INFRASTRUCTURE -

1
JAYAKRISHNAN S R
INFRASTRUCTURE
 Goods and services requiring higher investment,
considered essential for the proper functioning of
the economy
 Can be divided into 2 categories
 Economic infrastructure – Energy,
Transport,communication,water supply etc
 Social Infrastructure – Health,education,rural
housing etc
IMPORTANCE
 Support system on which the efficiency of
modern industrial economy depends

 Agriculture also dependant on infra for

storage,transport etc

 Improvements in water supply and sanitation

have direct correlation on health of people
CONTD…
 Improved productivity leads to better quality of
life
WATER SUPPLY IN INDIA
 Water available from rainfall – 1170mm
(Corresponds to 4000 BCM)

 After a/cing evaporation – 1869 BCM

 Due to topological and hydrological constrants,

utlizable out of this – 1123 BCM
CONTD…
 Now – falling water table especially in N.W India

 Increase in acreage of water intensive crops have

aggravated the problem

 Ground water (Sustainable management) Bill,

2017 has passed into oblivion
CONTD…
 Status of household tap connection – low
penetration
 Only Gujarat, Sikkim and Goa - > 75%
 HP, Punjab, Haryana , Karnataka – 40-75%
 Rest all – less than 40%
 Majority of eastern and NE states - < 10%
JAL JEEVAN MISSION

 will focus on integrated demand and supply-side

management of water at the local level, including
creation of local infrastructure for source
sustainability
 rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge and
management of household wastewater for reuse
would be undertaken in convergence with other
government programmes/schemes
CONTD…
 National Jal Jeevan Mission (NJJM) at the Central
level
 State Water and Sanitation Mission (SWSM) at State
level
 District Water and Sanitation Mission (DWSM)
at District level
 Gram Panchayat and/or its sub-committees viz.
Village Water Sanitation Committee (VWSC)/ Paani
Samiti at Village level
CONTD…
 The fund released by Central Government to the
State Governments is to be deposited in
one Single Nodal Account (SNA) that will be
maintained by SWSM
 Every village will prepare a Village Action Plan
(VAP) which will have three components: i.)
Water source & its maintenance ii.) Water supply
and iii.) Greywater management
CHALLENGES
 Sustainability

 Coverage

 Capacity Building
NOTABLE INITIATIVES BY STATES

 Rajasthan - Mukhya Mantri Jal Swavlamban

Abhiyan

 Maharashtra - Jalyukt-Shivar

 Telangana -Mission Kakatiya

RIVER INTERLINKING
 There always remains a lot of political opposition to the
‘Interlinking the Rivers’ project.
 It is so that the northern states face the situation of flood at the
time of monsoon and water is required by the southern states in
the dry months. Whether the project will be able to solve this
problem or not is a matter of concern.
 Interlinking the rivers has its own ecological
disadvantages, like in the case of the Ken-Betwa project, half
of the Panna Tiger Reserve will get submerged. Also, there will
be huge displacement of people. The cost involved is quite
high, this raises the questions over its usefulness
WAY FORWARD
 need to shift focus from water supply
infrastructure creation to water management

 Managing the demand side of water management

 The participation of individuals, NGOs and

different communities
SANITATION
 Sanitation generally refers to the provision of
facilities and services for the safe disposal of
human urine and feces
 also refers to the maintenance of hygienic
conditions, through services such as garbage
collection and wastewater disposal
SWACH BHARAT MISSION
 India has seen a sanitation revolution in the form of
SBM-G that transformed itself into a Jan
Andolan (a people’s movement).
 Since the launch of the SBM - G in 2014, over 10
crore toilets have been built in rural areas.

 Till now, over 5.9 lakh villages in 699 districts and

37 States/UTs have declared themselves as Open
Defecation Free (ODF)
RURAL SANITATION STRATEGGY
 prepared by DDWS, in consultation with the
State Governments and other stakeholders

 The strategy aims to sustain the behavioral

change regarding sanitation that has been
achieved under the Swach Bharat Mission (G)
CONTD…
 convergence of funds from the Centre, states,
Panchayati raj institutions (PRIs) and
alternative sources of financing, including
private funds
 ODF
 ODF+
 ODF++
WAY FORWARD
 100 per cent achievements in terms of waste
segregation, successful disposal, and streamlining
waste infrastructure
 Total elimination of manual scavenging
 Sustain the behavioral change on account of
SBM
 emphasis on female literacy is imperative for
better sanitation coverage
TO SUSTAIN BEHAVIORAL CHANGE
 programme may include the provision of more
than one toilet for larger households

 better infrastructure at the household level

 emphasis on female literacy

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
 1,52,076 Tons per day (TPD) as per the Annual
Report 2018-19 submitted by the SPCBs

 Of this, 5% is collected and only 35% of waste is

treated. 33% of waste is landfilled and 46,156
TPD of waste which is one-third of the total
waste generated in the country remains
unaccounted
CHALLENGES FACED IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

 Segregation of waste at source by waste

generators,
 Lack of infrastructure for collection and
transportation of waste,
 Availability of land for setting up of waste
collection and transportation facilities
CONTD…
 Techno-economically viable solutions for fresh &
legacy waste,
 Management of legacy waste and
 Rural areas not covered in most of the
States/UTs: and enforcement issues
INITIATIVES TAKEN
 Door-to door collection, waste segregation, and
transportation
 Land for waste processing facilities
 Setting up Waste –to-Energy plants
 Development of Model Cities
 Increased Judicial Intervention
WAY FORWARD
 Development of ULB (Urban Local Bodies) – wise
action plan for collection, segregation,
transportation and processing of waste
 Clear allocation of responsibility to ULBs and
waste generators for setting up of infrastructure and
for involving informal sector in waste collection
segregation
 Adequate technical support to ULBs for processing
technology and practices in waste management
SANITATION WORKERS
 collection of door to door municipal solid waste,
manual rag-picking and segregation of solid
wastes

 suffer from social stigma with respect to their

work, especially the manual scavengers
STEPS TO PROMOTE WELFARE OF MANUAL SCAVENGERS

 Legal Protection for Eliminating Manual

Scavenging
 Ensuring Minimum Wages, Safe Working
Conditions and Pension Benefits  
 Housing Education, Financial Assistance and
Skill Development Schemes
 Protecting Sanitation Workers through Ayushman
Bharat