ДЕРЖАВНИЙ ВИЩИЙ НАВЧАЛЬНИЙ ЗАКЛАД

«УЖГОРОДСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ»

ФАКУЛЬТЕТ МІЖНАРОДНИХ ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ВІДНОСИН
КАФЕДРА ПРИКЛАДНОЇ ЛІНГВІСТИКИ

РЕФЕРАТ З ЛІНГВОКРАЇНОЗНАВСТВА
на тему:
«Presidents of the USA»

Виконала
Студентка 1 курсу
Денна форма навчання
Спеціальність «Прикладна Лінгвістика»
Ільків Андріяна Михайліна

Національна шкала_________
Кількість балів: Оцінка ECST _________

Ужгород – 2022
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………..3
SECTION 1.
1.1. Benjamin Franklin ……………………………………3
1.2. George Washington ………………………………….. 4
1.3. Thomas Jefferson……………………………………….. 5
1.4. Abraham Lincoln…….……………………………………6
1.5. Theodore Roosevelt …………………………………….7
SECTION 2
2.1. Franklin D. Roosevelt …………………………………..8
2.2. John F. Kennedy ……………………………………….…9
2.3 Ronald Reagan ……………………………………………..9
2.4 William J. Clinton ….……………………………………..10
2.5 George W. Bush……………………………………………11
CONCLUSION……………………………………………….. 12
REFERENCES……………………………………………….13-14

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 INTRODUCTION
The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United
States, indirectly elected to a four-year term by the American people through the Electoral
College. The office holder leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the
commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
Since the office was established in 1789, 45 people have served in 46 presidencies.

SECTION 1.
1.1 Founding Fathers of the United States
Benjamin Franklin
The Founding Fathers of the United States, or simply the Founding Fathers or Founders, were
a group of American revolutionary leaders who united the Thirteen Colonies, led the war for
independence from Great Britain, and built a frame of government for the new United States
of America upon classical liberalism and republican principles during the later decades of the
18th century.
One of the leading figures of early American history, Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was a
statesman, author, publisher, scientist, inventor and diplomat. Born into a Boston family of
modest means, Franklin had little formal education. He went on to start a successful printing
business in Philadelphia and grew wealthy. Franklin was deeply active in public affairs in his
adopted city, where he helped launch a lending library, hospital and college and garnered
acclaim for his experiments with electricity, among other projects. During the American
Revolution, he served in the Second Continental Congress and helped draft the Declaration of
Independence in 1776. He also negotiated the 1783 Treaty of Paris that ended the
Revolutionary War (1775-83). In 1787, in his final significant act of public service, he was a
delegate to the convention that produced the U.S. Constitution.
Declaration of Independence, document that was approved by the Continental Congress on
July 4, 1776, and that announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies from
Great Britain. It explained why the Congress on July 2 “unanimously” by the votes of 12
colonies (with New York abstaining) had resolved that “these United Colonies are, and of
right ought to be Free and Independent States.”
Interesting facts about Benjamin:
- Franklin designed a musical instrument used by Mozart and Beethoven.

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Among Franklin’s more unusual inventions is his “glass armonica,” an instrument designed
to replicate the otherworldly sound that a wet finger makes when rubbed along the rim of a
glass
- Franklin was a fashion icon in France.
In 1776, the Continental Congress sent Franklin to France to seek military aid for the
revolution. The 70-year-old was already world renowned for his lighting experiments—the
French even called their electrical experimenters “Franklinistes”—but his fame soared to new
heights after his arrival in Paris. 
- Franklin created a phonetic alphabet.
While living in London in 1768, Franklin embarked on a project “to give the alphabet a more
natural order.
George Washington
1.2 George Washington
THE 1ST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
George Washington was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who
served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the
Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army, Washington led the Patriot
forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War, and served as the president of the
Constitutional Convention of 1787, which created the Constitution of the United States and
the American federal government. Washington has been called the "Father of the Nation" for
his manifold leadership in the formative days of the country.
Washington was inaugurated on April 30, 1789, taking the oath of office at Federal Hall in
New York City. His coach was led by militia and a marching band and followed by statesmen
and foreign dignitaries in an inaugural parade, with a crowd of 10,000. Chancellor Robert R.
Livingston administered the oath, using a Bible provided by the Masons, after which the
militia fired a 13-gun salute. Washington read a speech in the Senate Chamber, asking "that
Almighty Being who rules over the universe, who presides in the councils of nations—and
whose providential aids can supply every human defect, consecrate the liberties and
happiness of the people of the United States".Though he wished to serve without a salary,
Congress insisted adamantly that he accept it, later providing Washington $25,000 per year to
defray costs of the presidency.
Important things which was made by george washington did as president;
- He signed the first United States copyright law, protecting the copyrights of authors.

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 - He also signed the first Thanksgiving proclamation, making November 26 a national
day of Thanksgiving for the end of the war for American independence and the
successful ratification of the Constitution
- George Washington established the tradition of a cabinet of advisors
He also was an interesting person, there are some facts about his personality
Washington was really into his animals.
Washington wasn’t just America’s first president, he was also its first mule breeder.
(Mules=a mix of horse and donkey.) Recognizing the value of the mule for farmers,
Washington is believed responsible for creating the mule stock that powered American
agriculture in the South for generations.
About those teeth: No, they weren’t wooden.
Washington ruined his teeth using them to crack walnut shells. The dentures he had were
made out of lots of things, but not wood. Instead, they came largely from human teeth, pulled
from the mouths of the poor and his enslaved workers.
Washington had only a grade-school education.
The first president’s formal schooling ended when he was 11 years old, after his father died.
That event cut young George off from the opportunity to be educated abroad in England, a
privilege that had been afforded to his older half-brothers
1.3Thomas Jefferson
THE 3RD PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
Thomas Jefferson was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and
Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. He
had previously served as the second vice president of the United States under John Adams
and as the first United States secretary of state under George Washington. The principal
author of the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson was a proponent of democracy,
republicanism, and individual rights, motivating American colonists to break from the
Kingdom of Great Britain and form a new nation; he produced formative documents and
decisions at both the state and national levels.
Jefferson was sworn into office on March 4, 1801; he was the first presidential inauguration
held in Washington, D.C. (George Washington was inaugurated in New York in 1789; in
1793, he was sworn into office in Philadelphia, as was his successor, John Adams, in 1797.)
Instead of riding in a horse-drawn carriage, Jefferson broke with tradition and walked to and
from the ceremony.

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Jefferson was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence. The document's social
and political ideals were proposed by Jefferson before the inauguration of Washington.
Jefferson's most significant accomplishment as president was the Louisiana Purchase. In
1803, he acquired land stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from
cash-strapped Napoleonic France for the bargain price of $15 million, thereby doubling the
size of the nation in a single stroke.
Facts about his private life:
- He was a (proto) archaeologist.Jefferson collected fossils and was obsessed with
animals, especially the mammoth. He even had the bones of a mastodon (now
displayed in the Monticello Entrance Hall) sent to him during his residence in the
President's House in Washington, DC.
- He was an architect.Aside from his Monticello home, which took him nearly 40 years
to complete, Jefferson was obsessed with building things—and not only as a hobby. He
designed the iconic rotunda at the University of Virginia, as well as the Virginia State
Capitol in Richmond.
- He was a wine aficionado.After residing in France, Jefferson brought his love of
French wine to America. He is recognized as one of the great wine experts of early
America and even kept two vineyards at Monticello.
1.4Abraham Lincoln
THE 16TH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
Abraham Lincoln was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the 16th president of
the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the nation through
the American Civil War and succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery,
bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.
The first inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as the 16th president of the United States was held
on Monday, March 4, 1861, at the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington,
D.C. This was the 19th inauguration and marked the commencement of the first, and
eventually only full term of Abraham Lincoln as president and the only term of Hannibal
Hamlin as vice president. The presidential oath of office was administered to Lincoln by
Roger B. Taney, the Chief Justice of the United States. John C. Breckinridge became the first
outgoing vice president to administer the vice-presidential oath of office to his successor.
The second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as president of the United States took place on
Saturday, March 4, 1865, at the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
This was the 20th inauguration and marked the commencement of the second and final term
of Abraham Lincoln as president and only term of Andrew Johnson as vice president. Lincoln
was assassinated 42 days into this term, and Johnson succeeded to the presidency.
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As President, he built the Republican Party into a strong national organization. Further, he
rallied most of the northern Democrats to the Union cause. On January 1, 1863, he issued the
Emancipation Proclamation that declared forever free those slaves within the Confederacy.
1.5 Theodore Roosevelt
THE 26TH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. often referred to as Teddy or his initials T. R., was an American
politician, statesman, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26th
president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. He previously served as the 25th vice
president under William McKinley from March to September 1901, and as the 33rd governor
of New York from 1899 to 1900. Having assumed the presidency after McKinley's
assassination, Roosevelt emerged as a leader of the Republican Party and became a driving
force for anti-trust and Progressive policies.
He vigorously promoted the conservation movement, emphasizing efficient use of natural
resources. He dramatically expanded the system of national parks and national forests. After
1906, he moved to the left, attacking big business, proposing a welfare state, and supporting
labor unions.
His presidency saw the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act, which established the Food
and Drug Administration to regulate food safety, and the Hepburn Act, which increased the
regulatory power of the Interstate Commerce Commission.
Some information about his life:
- Roosevelt was the first President to win a Nobel Peace Prize. 
As President, Roosevelt adopted an aggressive foreign policy, but he also saw America as
deserving a role as a global peacemaker. In 1906, he convinced Japan and Russia to attend a
peace conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire to end their conflict
-  Roosevelt was blind in one eye after a boxing injury in the White House.
 The President continued with his hobby of boxing well into his presidency. He suffered a
detached retina in a bout in 1908, and stopped fighting. He switched to jiu-jitsu instead.
- What is the deal with the Teddy Bear?
 While on a hunting trip as President, guides in Mississippi had arranged for Roosevelt to
shoot an old bear they had tied to a tree. Roosevelt refused to do so, on sporting grounds.
(Instead, he had someone else shoot the bear.) The first part of the incident became a
newspaper cartoon, which then inspired a shopkeeper to sell stuffed bears, with Roosevelt’s
permission
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 Section 2
2.1Franklin D. Roosevelt
THE 32ND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
Franklin Delano Roosevelt often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician
and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death
in 1945. As a member of the Democratic Party, he won a record four presidential elections
and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century.
Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression,
implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S.
history. As a dominant leader of his party, he built the New Deal Coalition, which defined
modern liberalism in the United States throughout the middle third of the 20th century. His
third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II, which ended shortly after he died in
office.
FDR's first action as president; provided expanded federal credit for banks and authorized the
reopening of banks under strict new guidelines. He hurried this bill through Congress in order
to waste as little time in getting the banks reopened.
He greatly expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of programs and
reforms known as the New Deal. He also played a major part in the origin of the United
Nations.
- FDR was the first sitting president to fly in a plane.
At a time when air travel was much more dangerous, Roosevelt flew to Chicago in 1932 to
accept the Democratic nomination for president. He then became the first sitting president to
journey via airplane—and the first sitting president to leave the country in wartime—when he
took off from Miami in January 1943 aboard a Boeing 314 flying boat.
- Roosevelt holds the record for the longest-serving American president
In 1944, FDR was elected to his fourth term. And no one can ever challenge this feat. In
1951, the 22nd Amendment was passed, which limited future presidents to only two terms
- Collecting stamps was a lifelong passion for FDR
He started up with this hobby around the age of 8. Roosevelt's mother encouraged this
activity, having been a collector herself as a child. When FDR contracted polio in 1921, he
turned to his stamps as a distraction during his bedridden days. In fact, he once said that "I
owe my life to my hobbies—especially stamp collecting."
2.2 John F. Kennedy
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 THE 35TH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
John Fitzgerald Kennedy often referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician
who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination near
the end of his third year in office. Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War, and the
majority of his work as president concerned relations with the Soviet Union and Cuba. A
Democrat, he represented Massachusetts in both houses of the U.S. Congress prior to his
presidency.
He was the youngest man elected to the office. On November 22, 1963, when he was hardly
past his first thousand days in office, JFK was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, becoming also
the youngest President to die.
Kennedy presided over the establishment of the Peace Corps, Alliance for Progress with
Latin America, and the continuation of the Apollo program with the goal of landing a man on
the Moon before 1970.
Interesting facts about JFK:
- He donated all of his salary to charity.
Given the size of Kennedy’s bank account, he certainly didn’t get into politics for the money.
In fact, he donated his entire presidential salary to charity, just as he did his congressional
salary.
- He suffered from various medical problems
Although closely guarded during his presidency, it is now known that JFK suffered from a
plethora of medical issues. As a child, he spent a significant amount of time in hospital with
ulcers, colitis and various other medical problems.
- JFK is the only president to have received a Purple Heart.
Though recent presidential candidates John Kerry and John McCain both received Purple
Hearts for their service during wartime, Kennedy is the only president to boast the honor. He
received it after being wounded in action on August 22, 1943.
2.3 Ronald Reagan
THE 40TH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
Ronald Reagan (1911-2004), a former actor and California governor, served as the 40th
president from 1981 to 1989. Raised in small-town Illinois, he became a Hollywood actor in
his 20s and later served as the Republican governor of California from 1967 to 1975.

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Ronald Reagan was sworn into office on January 20, 1981. In his inaugural address, Reagan
famously said of America’s then-troubled economy, “In this present crisis, government is not
the solution to our problems; government is the problem.”
Reagan enacted cuts in domestic discretionary spending, cut taxes, and increased military
spending, which contributed to a tripling of the federal debt. Foreign affairs dominated his
second term, including the bombing of Libya, the Iran–Iraq War, the Iran–Contra affair, and
the ongoing Cold War.
Reagonomics
Finally, one of the measures that Reagan was particularly well-known for was his economic
policies. Dubbed "Reaganomics," also known as "trickle-down" economics or supply-side
economics, this theory states that if the richest Americans are afforded the most tax cuts, the
money will be used in commerce and in effect will “trickle down” to the rest of American
citizens.
He was a strong military Commander in Chief and used the military to fight international
terrorism.His attitude towards defense was "peace through strength." He increased defense
spending while improving relations with the Soviet Union.
 Young Ronald Reagan was successful as an actor and football player at Eureka College.
 But his most important role was a lifeguard at a local park in Illinois. The future president
saved an estimated 77 lives in his summers as a lifeguard.
 Reagan really did enjoy jelly beans.
 According to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, his favorite flavor was licorice.
Reagan started eating jelly beans in 1967 as he was trying to quit a pipe-smoking habit. He
switched to Jelly Bellies a decade later.
The future President lost partial hearing in one ear 
when he was hurt on a movie set in the late 1930s after a gun was fired next to his ear.
Decades later, President Reagan wrote to Michael Jackson offering his support after Jackson
was burned filming a TV commercial.
2.4 William J. Clinton
THE 42ND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the
United States from 1993 to 2001. He previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to
1981 and again from 1983 to 1992, and as attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A

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member of the Democratic Party, Clinton became known as a New Democrat, as many of his
policies reflected a centrist "Third Way" political philosophy. He is the husband of Hillary
Clinton, who was a senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, secretary of state from 2009
to 2013 and the Democratic nominee for president in the 2016 presidential election.
Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American
history. He signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, but failed to pass his plan for national
health care reform.
Clinton was the first elected President of the United States to be impeached. The
impeachment occurred in 1998.He was impeached due to lying about his affair with White
House intern Monica Lewinsky.
Clinton excelled as a saxophone player in high school, even earning first chair in a state band
of students. But the future president made a career change after meeting Kennedy—and
deciding he couldn’t be as good as John Coltrane.
A cat named "Socks” was one of the most famous of all presidential pets as part of the
Clinton family’s stay in the White House. But President Clinton was also reportedly allergic
to cat dander.
Clinton is also a Grammy winner. In 2004, he won for Prokofiev: Peter and the Wolf/Beintus:
Wolf Tracks. The next year, he won a Grammy for a reading of My Life, his autobiography.
2.5 George W. Bush
THE 43RD PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
Between 2001 and 2009, George W. Bush served as the 43rd president of the United States.
A former Republican governor of Texas and son of George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush
embodied the strain of post-Cold War triumphalism that emphasized US predominance in the
world.
Where his predecessor Bill Clinton had aimed at delivering a “peace dividend” to a nation
tired of international campaigns, Bush’s presidency was dominated by the invasions of
Afghanistan and Iraq in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
Bush’s legacy is largely defined by the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington and the
wars that succeeded them. He also served as a pilot, changed the makeup of the Supreme
Court, and is remembered for his distinctive turns of phrase.
He became the fourth person to be elected president without a popular vote victory. Upon
taking office, Bush signed a major tax cut program and education reform bill, the No Child
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Left Behind Act. He pushed for socially conservative efforts such as the Partial-Birth
Abortion Ban Act and faith-based initiatives.
Bush was an academic.
 During the administration of Democratic president Jimmy Carter, Bush jumped off the fast
track for a few years, taught some college classes, and worked with the Council on Foreign
Relations.
Bush was one of the youngest pilots in the Navy.
 He joined the Navy at the age of 18 after Pearl Harbor instead of heading on to Yale.
Lieutenant Bush was shot down while on active duty in the Pacific in 1944. He has the
Distinguished Flying Cross among his medals.
 Bush did well in the oil business. 
After graduating from Yale, Bush went out on his own and entered the oil business. Bush
started his own firm in 1951 and gained success over the next 15 years in Texas.
CONCLUSION
All of these people did some great things for the US. Some overcame wars, depressions,
some improved economies, and politics. Not everyone had proper knowledge because before
the inauguration, he worked as an actor or engineer, or even farmer. That's means that the US
is a free country and you can become the next president.

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 REFERENCES
1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin
3. https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/benjamin-franklin
4. https://www.biography.com/scholar/benjamin-franklin
5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington
6 https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/george-washington
7 https://www.history.com/news/george-washington-little-known-facts
8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson
9 https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/thomas-jefferson
10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln
11 https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/abraham-lincoln
12https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/abraham-lincoln/
13 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt
14 https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/theodore-roosevelt
15https://www.google.com/search?
q=Theodore+Roosevelt+THE+26TH+PRESIDENT+OF+THE+UNITED+STATES&oq=Theodore+R
oosevelt+THE+26TH+PRESIDENT+OF+THE+UNITED+STATES&aqs=chrome..69i57.797j0j7&so
urceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
16https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/franklin-d-roosevelt/
17 https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/franklin-d-roosevelt#roosevelt-enters-
the-white-house
18 https://www.britannica.com/facts/Franklin-D-Roosevelt
19
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Civil_rights,_internment,_and_the_Ho
locaust
20 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy

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21 https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/john-f-kennedy/
22 https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-john-f-kennedy
23 https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/501318/25-fascinating-facts-about-john-f-kennedy
24 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan
25 https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/ronald-reagan
26 https://biography.yourdictionary.com/articles/facts-about-ronald-reagan.html
27 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton
28 https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bill-Clinton
29 https://biography.yourdictionary.com/articles/facts-about-bill-clinton.html
30 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush
31 https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-president-george-w-bush/
32 https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/george-w-bush/

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