Backpacking

backpacking is an adventurous/thrilling experience where in within minutes one can pack all the essentials in one
bag and go for a journey. permanent relation with the people. placs which are less explored.

Backpacking is a form of low-cost, independent travel. Backpackers come from a myriad of different backgrounds–
from kids taking time off before starting college to families doing an around-the-world trip to people taking a
much needed vacation from their 9 to 5.

Backpacker tourism generally, but does not always, include:

1. low budget - accommodations like hostels or camping grounds and use of public transport-hitch-hiking
(free lifts in passing vehicles)
2. An interest in meeting locals and other travelers as well as seeing sights.
3. Use of smartphones and online resources for planning.
4. Backpack- Carrying belongings in a backpack. Backpackers have traditionally carried their possessions in 30
liter to 60 liter backpacks and recently 8-10 litres
5. A sense of authenticity. Backpacking is perceived not only as a form of tourism, but a means of education.
6. Backpackers want to experience what they consider the "real" destination (actually see a place in depth)
rather than a packaged version often associated with mass tourism.
7. A longer duration trip when compared with conventional vacations.
8. Backpacker tourism may also include working in various countries for short stints, depending on work permit
laws.
In the 17th century, Italian adventurer Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri was likely one of the first people to
engage in backpacker tourism. Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri (1651–1725) was a seventeenth-century Italian
adventurer and traveler. He was among the first Europeans to tour the world by securing passage on ships
involved in the carrying trade; his travels, undertaken for pleasure rather than profit, may have inspired Around the
World in Eighty Days. Some suspected him of spying for the Vatican on his journey.

The modern popularity of backpacking can be traced, at least partially, to the hippie trail of the 1960s and 1970s,
which in turn followed sections of the old Silk Road. 
The hippie trail is the name given to the overland journey taken by members of the hippie subculture and others
from the mid-1950s to the late 1970s. between Europe and South Asia, mainly through Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan,
India (including Jammu and Kashmir) and Nepal. The hippie trail was a form of alternative tourism, and one of the
key elements was travelling as cheaply as possible, mainly to extend the length of time away from home. The
hippie trail largely ended in the late 1970s after the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
closed the route to Western travelers.
                                                                                                                    
 Istanbul

Teheran Kabul
Peshawar
Herat Lahore
Kathmandu
Delhi
Benares Dhaka

Goa
Bangkok

For Traveller
A 2018 study of over 500 backpackers conducted by researchers at Sun Yat-sen University and Shaanxi Normal
University in China and Edith Cowan University in Australia showed that for Westerners, backpacking leads to
acquired capabilities like effective communication, decision-making, adaptability, and problem solving, all of which
contribute to an increase in self-efficacy, and for Chinese backpackers, acquiring skills like time and money
management, language development, stress management, and self-motivation provided the biggest increase in
self-efficacy

For communities
For many low-income communities in the developing world, the economic benefits of hosting backpackers
outweigh their negative impacts. Since backpackers tend to consume local products, stay in small guest houses,
and use locally owned ground transport, more of their expenditure is retained in-country than in conventional
mass tourism. businesses that cater to backpackers are usually locally owned and profits tend to be retained within
the country rather than flowing overseas to international hotel groups.

Variants
Flashpacking and Poshpacking refer to backpacking with more money and resources. The words combine
backpacking with flash, a slang term for being fancy, or posh, an informal adjective for upper class.[20][21]
Begpacking combines begging and backpacking in reference to individuals who beg (ask directly or indirectly for
money), solicit money during street performances, or vend (sell postcards or other small items) as a way to extend
their overseas travel.[22] The trend has drawn criticism for taking money away from people in actual need, with one
known begpacker barred from entering Singapore.[23][24] Begpacking is most common in Southeast Asia and is a
growing trend in South America

Tourism
Tourism can develop and grow when host community has a positive attitude toward it and when they see their role
in the process of the tourism development.
Host communities do see new business opportunities in tourism and are motivated to explore them. At the same
time, they know that some negative physical, cultural, social and economic impacts will emerge. The most complex
problems that accompany tourism development, reside in the relationship between local host and tourist.
Furthermore , there are limits of tourism growth that are closely associated with the place capacity and with the
quality of life in the local community.

Based on the World Tourism Organisation’s Hainan Declaration in December 2000, it is noted that one of the
reasons for the failure of tourism planning in the past can be attributed to the lack of consultation with the local
residents
Anthropological studies|tourism Research-  research on residents’ reactions to tourism (local acceptability) can
help tourism planners understand why residents support or oppose tourism.
It has now become widely recognized that planners and entrepreneurs must take the views of the host community
into account if the industry wants to pursue the goal of sustainable development

2.3 Host community-

A host community consists of all those people in the destination, whether they are homogeneous or
heterogeneous and regardless of whether the impacts of tourism are beneficial or otherwise.
Tourism is an industry which uses the host community as a resource to sell it as a product, and in the process
affects the lives of everyone. As such the tourism industry is dependent on the host community’s hospitality, and
therefore it should be developed according to the community’s needs to desires. 
However, the host is community is often the last to be notified of tourism development and quite often they are
not given a chance or encouraged to give their opinioin on tourism issues.

2.4 Relationship Between Host Community and Guest

A good relationship between local hosts and tourist is essential for the long term development of tourism
destination. The relationship between host community and tourists is mainly affected by the socio-cultural impacts
that are caused due to tourism development. In other words, this mean that if the tourism industry brings in
benefit rather than cost to the host community, the relationship between both parties would be much more
stronger. The interaction between hosts and international guests raises another issue linked to cultural tolerance.
The mutual understanding between cultures can create an opportunity for acquaintance leading towards enhanced
understanding and tolerance and, consequently, reduce prejudice, conflict and tension between hosts and tourists.

2.5 Host community perception towards tourism development

Local residents’ perceptions are strongly influenced by the benefits and costs of tourism development. Those who
received benefit from tourism stated that they are dependent on tourism, but the case was contrary for those who
received nothing
For instance, destination communities have been inconvenienced by congestion and some other negative impacts
brought by tourism. Any impacts from tourism causing annoyance or anger in the host community may lead to
problems for the long-term development of the industry. 
study social and cultural impacts it is having on the host community at large. Studying host community attitudes
and the antecedents of resident reaction can help both residents and planners. it was possible to select those
developments that can minimize negative impacts and maximize support for the industry. By doing so, on one
hand the quality of life of residents can be maintained or enhanced; and, on the other hand, the negative impacts
of tourism in the community will be reduced.

2.6.1 Socio-cultural Impacts

Tourism is a socio-cultural event for both the guest and host and the contact between host and tourists can be
beneficial or detrimental to the host community depending upon the difference in cultures and the nature of the
contact .Tourism development also affects the social, cultural and environmental aspects within a destination.
Socio-cultural impacts are concerned with the “ways in which tourism is contributing to changes in value systems,
individual behaviour, family relationships, collective lifestyles, moral conduct, creative expressions, traditional
ceremonies and community organization” 

Host community has always been viewed as victims having to accept the social and cultural changes that are
brought by tourism development, while guest who imposes their own values on the host communities are viewed
as the villain.

Tourism brings an increased understanding of other cultures, and strengthens the cultural identity of the host
destination and increases community pride. Furthermore, tourism development increases and promotes cultural
exchange between tourists and residents. Tourism can also be a force to preserve and revitalize the cultural
identity and traditional practices of host communities and act as a source of income to protect heritage sites.
Tourism on the socio-cultural aspects can contribute to the revitalisation of arts, crafts and local culture and to
the realization of cultural identity and heritage. In order to attract more tourists, architectural and historical
sites are restored and protected.

From a cultural perspective, tourism development and the appearance of tourists could cause a series of changes
in host communities, such as increased price and identity, cohesion, exchange of ideas and increased knowledge
about culture. In other word, meaning that the host community will gain in about the tourist culture, helping them
to expand their knowledge. 
Other changes included assimilation, conflict and xenophobia as well as artificial reconstruction. Relevant
literature acknowledged that perception of host community on such impacts ambivalent that is they have a feeling
of both hate and love towards changes occurring with the tourism development. To others, the cultural changes
caused by tourism “threatens to destroy traditional cultures and societies” and to others it represented ” an
opportunity for peace, understanding and greater knowledge”. 

2.7 Factors Influencing Host community perception towards tourism development

Tourism development does not only generate benefits, but it also imposes cost. By evaluating these benefits and
costs, host community develop their perception toward tourism development. 

Travelling
MoT will fund travel expenses if one visits 15 or more than different desinations out of their state within a year as
an incentive
Paryatan Parv- initiative of Union govt

National Tourism Conference- recently held in Odisha

Travelling Incognito
coordinate a private, stress-free, luxury travel adventure 
connect with people
for safety reasons also
others not ware of your identity- may help in better connect
doesn't want to be targetted by ads or other things

Tourism in Bihar

Jainism
Vasupujya, the 12th Jain Tirthankara was born in Champapur, Bhagalpur. He attained all his Pancha Kalyanaka
(Garbha, Janma, Tapa, Kevala Jnana and Moksha) from Champapur. The tallest statue of Vasupujya, 31 feet in
height, was inaugurated at Nathnagar Temple, Champapuri, Bhagalpur, Bihar in 2014.
Vardhamana Mahavira, the 24th and the last Tirthankara of Jainism, was born in Vaishali around sixth century
B.C. His father was a Nathvanshi Kshatriya chief of Kundalpur which has been identified with modern-day Nalanda
district. Mahavir achieved nirvana in Pawapuri which is today a pilgrimage site for Jains from across the world.[3]

Vaishali
Ānanda Stupa, with an Asokan pillar at Kolhua, Vaiśālī

Ecotourism is catering for holiday makers in the natural environment without damaging it or disturbing habitats. It
is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-
impact and often small scale alternative to standard commercial mass tourism. It means responsible travel to
natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of the local people.[1] Its purpose may be
to educate the traveler, to provide funds for ecological conservation, to directly benefit the economic
development and political empowerment of local communities, or to foster respect for different cultures and
for human rights. Since the 1980s, ecotourism has been considered a critical endeavor by environmentalists, so
that future generations may experience destinations relatively untouched by human intervention
https://www.intechopen.com/books/advances-in-landscape-architecture/role-of-ecotourism-in-sustainable-
development