DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM:

A Demonstration of DG & ITS IMPACT to Optimization of Power System Distribution using Distributed Generation

Abstract: One of the biggest changes happening to the distribution system is the introduction of distributed generation. One
of the drivers behind this movement is the need to integrate renewable energy sources into the distribution system.
Traditional protection schemes used is the distribution system need to be re-evaluated with the integration of DG
associated with customer loads.
As the world is moving towards a dramatic change in the mode of power generation, transmission and distribution, Distributed Generation system is going to
play an important role in mitigating the very ongoing concerns about climate change, rising demand for economic power and reliable and sustainable electric
power for all. Distributed Generation systems are small power generating units near end users, which provide a way to harvest renewable energy for clean
Grid connected DG systems serve as the backup in the case of brown outs or black outs and also minimize the central utilities’ peak load. In this
demonstration, we have discussed in brief about the Distributed generation system and its impact on Indian power generation system.
The main aim of this demonstration is to enhance the performance of power system distribution in country/ State/district/village/ (for example in any
sector of the feeders in Karnataka contain either (U/R/EIP/INDUSTRY/WS/NJY) using distributed Generation System. The main function of power system
distribution is to transfer electrical energy to the consumers, while maintaining an acceptable reliability and voltage quality to all customers.
It is sad to know that such services are lacking from the Electrical distribution company at country/ State/district/villages. This demonstration proposed to
setup a centralized plants distributing electricity within the state through Distributed Generation (DG).
The implemented DG was able to reduce the Power Loss from the transmission and distribution stations within the state and also improve voltage profile. The
demonstration was able to optimize the power generation from any sources of Energy source to the Distribution network and the DG system was able to
stabilize the network by normalizing the fluctuating voltage profile at the distribution end of power system.
In order to achieve that, the power system network was modeled and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The results of the simulation with DG
system and without DG system were compared. The result from power Network without DG shows instability of per-unit voltage between 0 to 5 seconds and
while that from DG system shows stabilization per-unit voltage between 5 to 10 seconds. The total power system Loss without DG system was in KW while the
power loss with DG system was KW.
Hence, the percentage of power system improvement was varying from length to length and type of materials used which will be varies from 0% loss to
15.00%. but we have to follows the as per standard such as for local in state in Karnataka by KERC in central CERC/CES etc Therefore from the results,
there is reduction of power Loss when DG is applied in the power system.
1. Introduction
By the start of 21st century, the demand of reliable and economical electrical energy has shown an exponential increment, which is leading to the evolution of
electrical energy generation, transmission and distribution.
Traditionally, central generation plants have been the sole part of the electrical systems, fulfilling the demands of the consumers, located either close to the
resources or far from the populated load centers.
As the demand of electrical energy is increasing, the central generation plants seem to need an extra hand in providing economical and reliable electrical
energy to each and every consumer.
In addition, considering the environmental issues, the continuous peak loads on conventional central power plants also play a major role in polluting the
environment. To overcome these problems, the idea of distributed generation systems came into existence. power, even the unexploited ones.
Definitions
Distributed Generation (DG) – Electric generation facilities connected to a distribution system through the point of
common coupling. Distributed generation is a subset of Distributed Resources.
Distributed Resource (DR) – Sources of real electric power that are not directly connected to the bulk power system.
It includes both generators and energy storage technologies.
Distribution System – Any facility that allows electric power to be delivered to a load regardless of ownership
IPP – Independent Power Producer
INTRODUCTION
THE power system faces many problems when distributed generation is added in the already existing system; this is because the power system is not designed
with distributed generation in mind. The addition of generation could influence power quality problems, degradation in system reliability, reduction in the
efficiency, over voltages and safety issues. On the other sides the power system distribution are well designed which could handle the addition of generation if
there is proper grounding, transformers and protection is provided. But there
are limits to the addition of distributed generations if it goes beyond its limit then it is important to modify and change the
already designed distributed system equipment and protection, which could in a result facilitate the integration of new generation.
This addition of the equipment could involve protection relays, switchgears, change of the voltage regulation system,
revised grounding and transfer trips [1].
A wide range of power generation technologies are currently in use or under development, these technologies includes: small
combustion turbines and micro turbines, small steam turbines, fuel cells, small-scale hydroelectric power, photovoltaic, solar
energy, wind turbines, energy storage technologies etc, as shown in Figure 1. The benefits which we can get from distributed
resources (DR) in relation to Transmission and Distribution (T&D) could include reduction in T&D system losses,
enhanced service reliability and quality, improved voltage regulation, relieved T&D system congestion [2].
On the other hand, interconnected DR could worsen the performance of the power system leading to negative support
benefits. For example, the reliability of the power system may be degraded if the DR is not properly coordinated with the
electric power system protection. The integration of DR could influence the power quality due to poor voltage regulation,
voltage flickers and harmonics. These conditions can have a serious impact on the operation and integrity of the electric
power system as well as cause damaging conditions to equipment.
II. THE IMPACT OF DISTRIBUTION RESOURCES ON ISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Before evaluate the system impacts such as voltage regulation, faults levels, power quality, reliability, harmonics, stability and
other performance characteristics one has to first collect the data that can properly describe both the DR and the utility system to
which it will be connected.
Data needed to evaluate DR impacts:
• Size rating of the proposed DR
• Type of DR power converter (static or rotating machine)
• Type of DR prime energy source (such photovoltaic,
wind or fuel cell
• Operating cycles
• Fault current contribution of DR
• Harmonics output content of DR
• DR power factor under various operating conditions
• Location of DR on the distribution systems
• Locations and setting of voltage regulation equipment
on distribution system
• Locations and settings of equipment for over current
protection on distribution system In the following sections, some solutions are presented to
overcome the issues relation to the integration of the DR [1].

Typical Protection
The IEEE 1547 standard only provides limited real guidance and highlights only the important requirements. Newer
standards are being developed towards more detailed requirements for the integration of DG with the distribution
system. The current standards require the following:
- Not cause over-voltages or loss of utility relay coordination
- Disconnection when no longer operating in parallel with utility (81 O/U, 27, 59)
- Not energize the utility when the utility is de-energized
- No creation of unintentional islands
- Use “utility grade” relays
- Not cause objectionable harmonics
- Not cause loss of synchronization (no objectionable flicker)
- Not cause over-voltages
Interconnection
The DG protection is established from the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) and the interconnection transformer.
The purpose of the interconnection protection is to protect the grid from the DG unit on the grid-side during parallel
operations of the DG and the grid. The protection can be located either on the primary side of the interconnection
transformer (Figure 2) or on the secondary side as shown in Figures 3.
The interconnection protection requirements are normally established by the utility and include:
1. Disconnect the generator when detecting an ‘islanding’ condition (no longer operating in parallel with the
utility)
2. Protect the utility from damage caused by the DG (fault current, transient over-voltages, etc.)
3. Protect the DG from damage caused by the Utility (automatic
reclosing, etc.)
Figure 2 - Interconnection Protection at the Secondary Figure 3 - Interconnection Protection at the Primary
III. INTERCONNECTION TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
The selection of the interconnection transformer connection has a major impact on how the dispersed generator will interact with
the utility system. The type of transformer employed has an impact on the grounding perceived by the utility primary system
and for the generator to appear as a grounded source to the utility primary distribution systems, the transformer must be
able to pass a ground path from the low voltage to the high voltage side, which is commonly called as zero-sequence path.
There is no universally accepted “best” connection. Figure 2 shows four commonly used connections. Each of these connections
has advantages and disadvantages to the utility with both circuit design and protection coordination affected. Each
connection should be addressed by the utility as they establish their interconnect requirements.
In Figure 2, top two arrangements shown can provide a grounding path to the primary. Furthermore, for the transformer
with grounded wye, the generator neutral must be grounded to make the source appear as grounded. The top two arrangements
are preferred for four-wire multi-grounded neutral systems. The bottom two arrangements shown act as grounded sources and
are best used on the three-wire, ungrounded distribution systems.
An important point is that a DR site can be configured to acts as a well-grounded source on the low-voltage side of the
transformer, but the system may still appear to the utility primary to be ungrounded an the high side. Delta connection on the
high side and grounded-wye connection on the low side can achieve this effect .
Definition: - Distributed generation (DG) can be defined as “The small scale (typically 1kw-50mw) generating units connected to the distribution grid
installed close to the load or on customer sites”.
Major factors of effecting :- According to International Energy Agency (IEA), five major factors that have gained the interest of the concept of
many small-scale energy sources connected to the grid are
1. Developments in distributed generation technologies,
2. Constraints on the construction of new transmission lines,
3. Increased customer demand for highly reliable electricity,
4. The electricity market liberalization and
5. Concerns about climate change.
Distributed Resource source: -
DG should not be exclusively confused with renewable energy generation. Considering environmental issues in today’s scenario and the limited availability of
the fossil fuels, renewable energy sources (such as solar, wind, biomass, fuel cells etc) are very much encouraged over non-renewable energy sources (like
diesel, coal, etc) for exploitation in distributed generation system. The goal of distributed generation system is to minimize the adverse effect of energy
production on the environment and introduction of renewable energy sources to the distribution network.
Benefits of DG system: -
DG system offers potential benefits to electric system planning and operations. On a local basis there are opportunities for electric utilities to use DG to
reduce peak loads, to provide ancillary services such as reactive power and voltage support and to improve power quality. Using DG to meet these local system
needs can add up to improvements in overall electric system reliability. Utility deregulation and rural electrification are also the reasons for the high level of
interest in Distributed Generation. Other important benefits associated with distributed generation are:
 Flexibility: - In today’s liberalized market, due to the small sizes and the short construction lead times compared to most types of larger central power
plants, flexibility could allow the participants (entities other
than electric utilities, such as homeowners, businesses, farmers, manufacturers, non-profits and government entities) to respond to changing traditional
method of power generation. It facilitates market interactions, providing customers access to products and services with choice, based on price and
environmental concerns. Important aspects of the above-mentioned flexibility of distributed generation technologies are operation, size and expandability
[10].

 Reliability: - Reliability is the most important feature of electric power distribution system. It can be seen as the degree of assurance in providing customers
with continuous service of satisfactory quality power supply. It is the probability of non-failure of the system over time. Installation of DG system is one of the
many ways to improve reliability of the power distribution since they can be served as backup generation when a utility supply interruption occurs, therefore
economic loss as a result of the power outage can be reduced. However, amount of reliability improvement depends on location and size of the DGs to be
installed and on the various reliability indices measures. There are many indices for measuring reliability. The three most common are referred to as SAIFI,
SAIDI, and CAIDI, defined in IEEE Standard 1366 (Appendix A)

 Environmental benefits: -Environmental issues are probably the major driving force for the demand of distribution generation in the electrical power
system. Since the renewable energy sources are by nature small-scale and dispersed over the grid, installing DGs provides the opportunity to exploit the
cleaner energy within proximity. DGs with Renewable resources are not only capable of producing environmental friendly electrical energy, but also it helps
in minimizing the emissions generated by conventional central power plants. The avoided emissions are in a first approximation similar to the amount of
energy saving.

 Cost Efficient: -The concept of onsite production could result in cost savings in transmission and distribution of about 30% of electrical energy costs. The
smaller the customer size, the larger the share of transmission and distribution costs in the electricity bill. Thus, it is seen
as one of the biggest potential drivers for the distributed generation demand. Furthermore, locating the generation close to the loads could also contribute to
reduced grid losses. The IEA estimates the grid losses reduction potential for 6.8% in the OECD countries leading to cost savings of about 10–15%.

Grid Integration:
To include DG systems in the main network of power system distribution, DG systems are integrated with the same grid as the central grid. Grid integration of
DG system not only promises more reliable functioning of power system, but also the inclusion of renewable energy resources in the main framework. While
they can have positive impacts on the distribution network, they can also have negative impacts at high penetrations if appropriate measures are not
implemented. This is due to the occurrence of various technical and economic issues in the grid integration. Those problems arise in the areas of power
quality, voltage stability, harmonics, reliability, protection, control and islanding [13]. Each distributed generation resource has its own integration issues
[14]. Successful integration of distributed and renewable generation (DG) into distribution networks relies heavily on effective planning and operation
strategies. This can be achieved by introducing smart grid and micro grid (with storage devices) in the existing or new distribution networks.
“Smart Grid is a concept and vision that captures a range of advanced information, sensing, communications, control, and energy technologies. Taken
together, these result in an electric power system that can intelligently integrate the actions of all connected users—from power generators to electricity
consumers to those that both produce and consume electricity (“prosumers”)—to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic, and secure electricity supplies”
defined by. The smart grid represents the full suite of various technologies, which can eliminate all the technical issues related to grid integration.
 Micro grids, localized grids that can be disconnected from the traditional grid to operate autonomously, provides a single point of common coupling with
the traditional grid thus making it easier to integrate different energy source to the main grid and also making the distribution network less complex.
 Storage system is an integral part of the smart grid /micro grids, due to the fact that availability of renewable energy resources varies with time, day of the
week, season, and random factors such as the weather. It increases the effectiveness of the distributed generation system as end users want to be able to use
the energy when they need it, not when technology or nature can provide it. Electrical energy is stored during times when production exceeds consumption in
the storage unit, and returned to the grid when production falls below consumption. In addition, storage systems can be used to provide services such as peak
shaving, load shifting, voltage and frequency regulation, demand side management and outage protection. Various types of storage including batteries,
electric double-layer capacitors, Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES), flywheels, compressed air and pumped hydro can be used to regulate
power output [19].
Impact of DG systems on Indian power system:-
2.1. Need of DG system:
India, being the world’s second largest populated country, is currently facing heavy energy demand. Regardless of its rapidly growing economy and massive
addition in generation, transmission and distribution capacity over six decades [20], demand has always left the increase in generation capacity behind [21].
The total installed capacity of India has reached
As on 28.02.2022 it will keep rising more rapidly as the population rises and the quality of life for more Indians improves. However, economic growth and
targeted policy intervention have lifted millions out of extreme poverty; energy consumption per capita is still only around one third of the global average and
some 240 million people have no access to electricity or 20% of the population remains without electricity.
Therefore, off grid or mini grid solutions like decentralized distributed generation facilities stand as an ideal mode of supply of electricity in India. A DG
system can employ a range of technological options (like small modular power generation technology combined with energy management and storage facility)
from renewable to non-renewable sources and can operate either in a connected grid or an off grid mode.
2.2. DG system in India: -
India, having a diverse landscape and geographical condition, promises a resilient implementation and advancement of DG system as it has unexploited
renewable energy sources in abundance, including a large land mass that receives among the highest solar radiation(equivalent to more than 5000 trillion
KWh/year) in the world, a long coast line with high wind velocities that provide ample opportunities for both land based and offshore wind farms, significant
annual production of biomass and numerous rivers and waterways that have potential for hydropower [28]. India has 45 GW of hydropower and 23 GW of
wind power capacity, but has barely tapped its huge potential for renewable energy. India is, however, aiming high in this area with a target to reach 175 GW
of installed capacity by 2022 (excluding large hydropower) which is steep increase from today’s level of 37 GW [24]. Solar power is a key element of the
government’s expansion plan. This also seems to keep India’s climate pledge of taking a cleaner path by using clean energy technology to deliver clean,
reliable, sustainable and affordable energy system at the climate summit in Paris (COP21) [29].
Indian govt. schemes and projects:
Recently, many renewable energy technologies and schemes are being employed in a number of projects approved by government of India. Some of them are
[31]
1) Solar power:
 “Off-grid and Decentralized Solar Applications” scheme of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM), namely ‘Capital subsidy scheme for
installation of solar thermal systems.
 Installation of 10,000 nos. of solar PV water pumping systems for irrigation purpose implemented through National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development (NABARD) throughout the country.
 Grid Connected Solar Rooftop and small solar power plant Scheme.
 Scheme on development on solar cities.
 Scheme for providing basic lighting needs in 6000 Villages in 60 LWE (left wing extremism) districts in nine states through solar charging stations with
LED lanterns.
 Development of grid connected Solar PV power plant on canal banks and canal tops.
 Akshaya Urja shops

2) Wind power:
 R&D projects under Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems (SWES).
 Programme on Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems (SWES) to develop technology and

promote applications of water pumping windmills and aero-generators/ Wind-Solar hybrid systems.
 Under National Wind Resource Assessment Programmed, Ministry through National Institute of Wind Energy, Chennai and State Nodal Agencies had
installed and monitored 794 dedicated Wind Monitoring Stations (WMS) of height ranging from 20 m to 120 m throughout the country to extend it to new/
uncovered areas which are not explored in earlier projects to complete the Indian Wind resource mapping.
3) Biogas and Biomass power / Cogeneration.
 Scheme to support “Promotion of Grid Interactive Biomass Power and Bagasse Cogeneration in Sugar Mills, rice mills etc.
 Biogas based Distributed / Grid Power Generation Programmed.
 Implementation of the National Biogas and Manure Management Programmed (NBMMP) in all the States and UTs of the country, which provides for
setting up of Family Type Biogas Plants mainly for rural and semi-urban/households.

4) Small hydro power (up to 25 MW):

 Scheme to support identification of new SHP sites.
 Scheme to support for setting up new SHP projects in the private/ co-operative / joint sector and in govt. sector.
 A number of mini/micro hydro projects have been set up in remote and isolated areas, mainly in Himalayan & Western Ghat region.

5) Others:
 Several subsidy schemes for installation of localized DG system (solar, biogas, hybrid, small hydro power).
 National smart grid mission approved to bring efficiency in power supply network and facilitate reduction in power losses and outages.
 Integrated power development schemes in urban areas.
 Projects under hybrid cogeneration (solar-wind, solar-biogas and tri-generation).
 Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti scheme for rural homes, micro industries and remote villages.
 Various research and development programmes and training programmes in the field of solar, wind, biogas and small hydro power.
New technologies in DG system around the world
Realizing the need of clean, efficient and sustainable power for future, many organizations and agencies are focusing on the advancement of the technologies
used in grid connected and off grid power generation system relating to renewable source of energy.
A significant number of research and development projects are persevering with the aim to achieve maximum efficiency, effectiveness and reliability.
Some of them are:
1. Concentrated solar power (CSP).
2. Hybrid co-generation (CSP and Biomass).
3. PETE (photon enhanced thermionic emission) solar panels.
4. ROV for Automated measurement of defects on the offshore wind turbines using a sensor ring to encourage industries towards offshore wind power
harvesting.
5. “INVELOX - A Sheerwind’s technology” with multiple wind turbine generator systems.

II. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

Distributed generation (DG) are sources integrated with the distribution systems to offer various means of energy production and conversion in contrast to
the vast generators which are connected to the transmission systems. These alternative sources of energy like the wind turbines, diesel power generators, gas
turbines, photovoltaic cells and other renewable energy technologies require converters to make them useful to the distribution network .These alternative
sources of energy however have their peculiar characteristics which majorly depend on their means of conversion in order to synchronize with the energy
utility at the distribution end.
Electrical energy converters are majorly classified into three:
synchronous generators.
Asynchronous (induction) generators, and
static(or electronic) inverters
Figure 1.1 shows the block diagrams of Distributed generation. Figure 1.1: Distributed Generation.

DG units are usually of lesser sizes compared to the central generators and
can be located near the customers owing to the fact they may be attached to any voltage level.
This reduces transmission losses hence,
improving the efficiency of the entire power system.
Distributed generation (DG) units vary in capacity ranging from a few kVA values to hundreds of MVA and
they employ varying technologies for generation.
Load-following DG units often utilize synchronous generators
III. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
This study analyzed the New 33/11kv substation system with impact of DG for optimization of active and reactive power using Simulink model.
The load flow analysis was programmed in MATLAB/Simulink.
The method adopted while doing load flow analysis was Newton Raphson technique. The Newton -Raphson method is very effectiveness to achieve visual
iterative solutions to the power flow analyses because it depends on the selection of suitable initial values for state variables involved in the study.
The power flow solution started with voltage magnitudes of 1pu at all PQ buses.
The slack, PV and PVT buses are given their specified values,
which remain constant throughout the iterative solution if no generator reactive power limits are violated.
The initial voltage phase angles were selected to be 0 at all buses.
(a) Newton-Raphson power flow Analysis
The Newton-Raphson solution is a set of nonlinear power flow equation which occurs between voltage and power in a 3 phase AC power system.
The equations (1) and (2) were applied to analyze 3-phase AC power system at a State,
The newton-Raphson solution for the power flow equation was represented by the Jacobian matrix in equation (3).
The state variables m, 𝛅l, Vm and Vl with correction values Δ𝛅 and ΔV were added for each iteration. The derivative of P and Q forms the Jacobian matrix‟s
element. Iterations was started with initial estimates of state variables. The new voltage profile at bus m was given in equations (4) and (5).
Where „i' is the number of iteration
Figure1.2: An 11KV Distribution Network With DG Connection
Figure 1.2 shows the 11KV distribution network.
The items are composed with constraints to obtain the proper objective functions.
The main constraints are:
(a) Load Losses Before installing DG to power grid, there should be more power losses
in the system and after the installation there should be lesser power loss IE Loss with
DG ≤ Loss without DG
(b) Voltage constraint V bus min ≤ V bus ≤ V bus max The objective function, with constraints and goals, was determined as following:

First term in this expression, related to difference between average voltage profile percentage in base case and other cases according to DG‟s locations. By so
doing, summation of active and reactive power losses and difference are computed to enable the objective function to be established. Maximum operator was
used for enforcing the constraints.
The parameters are stated below:

K1,k2, k3: Emphasis or penalty factors

n: Number of Buses
m: Number of Branches.
In case that voltage limits are violated, P and Q loads are modified as:
Where 𝑉𝐿 𝑙𝑖𝑚 is dependent on the case 𝑉𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥 o𝑟 𝑉𝐿 𝑚𝑖𝑛 . The overall efficiency of the Wind was between 20-40% of the distributed generation and its
power rating varies between 0.3 to 7 MW in order to avoid waste in the system.
Wind turbine mechanical output power= 1.4MW
Base power of electrical generator=1.6MVA
Base wind speed=12m/s
Maximum power at wind speed =0.73p.u
Base rotational speed=1.2p.u

Simulations Studies
The investigation of DG impacts is accomplished through simulation by creating detailed models. Short circuit
equations are used for modeling the behaviour of the DG source (synchronous generators, induction generators and power electronic based generators). One
of the power tools available for impact assessment is the CYMTCC and
CYMDIST software packages. The transformer connection must also be included in the models. Simulation studies
conducted by Natural Resources Canada – CETC (9) indicate that:

1. The addition of DG units within a feeder result in decreasing the source contribution to faults downstream
of the DG while increasing the fault current itself
2. This effect is more pronounced for DG units controlling their terminal voltage such as directly coupled
synchronous units
3. This effect is almost negligible for electronically coupled DG units acting as a constant current source
4. The effect of adding DG units to distribution feeder can produce blind zones for protection devices or upset
the coordination between two (or more) protective devices and should be studied carefully
Interconnection Protection Methods and Practices
Protection Objectives
The protection strategy for the integration of DG is to achieve the lowest possible cost with the minimal impact on
existing systems. One tool to consider is the use of multifunction digital relays which combine many relaying
functions into a single relay package. The following table outlines the specific objectives of an interconnection
protection system and the relay functional requirements to achieve each objective. (* = Rate of Change)

V. DISCUSSION OF RESULT
The simulation results are presented after the optimization of Power system without DG and with DG system.
The comparisons of power loss without DG and with DG were done. The New-haven 33/11KV substation data was collected in order to ascertain the effect of
DG in the substation.
Figure1.3 shows the SIMULINK design for optimization of power system with DG.
Figure 1.4 shows the Voltage stability of power system without DG.
This Insinuate that after the Load flow analysis of 30 buses, the faulty buses that do not fall between ranges of 0.9 to 1.05 and
per-unit voltages are bus1, bus2, bus 3, bus9, bus10, bus11, bus12, bus13, bus16 and
1.16p.u, 1.09p.u, 1.069p.u, 1.065p.u, 1.060p.u, 1.082p.u,1.0 72p.u, 1.071p.u and 1.06p.u respectively.
Figure1.5 shows Per-Unit Voltage of power system with DG.
This result shows that the optimization of per-unit voltage power system and faulty buses with DG are
1.046p.u, 0.9829p.u, 0.9639p.u, 0.9603p.u, 0.9558p.u, 0.9757p.u, 0.9666p.u, 0.9657p.u, 0.9558p.u and
bus1, bus2, bus3, bus9, bus10, bus11, bus12, bus13, bus16 respectively.
Figure1.6: Comparison of per-unit Voltage with and without DG.
This shows the comparison of per-unit faulty voltage without DG and with DG.
 The per-unit faulty voltages without DG and with DG are 1.16p.u, 1.09p.u, 1.069p.u, 1.065p.u, 1.060p.u, 1.082p.u, 1.072p.u, 1.071p.u, 1.06p.u and 1.046p.u,
0.9829p.u, 0.9639p.u, 0.9603p.u, 0.9558p.u, 0.9757p.u, 0.9666p.u, 0.9657p.u, 0.9558p.u respectively.
Finally, per-voltage faulty power system stabilizes when DG is applied.
Figure1.7 shows the Comparison of power Loss with and without DG.
The relationship between power loss in power system without DG and with DG are 400KW, 350KW, 380KW, 390KW, 280KW, 178KW, 122KW, 100KW,
150KW and 315KW, 300KW, 340KW, 309KW, 217KW, 120KW, 83KW, 74KW,125KW respectively.
therefore from the results, there is reduction of power Loss when DG is applied in the power system. The total power system Loss without and with DG are
2350KW and 1883KW. Hence, the percentage of power system improvement is 11.03%.
Figure1.8 shows the Voltage stability of power system with DG. The result shows the per-unit voltage stability with time of operation. The per-unit faulty
voltages with DG are 1.046p.u, 0.9829p.u, 0.9639p.u, 0.9603p.u, 0.9558p.u, 0.9757p.u, 0.9666p.u, 0.9657p.u, 0.9558p.u. Thus, there was instability of per-unit
voltage between 0 to 5 seconds and system stabilizes the per-unit voltage between 5 to 10 seconds.

This Demonstration the use of Distribution Generation (DG) to optimize the power system at 33/11KV substation. The model of DG power system using
MATLAB/SIMULINK to improve Power system performance was done by comparing the faulty per-unit voltage with and without DG system.
From the result of the comparison, it was observed the instability of per-unit voltage between 0 to 5 seconds and system stabilizes the per-unit voltage between
5 to 10 seconds.
Therefore, from the results, there was reduction of power Loss when DG was applied in the power system.
The total power system Loss without and with DG are 2350KW and 1883KW respectively.( difference by 2350-1883=467kw)
Hence, the percentage of power system improvement was 11.03%. from the results, it was deduced that there was decrease in power Loss when DG was
applied in the system model.
Hence power system was improved when DG was introduced into the system.

Recognizing, the fact that DG system can provide clean, reliable and affordable energy all at the same time, distributed generation moves to the forefront of
the public and private sectors consciousness. They show a perfect blue print of todays and future’s power generation and distribution system which could
meet the demanding needs of the consumers economically and environmentally by minimizing the cost, complexity, interdependencies and inefficiencies
associated with onsite power generation, transmission and distribution. Hence, the distributed generation systems are the new future of power generation
system.
Distribution System Reliability: Power system reliability has two aspects: system adequacy and system security [11]. The present work is concerned only with
system adequacy. The three functional zones: generation, transmission and distribution are combined to give three hierarchical levels: HL-I, HL-II and HL-
III for reliability evaluation of power systems. HL-I includes only the generation facilities. HL-II includes both generation and transmission facilities. HL-III
includes all three functional zones. Reliability analysis of HL-III is most complex because it includes all three functional zones of power system. For this
reason, the distribution functional zone is analyzed as separate entity. The objective of the HL-III study is to obtain suitable reliability indices at consumer
load point. The three basic customer related indices for reliability analysis of distribution system are: rate (or frequency) of failure s, average outage time
(or average duration of failure) rs and average annual outage time Us .
A radial distributor consists of sections and lateral distributors. In this paper lateral distributors are considered with separate lateral protection for each
lateral. Failure at all sections and lateral distributor connected to a load point has the contribution to the failure rate of that particular load point. The
reliability analysis is performed with and without DG under the following conditions:
i. With improper disconnects installed at sections forming a junctions
ii. With proper disconnects installed at sections forming a junction
VI. CONCLUSION
Following assumptions are made for reliability analysis:
1. Disconnect installed at each section is 100% reliable. An appropriate disconnect operates in case of a fault in a section and isolates the faulty section with
the next adjacent load point from the healthy sections
2. Separate fuse-gear is installed at each lateral. An appropriate fuse-gear blows in case of a fault on a lateral distributor. Fuse gears are 100% reliable
3. DGs can operate independently

4. Only active power flow is considered. Affect of DG on voltage, frequency, harmonic, power factor, reactive power, flickering, losses are not considered
5. Whenever there is a fault in any section, the main breaker opens
6. Repairing time for section and the lateral are 4 hr and 2 hr respectively
7. Switching time for section and lateral is 0.5 hr
8. Failure rate for section is 0.0056 f/m yr
The following situations will arise with improper disconnects at sections forming the junctions as shown in Fig. 1:
1. When there is a fault at section 2, then sections 3,7,18 & 19 are affected and require repairing time of 4 hr
2. When there is a fault at section 3 then sections 2, 17, 18 & 19 are affected and require repairing time of 4 hr
3. For a fault at section 17, sections 2,3,18 & 19 are affected
4. For a fault at section 19, sections 2,3,17 & 18 are affected
5. When there is a fault at section 18, then this section is only isolated from the system
6. In case of a fault at section 9, sections 10 & 12 are affected
7. For a fault at section 10, sections 9 & 12 are affected
8. In case of a fault at section 12, sections 10 & 12 are affected

In case of proper connection of disconnects at sections, only the faulty section of the junction can be isolated from the system. The reliability data are
presented in Table 1, 2 and 3. Table 1 shows the length of sections, Table 2 shows the failure rate of laterals and Table 3 shows the load point capacities.
III. Results:
The system reliability indices are calculated for the system shown in Fig 1 using the reliability data presented in Table 1, 2 and 3. The calculations have been
done with and without DG in the system considering proper and improper disconnects. The Table – 4 shows the results. The results are discussed in two
sections A and B without and with DG respectively.
Calculation of reliability indices without DG: There is no any improvement of SAIFI with proper connection of disconnects at sections which form the
junction. SAIFI can be improved by introducing auto switching system or proper protection system in some section. The failure rate at load points will be
different in that case. From our study, it is found that failure rates at load points are different depending on the failure rate of lateral. SAIDI is improved with
the proper connection of disconnects at the sections even without DG. If disconnects are not properly connected at different sections which form a junction
then failure at one section connecting a junction affects the other sections which form that junction. The improvement of SAIDI without DG from improper
to proper disconnects is 13.7%. Proper connection of disconnects at sections also help to improve the CAIDI of the radial distribution system even without DG
connection. This improvement is 15.6%. ASAI improves from 0.99452 to 0.99527. Proper connection of disconnects at sections helps to improve the
availability. Thus it reduces the expected energy not serve (EENS). Without proper disconnects at junctions, EENS reduces from 226279.51 Kwh/yr to 196000
Kwh/yr and thus the improvement is 13.4%. Thus proper connection of disconnects at sections forming a junction plays an important role in improving the
reliability of a distribution system even without connecting DG to the system. B. Calculation of reliability indices with DG: DG of capacity 5000 KW is
connected to the load points X, Y and Z separately with improper and proper disconnects at section forming the junction. This capacity of 5000 KW is
sufficient for meeting the load demand of all load points. SAIDI improvements between X & Y, X & Z and Y & Z for improper disconnects are 5.4%, 29.8%
and 25.8% respectively and with proper disconnects 6.5%, 19.1% and 13.5% respectively. SAIDI improvements between proper and improper disconnect at
junction for location of DG at X, Y and Z are 9.2%, 8.1% and 21.3% respectively. CAIDI improvements between X &Y, X & Z and Y & Z for improper
disconnects are 4.3%, 29.8% and 26.68% respectively and with proper disconnects 6.1%, 15.6% and 21.9% respectively. CAIDI improvements for proper and
improper disconnect at junction for location of DG at X, Y and Z are 9.1%, 7.2% and 21.3% respectively.
In case of EENS, improvements between X & Y, X & Z and Y & Z for improper disconnects are 5.3%, 29.7% and 25.6% respectively and with proper
disconnects 6.4%, 18.9% and 13.3% respectively. EENS improvement for proper and improper disconnects at junction for location of DG at X,Y and Z are
9.2%, 8.2% and 21.2% respectively. For both proper and improper disconnects at sections forming the junction, the location of DG is the best at X for the DG
capacity of 5000 KW. But SAIDI, CAIDI and EENS are the lowest and ASAI is maximum for the location of DG at X with proper disconnects at sections
forming the junction. The above results of sections A and B are presented graphically in Fig. 2, 3, 4 and 5. The percentage improvement of SAIDI, CAIDI
and EENS between X & Y, X & Z and Y & Z respectively are also presented in Fig. 6, 7 and 8.

DG Impact Assessment
A system wide approach to protection is required when evaluating the impact/issues related to the introduction of a
DG connection. Protection impacts can go back far into the system. For a fault on the grid the desired response
may be to island – similar to a UPS equipped system. Speed of separation is dependent on critical load needs. Local
system faults require the isolation of the smallest portion of the system. The addition of DG has an impact on
existing system protection raising the following concerns: (7)
- Utility systems are designed for radial – one-way current flow and fault sensing
- Loss of the ground reference on a normally wye grounded distribution system
- Relays applied to radial systems may lack directional sensing, coordination for reverse faults and adequate
sensitively to detect some reverse faults
- Safety may be compromised
- Voltage control is affected
- Island operation of the DR
- Auto-reclosing schemes must be revised
- System area stability affected
- Breaker failure affected
- Ferro-resonance problem can occur

Impact Studies
The impact of DG on system protection should be analyzed following a structured approach. A variety of studies
are recommended to analyze the protection-based penetration limits with consideration of the DG capacity,
location and technology. The studies aid in determining mitigation strategies to increase the protection based
penetration limit. The loss of coordination, de-sensitization, nuisance fuse blowing, bidirectional relay requirements
and overvoltage, should be studied in order to arrive at the penetration limits of DG in an existing distribution
system (10).
IV. Conclusion:
There are two basic groups of indices for reliability evaluation of distribution system. One of the groups includes the three basic load point indices: failure
rate, outage duration and annual outage time. The other group contains system based indices such as SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, EENS etc. Application of DG
plays an important role in increasing the reliability of distribution system. All additional indices except SAIFI have improved with the application of DG.
SAIFI may increase if auto-switching or other protective devices are connected to the sections or laterals. The reliability of the distribution system can be
improved even without connecting DG if the disconnects are connected properly at sections forming a junction. But significant improvement is observed if
DG is connected with the distribution system having properly connected disconnects at sections. The reliability improvement is maximum if the DG is
connected at a location from where it can meet the highest load demand. In our study the best location of DG with proper disconnects is the point “X”.

Standards
The following are some of the applicable standards relating to DG interconnection and protection: (12)
IEEE C37.95-1989 Guide for Protective Relaying of Utility-Consumer Interconnections
IEEE 929-2000 Recommended Practice for Utility Interface of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems
IEEE 242-2001 Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
IEEE 1547 –2003, Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems
CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 257 Interconnecting Inverter-Based Micro-Distributed Resources to Distribution Systems
CAN/CSA C22.3 No. 9, Interconnection of Distributed Resources with Electricity Supply Systems (Draft)

REFERENCES
1. IEEES ltd (2003). IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems.
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systems,” Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2006. IEEE.
3. MohdZamri, C.W., IstvanErlich, &Azah M. (2010). Intelligent Management of Distributed Generators Reactive Power for Loss Minimization and Voltage
Control," MELECON 2010 - 2010 15th IEEE Mediterranean Electro technical Conference, pp. 685-690, 2010.