Dry EYE Syndrome: texts

TEXT-A
Dry eye syndrome is caused by a chronic lack of sufficient lubrication and moisture on the surface
of the eye. Consequences of dry eyes range from subtle but constant eye irritation to significant
inflammation and even scarring of the front surface of the eye.
In addition to being called dry eye syndrome, dry eye disease, or simply "dry eye," alternative
medical terms used to describe dry eyes include:
 Keratitis sicca. Generally used to describe dryness and inflammation of the cornea.
 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Used to describe dry eye that affects both the cornea and
the conjunctiva.
 Dysfunctional tear syndrome. Used to emphasize that inadequate quality of tears can
be just as important as inadequate quantity.
Reflex Tears
Dry eyes can actually cause eyes to water. This can happen when eyes are irritated. It's similar to
tear production that is triggered when something gets in your eye. They are called reflex tears.
Reflex tears (the watery type that are produced in response to injury, irritation, or emotion) don't
have the lubricating qualities necessary to prevent dry eyes. Tear film is made of water, oil, and
mucus, all of which are important for maintaining good eye health. The cornea, which covers the
front of the eye, needs tears continuously to protect it against infection.

TEXT-B
An adequate and consistent layer of tears on the surface of the eye is essential to keep your eyes
healthy, comfortable and seeing well. Tears bathe the eye's surface to keep it moist and wash
away dust, debris and microorganisms that could damage the cornea that lead to an eye infection.
A normal tear film consists of three important components:
1. An oily (lipid) component
2. A watery (aqueous) component
3. A mucous-like (mucin) component
Each component of the tear film serves a critical purpose. For example, tear lipids help keep the
tear film from evaporating too quickly and increase lubrication, while mucin helps anchor and
spread the tears across the surface of the eye.
Each tear component is produced by different glands on or near the eye:
1. The oily component is produced by meibomian glands in the eyelids.
2. The watery component is produced by lacrimal glands located behind the outer aspect of
the upper eyelids.
3. The mucin component is produced by goblet cells in the conjunctiva that covers the white
of the eye (sclera).
A problem with any of these sources of tear film components can result in tear instability and
dry eyes, and there are different categories of dry eyes, depending on which component is
affected.
For example, if the meibomian glands don't produce or secrete enough oil (meibum), the tear
film may evaporate too quickly — a condition called "evaporative dry eye." The underlying
condition — called meibomian gland dysfunction — is now recognized as a significant factor in
many cases of dry eye syndrome.
TEXT-C

TEXT-D
Medications
Prescription medications used to treat dry eyes include:
 Drugs to reduce eyelid inflammation. Inflammation along the edge of your eyelids can keep
oil glands from secreting oil into your tears. Your doctor may recommend antibiotics to reduce
inflammation. Antibiotics for dry eyes are usually taken by mouth, though some are used as
eyedrops or ointments.
 Eyedrops to control cornea inflammation. Inflammation on the surface of your eyes (cornea)
may be controlled with prescription eyedrops that contain the immune-suppressing medication
cyclosporine (Restasis) or corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are not ideal for long-term use due to
possible side effects.
 Eye inserts that work like artificial tears. If you have moderate to severe dry eye symptoms
and artificial tears don't help, another option may be a tiny eye insert that looks like a clear grain
of rice. Once a day, you place the hydroxypropyl cellulose (Lacrisert) insert between your lower
eyelid and your eyeball. The insert dissolves slowly, releasing a substance that's used in
eyedrops to lubricate your eye.
 Tear-stimulating drugs. Drugs called cholinergics (pilocarpine, cevimeline) help increase tear
production. These drugs are available as pills, gel or eyedrops. Possible side effects include
sweating.
 Eyedrops made from your own blood. These are called autologous blood serum drops. They
may be an option if you have severe dry eye symptoms that don't respond to any other
treatment. To make these eyedrops, a sample of your blood is processed to remove the red
blood cells and then mixed with a salt solution.
 Part A
TIME: 15 minutes
• Look at the four texts, A-D, in the separate Text Booklet.
• For each question, 1-20, look through the texts, A-D, to find the relevant information.
• Write your answers on the spaces provided in this Question Paper.
• Answer all the questions within the 15-minute time limit.
• Your answers should be correctly spelt.

Dry eye syndrome: Texts

Questions 1-7

For each question, 1-7, decide which text (A, B, C or D) the information comes from. You may
use any letter more than once.

In which text can you find information about?

1. Procedure for medicine intake? ______________________

2. What to symptoms do you find while assessing ______________________

3. Providing conformity of syndrome ______________________

4. Administering the prescribed medicine ______________________

5. Reflex tears are triggered ______________________

6. Performing detection mechanism ______________________

7. Why tears are produced ______________________

Questions 8-14

Answer each of the questions, 8-14, with a word or short phrase from one of the texts. Each
answer may include words, numbers or both.

8. Why cornea of eye need tears continuously?

______________________________________________________________________

9. Tears stability can be confirmed with?

______________________________________________________________________
 10. What need to be taken in order to reduce eyelid?

______________________________________________________________________

11. What will be produced by Meibomian glands?

______________________________________________________________________

12. When can you determine of Reflex Tears are caused?

______________________________________________________________________

13. What kind of syndrome it is, when there is lack of adequate quality of tears

______________________________________________________________________

14. What is recently identified in causing dry eye syndrome?

______________________________________________________________________

Questions 15-20

Complete each of the sentences, 15-20, with a word or short phrase from one of the texts. Each
answer may include words, numbers or both.

15. Tear-stimulating drugs are prescribed by doctors for tears ____________________.

16. Lysozome and Lactoferins are used in ____________________ type of evaluation.

17. ____________________ helps in preventing tear film from evaporation.

18. Mucin component for covering white of the eye is produced by ____________________.

19. Lacriminal glands producing the watery component located in the _______________

eyelid.

20. ____________________ are not ideal eye drops used for dry eye syndrome treatment.

END OF PART A
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