colony of Environmental
23 Dhobi Ghat Improvement of
24 Balmiki Kabristan Urban Slums: A
Case Study of
Meharchand Delhi- NIUS, 2004
25
Market

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 EVALUATION OF BASIC AMENITIES IN THE HOUSEHOLDS OF DELHI SLUMS
DEMOGRAPHY • In 2011 census, slums are categorized in
three different subgroups: NOTIFIED,
RECOGNIZED and IDENTIFIED.
• Population and Households:
According to the 2001 census, a total of 18
• Over one million of the growing Delhi
lakhs people resides in slum including the JJ
slum population reside in IDENTIFIED
clusters in Delhi.
slums and receive no aid from the
Out of this population 56 % are male and 44 %
government.
are female.
The household size on an average is 4.75
• In a note filed before the Supreme Court
persons.
on management of municipal solid
waste, the capital’s civic bodies said,
• Migration
“About 49% of the total population of
Rapid rate of Urbanization in Delhi i.e. 93.01 %
Delhi lives in slum areas, unauthorized
(as per census 2001) reflects high level of
colonies and about 860 jhuggi-jhonpri
migration’
clusters with 4,20,000 jhuggies.”
96 % of households are Migrants and
4 % of households are Non- Migrants.
• Morbidity
Reasons for migration.
The overall morbidity prevalence is 15.4%.
Majority of the people migrated for better
It is 14.7 and 16.3% for males and females,
employment opportunities.
respectively but the differences are not
Reasons for Migration statistically significant. The reported higher
6% 2%
morbidity prevalence and the illiteracy
15% status are significantly associated. Diseases
of the respiratory system appear to be very
high among slum dwellers.
77%
Employment Relatives living there Reference: An Evaluation Study of Environmental
Improvement of Urban Slums: A Case Study of Delhi- NIUS,
Location Others 2004

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND A R C H I T E C T U R E, V I J A Y A W A D A

 J.J. SLUM CLUSTER HOUSING & WATER CONDITIONS
• The following pie charts are based on a random
ECONOMIC PROFILE sample of 5943 participants ( 56% male &44% SERVICE PROFILE
• Monthly income pattern female) residing in the J.J. cluster.
8% 6%
(Figures in Rs) • Sources of water
8% • The percentage of kutcha and semi pucca 5%
houses indicate a need of providing housing as 20% 28%
25% 53% well.
• The median income level is around 3000/- per
month. In view of the average size of the 47%
< 1500 1500-2999 3000-4499
4500-5999 > 6000 household (4.75) the per capita income works
out as 632/- per month or 7,584/- per annum.
SANITATION PROFILE These households, with such low income could Pvt. Connections Public Standpost
Handpump Any Other
• Places of Defecation hardly afford basic amenities.
5% 16%
• Distance of water supply
• The household survey of 1250 households of 25 14%
47%
sampled slums revealed that 44% of
39%
32% households gathered water from the public
stand post, a little more than ¼ of the sample
Own Toilet have private connections as the cannot afford
Common Toilet 47%
Open Spaces it. INDICATING A NEED IN WATER SUPPLY.
• Places of Bathing • The graphs also showcase a need of common < 15 mts 15 - 30 mts > 30 mts
16% washrooms or private washrooms as 44% • Adequacy of water supply to
24% households defecate in open space, which in Households
24%
turn contribute in unhealthy living conditions. 26%
41%
36% • The charts in turn indicate a co relation of
33%
income directly affecting in availing basic
amenities like water and sanitation.
Pvt. Bathroom Pub. Standpost
All time Some time
Reference: An Evaluation Study of Environmental Improvement of Urban
Comm. Bathroom Other modes
Slums: A Case Study of Delhi- NIUS, 2004 Not Adequate

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 J.J. SLUM CLUSTER GARBAGE DISPOSAL, HEALTH AND ELECTRICITY
GARBAGE DISPOSAL

The garbage disposal is one more problem. It

was recorded that 13 out of the 25 slums
surveyed had dustbins in the nearby area but
they weren’t collected and emptied in regular
intervals leading to the residents throwing it
just beside there household creating an Living conditions in J.J slum cluster
unhygienic living conditions. The respondents
mentioned about irregular garbage collection,
resulting in accumulation of waste and directly
affecting there health.

ELECTRICITY

963 households had illegal connection of

electricity. Around 13% of the household Sanitary conditions and open drains
had metered electric connection but they
lacked documentary evidence. 10%
households had illegal connection .

HEALTH

7 out of the 25 slums had health facilities like

gov. hospitals and dispensary. 72 % 0f the Housing conditions
sampled house holds did not get health
facility. Reference: An Evaluation Study of Environmental Improvement of Urban
Slums: A Case Study of Delhi- NIUS, 2004

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 MAJOR FINDINGS AND RECOMENDATIONS

RECOMMENDATION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT OF URBAN SLUMS – AN

EVALUATION STUDY
• The whole situation analysis did not portray a
good picture of the slum and hence had a few This study examined the EIUS program which was conducted by
recommendation. NIUA in 1997.

• In order to improve or upgrade the slum the local The study was conducted in Kerala, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.
body should review the condition of the slum
periodically. The study identified 3 major issues which were-

• To evaluate the implementation and impact of
the programme a review committee may be
constituted.
• Data base available in the municipal corporation
is very poor. Hence there is a need of developing
an information system.
1) The involvement of the community in selection of the
components and implementation of the program was absent.
2) Equal distribution and allocation of funds at local level was an
issue.
3) Quality of construction was poor and their maintenance was
non- existent.

• In some of the slums, basic minimum services are

absent or inadequate: moreover, the services
provided are not maintained properly. It maybe
suggested that the services should be maintained
regular basis. If the contract is outsourced to a
private entity, the local body should strictly
monitor the maintenance part .

Reference: An Evaluation Study of Environmental Improvement of Urban

Slums: A Case Study of Delhi- NIUS, 2004

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA