“Reory Compubtlen om Algo ae € A x > too branch of theotical C8* deals esith abstuct machine |model 3 are Hreony © fobmad ee Ds Computionnt compcex ity theokty 3. Computability Hreony PAN SD ATI ASD IS SS SSS 1 Seow eeerr roo oreo oro rete ae Connedives ( Pasbssiitenal Counectives an Lpicel CounecHues ) | > Net C Negation CB = AND C conjunction PAD =, Golmaal ey & Gor JetthRarQ he! RPG NE Be Amy OX ian geod hou prlte expreeion - PAQ TPAQITRAP, aParR, PYQ eeeos GISEETIEEEEESS‘> tuplicadton (Ty — Hen —) P2Q Of : Pea a8 . ; T eee ‘| ; & r Ty ‘| Aes Oda TT bor : iy A= (PYRVA(P3a)A(2>P). . SY) d= (pve) (crv R= (RVR) : 5 ‘ Toudelog A jaudology Or a anne leant ws a cout formes} formula San Xs T pou all porsiéle artignmad of truth Walucs to Hhe pAspetibronal Wart . Pex Pye, CPAVMSP ,C(PADARS tee ’ > (PsR) Pues bhow that Fook (PSQ@DR))> (C PSX) (Psd RY us Q toute way - Contradiction — A couthadichton (or anne Fh oct jan ed formeds rrboke taut us Be’ abt sole eucign ent of AAudh wales pAspoitien warle# & eh Parr”. (pasa are vote a va O cout frallctten Ut 1 Ae 4 » U » ' ’ , , ,oy iol’. wo well jormed formulas ie en S prpesitounal webxes wortables P,P, -— Py gore One equivalemt (or Asgteally equivalent) of She formule dyer B us a dautoligy - Show Hot ie > (avez ll PaavlP2R)) 8 Taempotent laos Pypep , PAPEP Commualve laws a PAQER AP a haa) SIITILS Se y \ PyasavP, Prsodadve lous Py (qurye (ROY R PA(QAR)E(PARIAR OD tgrlbutive lansy et lows Demargars laws laws Deuble a Bo ES iCende F a8 s aur eres oe eoovtnveteer ae a Ghow +a « lpg a) MRODEUASR \ as siete co Ex tedoutte Cuat' pers : SS Foal” oe Qaoulipies _ po a %) EO) ' = 4pm 0) where Ql) us * ; Ly = = (-»)” : ; paeraical Palins Gs : m Set E ed collection of object * wera Oe a keer oe ; ‘ : e|9. debi exttes of elemeud et © ? \n ae potue IWeger div tai ble uy n alan Jews Vroom loo} % by recumsle”, ; Ses of all hodwyed NUMbers deoustvg. a gemaindes 1 when diviol ed by 2 com be votten oa Tan [%= i pon = | : Qubsed LZ ohengjdrors on kets Fa aa acid to be aubact Of Bfncg aed A ds aso an stone e 2 BIEIAPIIDIDIIPIPI AM eervrecerrrrre errr e sddgd : per and RCP * => ss pth no Clement - embty set (6) A sed wt eA gttary pUB afr | eo ESE called a Ge of # anol B BQ. ANGB=-[u| wer oma mn 6B) Called — Yrewettor Of A ovel 13 2 AB sf nlren ol m€B}, Calley —_—_— Cemptemert of Buf b IEETETIVEL ETI2 Bray eferations OM WO ge ee ali a wad ath tp hor unclizected Col a non- empty aed of vertices ¥ Zo ue E cabled oct of edges” a maplusbich oul g Ins 6m osery “edge a Ui que unsrolered pala of euwices) dinected (or digraph) Coulis Q non- empty Bea of VHtCes a ser called se4 of edg Cs p mab 4 wrbich exit g Us to Cuely oe @ unigue grolered pour oy YYeaices - way eee eee A of + ae 3 3 ond verte’ yvespiceds aS a deg (uy) +3 was oval veuiex oleg Luu j= 2- SSSR ee ee ee eyPe) « “pequnnce of vouttens 2 apr ob {P41 . ' 3). ee : fone we , es Wp enin © i alieg go Wealth Auch, Had» t hegiuing FOG , eud vertices ' cae wrod Ot Og acbeated t e 5 SE Tho edge oe UU ; Sm Aequent® : s Way%De, er sea . ; VD A C4 ul 5 ee : i © ° Co aed C7 nine save connect eal uy . A 2 Pe a pas bawe” ~~ ° Perce e ' © wes eemaeeuevreeces re‘ ae Prebesties. sectea) gaaph with bo A nee FAIDIEIVLIASIII IFIP I VE a oe ee .. Gs CCcoeoeeeueerrwe oor e eee Her waite & lores bw > nee 2 ee aly | : P wertices . oees r i. dyere os a UNigue co io every pak of vertices » : tes m/ Si piace kn ween = ay ned i connected ganpl ut ac as n-l ekg ahee ; =, y “ pos ne ouch 495 » pe, Oo fet es » Sp) Vertes edd s > neen> [utemad-a S S haseplebiy aoe IDs NDFA Va DFA am ar Mocte models i) S> Udmurt Atate cudomaly a Audomata Audemate us clefined aa Agate rn where ented material 2 Tufermatioy ase Aaausfermecl » thanamitte d 2 ure) ut peserming ome funckters Uttout dsect fuunan pasatclhadi on, — auiomalic machine tools u pockina machi wid, ul photo prlst!-s mach) wes: e rate Hicase calmer ; i ex = SECC ETTITETIIS= autacesbeis Cee eee rr Chasachoristes 7 cuchomnalory *, @ ' ‘sl: Tapul— Ato a alacaete Vrivent “+ +ime “ tip -- dm, ‘Unpud values Fas de dake fine number of fixed Ualues drom inped obbhabe+ Z are Abbuied Os lupus +0 m ool . we Output - O,,02 -- Og VE Cutbus model, each oy which cay tobe Number of Lined valucg fom an “dba Siates — A any Tustont of Hime, the audenden Can be. da “one of +e Atates 2) Qase-— pn -Siate Aviation — The neat stale of an awewabye at any uwenr tf Hime vig dettind ued . by preseud rate “ed ae Oudput Aulubicn — On Sheadtva? an Type ~ aumbel, Automaton Mots 40 newt stare x ey ay giver by tate aelaticon . LD ap Pe eoeoreeannenee eee &e vet e6 [tebe atone GFETTIUIY ‘4 => Pen automaton wre a depends Only on Inbal” & . ¢ c L © oo] ’ * * s> Pudomadon with fuate memory — S An cudomaton um lich tie oudup ole poral on ftades as Well Od lupus . D mocre Machine => An automaton vin wllich He Ovslbuth doped ouly on Aedes of machine SS hn automaton ws wrlich oubbu clefeng - en the Atate as Well at on the tuft od any iutaut af Hime - SS . se a FPPL creer renn ARIS 2 Fe . Cousidea a 4 bit cearal ny; al me 8 2 finite Atate machine _ se aes e 2" = |6 sebes (0000 , 0061, ~-~- Lm) Dove servot ape 4 are lp 4 Lud abblabed » 2 = Lou 3 Con be Pepreseutes! as Wd 01 F 1 oe Oi bp AIR kre in FE depeusls ” i. cersaees ds] Pinids STATE acren cequedtad machine behaviot (ye be pepacweused by an artomato n ‘ Ny Deswlpitm of am Finite Audematen | Lop pinite automaton ean be Ae pramatel ¢ bya gee So MHS (22,8, ww E i é Ne daa pintte mone © ¢ 04 ot er ’ us wa [nite non-empty get of inbub = called ‘put abbbabes . . w) as a function ushich maps QXE3Q | callus aineah bausteo MY function Dolescaibes chante Of Ataten duyj : Bousitin: d e > represented be {Kowsttion table/diagran. v 1) go€Q Dlwital State. ) WP RED cs der of fled aiates _ She. ti jtion {uaclt on which maps Q X ude) Jp Called Tedinces teemaition panel? - - rrr a Figure; BLOCK DIAGRAM oF FINITE AUTOMATA -3 Int tape - each aqurt contalus a can move i Pn Contr? Input +9 “ gens) Ti mally be a tam robot une ead. ~ Lolo? e fe head ology te next [I machine ' yt fa Atabe tre fie® sine | gen b4 sh) | Transition S ms 3 A teonsition agstem 0+ beat is fivite dineted labelled ub enh westex (170de) Js ee repeat Biel « @ edges are lab we Lobe Toutput ‘h iaiefetetete ONL IPIITAATATANNKE SC Eee s ©> A transition system Js a er hore sok. t)a,2,F ase fiuite non embry rh abely taper alphabet wt of fred 1° - We gee ond w nonce iv) Sina pte mio QxXS*XR ov atau 9 Deseamine cd ae acceptably 6 fololl, I] ole > But gl aman grades) 44) ee 7 Fine stete! Ys ie lolol) accepted | > poshualue $040 2323 9 =) crccepred by ayatem 222229992 AAEAAAADAVIATANAAAK AKANE EELS!> A transition Agere need not be * 5 automaton Ho Ex: A thanadtion ngitem may hove 76%" 4 Wal sade - x Pasborttes -boustiion eta) : a . inte ourpomadon tal coding tr tot. Sa a ayn! 2. For all stai $(q.e0= © (6(q.2)) 5 (qui) = S(609) sais ction & ee age ching ot | Slany)e 5 (Sa *)4) x Accebtasility of a alu by a [iuite autematey =) ibing 0 sax accepted by a [fulte audemoton W=ta2,'85 q01F) “4 (qo, 24 for Aome yer ,& Consides the finite Stabe machine estore tans : chon § os given bpaoa bello in petm of 4 Co table. Here, Q=% gordi 434, S-fo, 1}, Fe $ Goh. Give the euttae gequence of atodes for he \uput atnng btesert l] Olof QPIARAGTABAAADAATBALAANNAAANANHAANKEEE SS| RRAAAAARTAAAAVITAIDANNTAN NAHE CEE .€ 4 Siete Dl a)}ollo | "BM oe a Hull f Ware, #3000 008 ad Ye a3 a pot. & (gor tlotal) = 5(q, Tele) | Soe . 5 (qp $10!) = §(qx) te!) = 6(4s,6!) 2 $(anl) = §(q) = qo Hence ge 41 > Go2rge ga 4 Be pes - Deterministic Finite Stabe Machines >A non- detaminist'c fluite automaton Cup eA) in & S-4uple (@, 3,6) qe, ©) where Quba Lite non embty der of Gtates, Sud Sg ulte non empty set of inpu , S isa tranaion pun ction maby ing [ror QXZ unto B esbochFa tee pow setod Q ce ser of all APT 1,2 qeeo witht Wiis abese ons) FSO Ace af {inet Arates more? Sy. conada 0 nen-dederministte ante, . -_ UN Qe : U Deer ge pox Up trent fe? ae 2 >¢, \ Gora 2 eu et 2 4% % ° du 2s = a 8(%e, clo) = : Ger G2 12s} Since quis “S Lined mabe J, Lupe stan >A aha i 4 es 3. accepted by NDRASM? 44 (qo, ws) Coutelus Aome final sate | L ‘ ee ae aa C66. Goo” Oloo us aceepresl by Detf eR seme crea umm eg % Cyxtvotence of DEA ond NOE - —» A DFA Can bimulose the bebaui6® of UD , "4 Inorendtna ihe number of Mate ea) a n be Whew ee. Be DPR (@,21 5,40 PC ' NDFAC@ , 2, 5's Dor F) by @ depinnrg . (qa) = {5 (q9)4- , 5 fn wor O ee BO machin€ asiftens EBDF my For WHY NDA, there ext o D almulates, the bebavler of, NOTA = auesnasivly YL athe set accepted by NDFA 5 exinb a DEA which also accep | — Conatauct a defeamlulai’c automaton quivaleadt » ™=(f¢ ad Tos oo ? U hfs) Bao oa O there § us defined as under* i » Set XZ ° | a Qi u u Gu 4.44 pe ae deterrninis'c cutematen M1, a oe Aubaseb F940 ang ‘) = 4, Lol, Lei, Leoqry ! és a ta Lata edode, MV qoJaud [gong jase fi ie nes trkteing ga Ce) 6 a depin defined by atale tatle as wide 222A2AAR RARAAAAPIPDAACANTAAAN HAE E es |wee oo © «J Lal i. ® 8 cL Gali 14 ol tg 3 t a tq Cad Yeo) a Legh Weal eras) a as states qo ol qu ape le ed ol Corseroudivg te gy dual gy) ond courrbertf 5 Column ois 0 oe $C Laearbo)=Lee4 ud Prdia deteaminiate acceptor equivalent 70 ie ({q0, Vr}, Ja, bh, S 40> 1424) uskere § given by Bate\2 a & <> te 40,4 Ar wi ge ete Let. The ceterminigtte outematen M, equttabeartr go th gx defined as follows | t= (2%, 1a,64,5, Lael, ey ushere, F= [Lea], Tg0.43, Co 122) Leone waa co <’ . dS hbo OO A2AGPIAAUVIVTLELANQues Conatouret a dekeaministic fe | givateut Lo | M= ($40,41092954, 904, 8 ,ao 1434) Wdtre § us aa Under f BarwE a § >4o Yor Yo a aa) > as Za @ a2 Aah der Q= Y go pdmGehr then 1M deterministic autematen tm, equivalent to) vis given by M=(2%,fa,0h,8, [eels Fh Ushere,F consiats oF {las1, [90,931,Lt, 433, [q,, qals [go tel, C40.9..9abo (raed), [te ede eed} aud 5 iis depined by Bate table os wrder © sdate\= a 6b (tol Laud es tqoarh [40,4142 he 0> Vis V3: Tyr ti tatel 4 (an. av) 7 aga) Camel Tgoq as) 14" es cquga) Log tn 2) | fipsgn as) Coed n nite automet©” Gg 28 oe 8 8 ee nd o0.0 00 OG OO a ee( eA'TA Ged Conatauct a DEA equluateunt c° NOFA whore Hausilion dlagaarn da gues ap , ase 12 @ eur bo om wor R Qu. Constiuck a DFA equi’el opined —~" uphose transition table is 4 Sater a a 6 7 3q0 983 4293 a ed Qs me EY Yr oS. Constauct a DEA accebtng oll Ataingd te es over Jo, Oy ouch Hod the number ef L'a ula SW” us Smodlt. : fal. det MW be acguited DIDEA © Aa the’ Conctitton on: AAalvgs of T(t) doen't at all Envolve 6, > 1A doeanet change Atabe on Input 0 > Th 1 apbenss in w(UK+3)+imes , tA con come bre to tutta vy : After reading 4 Ua aud to a Koay Babe after dealing tia. The sequited Ppp: 2 A ADDOODBDPFAHOHHADA DIDAGEADAANDHKHAKAAKAKHKELS! ©Qve Conatauct a DFA Beep Hy oll aatrrg® ower fa, bi eudiry cin ab: s | el - Qu. Coustruct a DFA equaled -c oo “NDeR bor oe aie 2! nN seep 4 £2 oO wh. ler of Ete, ae ian te cleteamfutsiic automaton My =[2% fol}, by, F4 Ushere F Covrlgh 4! lau], Tqe.4e], [qd], Larrdud, las.24 |, edad [9e.a>rau) ,Laords, Bel, Ld detsdid, ~—~ F Gnd § is defined by sate table as Uses. PAIQDATPAAAAATITANANNEE LS 2 Qasr NZ ° 1 n o | a. oe aie Os tote AsV Gos _ Jodie ry Wiaesty 20% 225 Fis Gets fe Ents Wide onds White Goashy 443% 0G) 44 Vit dy Lotesty WY LHC 909293 qwrsdaty — Lodite Gan he a pis witty i — 4042.14 404) V4 aoatte. 14 qantas 4374 109SM CEaarghiepe.a, iad) o oF wher e Sa Wen by ) 43 Rhee Shiv tee) Slam Slq.,0)2 14924 3(aa, Dap > &(aa,0= 1424 8CassN=Fe424 Coustauet equivatent )EA - x Finite Avtomata Wite OvtpuTs FINITE *vTome ta @ Mose Machine us a Mix-tuple (2) 2,5) Br) Usere Q & a eet of Ababes ws the thput alphabet vs the @utbut abfbabef us. us Q < a S A yy P . Cx. Tnihal state Yo us manired wir ah ww & Cousider a ane Stese 20 o ye tre trouriton of Abad determi ualivg oulbut Balug foe Enpor Ot Adve ooll . gtk ag clan, Houle ts Output Ans | ©| do cating Sant. GHB otx Proce cure Jer aa nalpreivg a meals machine duke ) mone machine Ga. - Consicter 4he machine descaibed by given taangition 4able+ Constauct a moose eee w equivalent do meaky machine. Next 4Leva tbed QR Consider he maste MACKine Lig mop able, Conatauct fhe ei siefoo Pree Next Hee 4p 0 /\ \l Krabe azo a !20 4 G40 Of! @) “A 421 G1 Rye a Ya 2d: 6 % Converting "were tocaiue te role rabbi ve Q. constaucr a Mealy Mn ‘egulinhn! fo qive mone — Preseas Next Ne Out LUV UV US ET FV ISIE I IF PUPI IF SPF FOF OOF COan Lang aay wages ” wd Aoaucht — Two Types Lar Poamat (ay rita c languages) bp. Tnfsrmab (Semantic. Las es) * Shegs. > Concateration o{ fivite Aymbals prem the Albhabed is Called a abtlng egy ty a= fat} then C1, Abab, 24a bb, Ahababbababte eb > Enbly sus | wu Malia Awhad 2 btAleg with no aymbste > Woads . eet belonging to seme language . = tS Yu} then a language L can be deptn ned as Lats ne tds3--~ jo Le $e poe, LTE -—} oie nes WI = DE cso gL > [hu tds aa? ainivga but not all abnhgs wii ~ 2 Loords "> Leugth of a ang sp => No. of JeHas Oy tre Star> Reverse Sg s” => oblelned by usriting Letters oye’ Bn AeYorge ey i 4 as Abe OVer = fast, ch then, Revls) stecba 2. Z= 3B, a8, bab,ah s= RaB babBa ot = 3B bababS > Language? Deinitten Ly Descaiptve Depin}' on Ly Recwsive Depinlton bua RE Ls Uaivg FA ae le Desertbeive iWon e >The. language tnecl ceacaiblug he ie ao its words - Ex: (The language L of atuuge of odd length , defined over Z= {aj => Le 5 Q,aaga,aaaaa ~--3 2» The langusg¢ L of sanuys that doeanst ghaat usith a, defined Ole ZeFase} > L= 1b: Cs harbb, be, Carebeend 3. The Unguage L | op atanngt of dent? > ower “F=f onan t 25. Ni, Linn) mise ponte uylanrn}(de The Languaye Lat stlugs enattng ang Seo, Nh Le { 0,00, lo, 060,010; 100, ~-- } > el language L Of tins Ldtth no a's equal +0 ho Of b74 Over * Z* Jasbh Le {nab aabb, abab, baba, abba ---| Ge language eveneven 4 rus cork Quen no. ofa\, 2 even No. of b's 2= Tab) i> oa, bb, aaaa, abs, abab ~-) 4: Language trey ey Of Giang ose SF a9-7i 1203)M, $16,953.94 PeG viel os y2---3 @. language Jar bry over £299, 6} Orn L aM enel23-—4 Le Jab, aobb, aga bht.-7> i %. Palin danme fer Z=Ja,bh Ls jn,a,b 1a, Kb» 299, 049 bab, bbb , --- & even \ Lb oddAngrn— Q . 7 = NDPA a: ab, bah aro \ corte eel DA ay oe a pn accepting the ae of oll Construct & NDE caning, ove fast} evdieg wh 2" os ae duct DPA accepting Aame Bes of MMs. n. MPR ih a Ce ene o nnn —> Sgivelee— rao gates 91 antl 2deusted - au Ga; p exe / 2) uit, both 8 (eu gira fired a. jkem aac Teh” ‘jreectes. yuabeut CK 70) are KOA ae in a 2 ay) Ot binetl abl abring % - FAAS FSF FFF FS FPP SAS FEO watent A puisaler Sie ce en a ; ee en fuf22, n-eguival el” 5 (qa) axe egut states ; as [wens Frspersian of, Eppivatence SOMA EE Yi afoxie i dye aulason Je opel valence | Kee ee a mametare ioe sa Poe et Pr eauiueiew RD 0) then HE Ore egurvaleut * ao3 Tf Vr ursbg, are K+ | Coutyateunt => Hen Hees axe K~ eguival eur- 4. Hh An = An+1 fer Aeme\ 1; Delere AU non geachable seater. 2 Daaw thousttton tab le & o ; et z. Liv 0- equtvatent & ine! Ay = [non-finet prares | states] = [godt gs \lgul Forts A Piva) £- equivetenh : aia my 2 Lan.qige3Lae) Lt 3 | Pinel 2-egveleut ° Ke [goad fqdLesllod 6. Frud > equivalent t3- Lew] Le Vesdled UU TIS ES SSSI ESF PDAS SIS SII IS IIISSECTS II OTST TTS T TSS LISTS IIIT IIIS Fo re oe ee. | - Congnuch a minimus btase. aubomasen epuiisg ow +e given ftuite Custemabe A: CS Ge ee ™ Wwe o> feott | iain a [22433 |g dy VU 2s fae.tsd x 4s Q = Tao t7 1 Qe te geet eH C 2 qt 26 ee ieee : B Edel p- equivatent sor Be [gd fade ts te. 271122) 4) Fd 1 equivabeud bet _ = Leal Cen2al , Cgsasd, Cees D: Final 2- eouivabeut % FTagoasd [gel Lad Lear dLes-teh 6 Flu 3 eguivaleut HI | — F492] faekigo.dul tordet beatsMee (2' §0,13,5'2e, Fr’ (shere , ol tae a = 7 fer. [gor Il [ec \obtets Ca3.v6lk as = [eote a eee ee. Feed) Caal 1953 C% At] [6] 9 Q'= HR Lalla, tsl lee oe qe = Lao del = Ceri make §!' aud dannstiten diagr FEU VENTE EE TE FUE EFI PUMP IS AAS APABAAP FE © oa Whe d ye sSOE ES SF FAI E FF MMU HI IF HHH AHP HAAP FL € : aute vO, Conpdanct MUnimum Geer tA equivalent +e ater gacdé © __ 4? 43 To oe ae es, Go as Le A ee gs ts “@s 4 av @> Gi 432 rnatenAR % Gran’ 2 (Vy. 223 > —s a — pty wee whoke sd wortables Bed Uhos § elements | a fi rite n ae one: celled degmivals abe} calles! stort seme! on furl es a quinn cnouny A va oe J Ram, Samer Ban, BANG? F Si goureuce> ae coral Bt & fellovteg 2 Z seuseuce > —2 MUNA, Lad verk? b Zseurenca— £ nour KVE¥ Ram predubres : Lyerb> > OY Zadyerby > for? * ex YG (S54, G0,0 ,oS-o0st ) S phud L(G). PL S30asl- oosiss o's? S. OTMIME LCG) for 230 oO bE)= LON |n>od S3A},3) FUE VINEE TET SUIE IFIP IP MUI BABAAPF K€ |S ae BC C&k> RC \LC> Be > ob |cC ce bR -wbb z eS es O R €-=0.b¢ ? 8 o$Ec > a(ia [oe y we (48}, 145, 155555 ,.59 -Faduen L(G) = $ because teaminats are not preseut on LHS Ty S=(Fs,ch fa, 6), P,8 ) where Pos Sala, CraCalb- Flud L(c) S-~yaCa > aka S > aCa d QaCaa --? a"Ca $> abo" 2, arba® EL) for n>! &» farba”|n>QELG) S.ue)eLarbo n>! 4 Conghcd a mmar @ 0 Het L(a)=Jarba™|n, mz u ~ © Geo ssaaslbslals. Pid L@)ar & a eet of alk palindsomes Ober 1 a,b). Coumruct G generat urs |. OA. A dso, Ub % ana aust bab are betinde mex bo P Cousle of S->A S4q,S—-s4 Sasa ,Sa$eb Let G {95% 4a, 64,8, S) . & aH Gu SaaS {a then ehour that | (G+ fa} \e \E n \e \e GI OT TLL ITT III IS ISSSAe PTC COLe oe rec‘a Covwsant & Pn Mor enetott La Gwewt | € Rebht bat pes Go (184, 4a C4, PS) —_ Loker & ua cleftued As | srasa]bsble | Q. Find 0 grammer gencratiy \ ee ony” cl n>, iro} ' ' | LE le dhiafa hth So Loe Largre’|nsiote ld hot Phe as follows ° S.A A oh lahb S 3 Se les C= (4S, PGs Jas esP, S bony! C2 S5sct ad =a™Abc a bo ae = arin io ° o> LCG) CAT |, tdof: Pind @ gramme genenad — Gadgre” | ny! gr & Let Ge ({5,89,f0,6,03, 8S) 2 © a en there RP’ Courter y sa3asla A -baAc|be Q de CHC ES AY 0, 1,25,% 5 where P ~ Caniyh ge S$>0S8A,2 Ss 012 2A, AI [Ay — W) Show that L(QV= Gorsr2"| nyt S By OME (m2) by abbbyng S-> 084,2 Ce) ft Ins, > O72 (a2 bu applytng s20Ih oy Ar'2” by ap fla 2 > N12, Several tae, O'sn2” by apblging ie 2) Ce ree purr LUA) #7! iN Y o* (> Cowstr 3 an b Xe ¢ = 05, $)8. C4, 4 by Che be Se uct ame q gene pnt} \dD ne) acs \ \ S > aspclabe CRwke | Sb aB- sab | 6C—1b¢ cls cc FUU UU UU EEUU UU UU E PA MAABAR PAP PS FS ae \2sa bt > be ; fac 2aBee ~Sa eat >a BRE BE —PAEBE >a 4 $3 9% cs aab acc > qabb Cc > aabbeC —> aabb¢o l nite o ica): garb | en pig Gen PER > Constauct > — ? 3 Bet. et aU Me S>0ARQ Ls GE ({s,1,0.V) A, PAG &, P,s) Lshore P Conia of! S$ Tov Aaah |OUsUe¢ TU >a TA\LTBAL Sts ba [bu Le AV >Uav Ra sa 8B “VA BY UbV pili & les G-( (5, 4,8), fa, 64,83) usbere P covurist Le &R bs abab A ba pee B= Rag aA — baa uuemhee WJ = biabbabo Ty= {oo8 ba BB LOPS Reo ; | | baa baa & 7 z ba bboa hab babe a se ach i boy baocuctious Qe - Th grammer @ given by produc ee -sa8e [bSb faa [bola shoe Has: |g) L(eios nw abnrngs 4 odd Lergtt b) any sing tu L(G)in of Levgth 2n, 02-0 ©) Hee number of Ary oh tents 2n ia 2 iGer. AU the Productiors excebh Ss ! — seaulh ou 2termtnah & dvertatle | FURRY Bteb dncsentes terminals by > ! eX Cefat QaA Hence, proves a) Rb) > Corrden amy ata Muy? et Lema 2n sae aan —- ay dy PU the rarninats Ue : 0 fomnes. lene d ett pienidio of Of kos gay “4 mi us a) 4 oe 2 abpibed y ley gt | thio let. a bt) ACA Ligus > ° ’ | leye Intent | I I ' ' Cadet a C) Few C7” al aK ane ole Se > Loa —2 B preduction usitheut anu aetichion di called tybe-O predulton 2h prsdusion 61 the fam GAY DGAY us Caled Cope baeducnion , a, AEN = In type t brodudions eas na yA dligeedXH Tybe-2* Context free Gaammas eae a ae Contest free lunging Ef >in ie U)4¥ should be tn tybe * ii) LBS: production ‘hould save 3 \d\ob ly 4 vata le Pa eee ee a ata ee eo ~ ~arnnnannnaann aoe par eco (or Sength increnst “P? Y ea cm Wn Rus 2f the foun A> B_usith JZ] BR) or So% Ss Aicthen S9biawasotd aEsoanaanoR < SY. any pactrceion dulwehbe | le p> abeDibed ba 1 production, a) a,Abed Nn is ) os te tore p> beD* 3 araut a 5 ne ie ) AB? ALS <1 production ° A she o mo , ’ Or OD 4 peust Hye >A gramme is cali ATT th, pasduchions ose eut ox enter ht ge a ale in type - mol mma , but in Hue Case'S’ fk pe ee ee generated by a ype-L grammar ou ond ye Lo oe ge sensitive langtages Pina the highest type number utack Can be Appited te following grammars . a) S sha 6) S 3aS8)d 6) S>aSlab A >clBa b> 0A Rabe ES Define a) Recursive bet b) Recuraively Enumeraoble ‘e+ - Quer. Covrides a grammar @ given b SOSA 7012, 2A A2, aA DLL Tea usteter a) 00112 €1(4) _ Yoolln2e Le) ~ C= (sak obey Ps) \e ee Naa RE EE. xProve -Hrot Contert-Bevaltive Songuos e = Os mecLaslvye - : — Phowe rot Hirose ais a recessive Ast uraich ui net a Context- se. language Bwer fo, 1% NM 1)epee he. het G=(9A,B,S%, 10,14, P, S) whore P cowdd of S$> CAB, AD ->SOB, AL> SB1L, Bsa, ) R30) * Show tat L(4)=¢ Q. Pind the e Generabed & mat | aN AB, A> Alb, AR 22B|3- aed e b eneroted by a MNo4_ ) Aiea yey ede 4 eR Consiaud a grammar urlich genesates all | even anbegess upto Qg8 . Construct CFG to generate i pale a) fo" | ma n,mn> ly b) Gath” | one of Lm, equals 1 and Sema) fuse ore equal}, )4at b™c"| Lem=n)} A) The seb ofall sratvys ever Lo, 1} Cag strag, tistce as many Sie ast. Q. Show ted Gi =s(GS0; Ga, K\eP,. S$) uskese P,=9S,2aSblaby cis equivaters 49 G, = (9S, B, C4, Va. bL Pa, 8), usbere Po comish 4 S2AC,C3SR,S3AR Aaa, RASi what x oe ) Thies a. o' Sees Expaevctond X Rea ~ A dang wor e oy aby wha Ythene erin a fiw'te accep ter a we, oy tue nogular x WORE Can be olty, by aoe DPA on we — Regular _exprteston =) algebras AHA op 4 | donguag er. > la S be a given alphabet, Heer, ' Vi OO) ont a GZ Ane atl Aequtar Oxbronre,, Cable A mitlve angular expressions | 2» Yor, awl arr are hegulay Ca pre srreus | So ake At AL, AVAL ) AM ond (Ar) 3. A string us ORE ih Quel only df ik can be Aerlyed Lrom palmitive Aypulay exh Acaiona bua finite number of Natt Cus the Etats QQ) “ee ] OD PP Ee abi) due aban (atb-cy OCHO) ia ARE urbile Catt) iis nek g RE. Ont bad > Lomguare osxsectabed ustth RE ene LOA) lensred by any re ulay exbhession © i saad bi it iN lo ous are dened va 2 Awa RE denoting a Fot every QEZ, aruva RE doustt Ya} avout Ae Ke RE then | 6. L(y) 2LOW) be LR d= LOADU LOA Ms 5. cana Lee Lat) (ht ad) *Fd = fq, b4 the expreasion A Caty)™ (aq 4bb) via aogier: Ltn) = ja, bbaa,abb, ba ood and ~> L(A) us He set ef abl batugs on 4 aby, terminaded by eles *9° }@x. xe Caa)*(bb)*b dlenetes He set of al Aan betth over Re. | | Sf am's followed by an odd no- of b's | Lla)= Satllas = n> 0, myo. (ey | & | pee. Pou Ze fo, 1. Civel's Re ae uel Sead L(r)=Jwe £*!w has aHeat one paly eal of comegutive geres} a. Bs lottoo (ot® | ae ae Be. Pied RE dos He TaN ao L =f WE, 1. wD ho A Connecusie genes } a7, 2 = (|401)* (oA) 2 r= (0119)"(04A) +4" (04a)” TRVIITAIAPPIT®FPIANAIAFIAANNATAANANANAANAR ANH OweQues. Pind all parivgs ae L(Catb) 6 (Atab)s" ) of dorgth Leas tron F iad Re for aes ay b™: (m4) as even? Ques, F ( 4 \p e t im ‘ Lond ex Find NPA whicd acceph GLA) phere A= (a+bey” hale ™, cept ial (a+bb) he BEES ddd li ot bd bi Wid i bi) did bf AMM MMMBA AAA FO | o\\ O \ 6 3 ’ é 2 b Cy © i > Ma accep = batta) — ¢ — Biomaten on L(Ca4 boy (ba*+ >)POAC aT ey aueN Ten LMR ed SUS) DSN USUAL ALLISone x Generated * hail he AAD Sq thowriton qispl urlore edges are labeles ust RE Gr. LURD = (a +a (ate)c*) a ot 8 fauiunlence of generalize | tanking > “then there Let Lo be a Regular peg eye a Aegube eapatecton ‘A? uth trot L=LX Qs - Cow oter He na ua iE b rb G § ok > w— AF bra ip DO TEC +4 - Hq = ab" bade ay ie Rye bh = aath 30 abe Quy { ce (brabkalhabth (as +b)" Qype - Pius RE Ci Lf we fasts nalwhia even and ny(vs) i odd Sys aqgtab (bby*ba Aas b+ ab(bb)%a Age b+ a (bb)"ba Ay 2 a (bya / { pana rr. = os e sin & 8) &> removing -00" wie uate on brabltbya « b+ a(ebr bo Contracenja tat accep Hep. Languns Llabtaa + be o* at). Que. Give nie Pros accepts nee fonguade v L (Carey bla +bb)*) . a,b rh) Be 0b ra v) Ll aa + aba L* | g® nee 2° ~ 0) x Ora HGR & or t oe ET i hi bai i hi SE TT a STAT he bt pk pr oo oem or mn amrus 4D. Consider the follows a ener rab: “A Gerrntiged | LWe of Larslab (@4byab ao” Fabtes)” Que. Whos langurge os accepted by bollawi ~~ Generalized drowtten graph 4 : oer a*bic gous. Pind Rt ‘ae danguage aecebtert by Sr ee automate e — Lmpost F 3) oa ae ba a +8 ee ae \e > Remowing diate(2) ; A PO Op sprtaate lea bb a pe € f oo f= (abt (aatt)(ba)*bb) BSCE UL Lak \ Pubes a hos atniconts “PMAFAAAANANDA MMM ANAM AD Onan nee | 24E —Cloaure [8 2 given Btase X us a Sebo ates which canbe Meached from slater x usith only (null) 04 Emoues Enelusling the bese X utAtt: & & clowre (AY =FA,R,C) E closure (8) > 28,C4 E Closure CO={e%, —> Conversion of Na ee with € Meves te DEA Be) Take & closure qwitta) : Adah begiunt Q. Bind grates that corr be amet ad | ‘tbl wese 40r each tnbud ; 3. ho new fase ut fotud, Aopeat (2) Hill We nd new dlebe Jy -taansiton le 4 Mork faases Condalw ig fivet phates 2d Neus> | CTINVYDONd JHE AQeLINd LNG,& nee > f\ duple TA {204 ; | | I Wolodiss M2 usay DFA ee > usar per cdhows the goad heal +o move left ar "t on the inpus - oa soa teas ane ated ¢ eft @ vi Akos! whe | ley ane) “awe. Akb ears. | f @ an : “Nein iL SED Q=tanyad he ps GF) Gk) (4.0 Us=qo Nae Ge aD BoD BE Determine +he accept of lolool pal photo! jag! loqy\ool - Vapgiool? Jo qo kt loo) Ss. ol = loloo gy) Jolodagi> S on lo lool ° 2, Accepted. => lolasge |TN EARN, SIL I NL TH. . 4 a ? 2 UN 5 9. oN oO = ‘ 1 a f | PP ="xX adewa theo | > Lear PRR be tuso Aegulo, ox é + Ty P dweant q * EP MM ong poer = 4 pean't Condain A, then the following vq” ie R bee R= OIRP has vig we xoludion R= Qf h > | Yes Re a4 RP —) pulling R=EQ4RP ow (o Qa ar apr RPP posting R necursively again & a gan We Ger R= QEQhHQP>FQP 54 - -- =2(é4 paptateti--") Q: Th mut have only d wittal Atabe | Covustuct a RE tote given auto made a be 412 4a tga t€—O Checause 9, us lnitrel ra ! = OP ovse pat Vis, Age 309 |The thane tton diadham must net hae roll ' Hhansttions ) Lr =4:b4 qab+736-© eS q2iG —{3) > Pudding e4°Q smeRe Ce Sh Vb EY Zb Ib O i et ana ¥2 oe cay Ee ee ee| ' y ’ r ’ U , , ' & Qs 7 Sew dhepiem ont?) a “d = R (Hind ideusity) 5 Ing ER= ‘t 2 60 et x Rising on neo lo ® Give a RE for Ab paeseutt +4e fel a L of abhi vgs Lx wtih overd 0 us Emmedintely Unwed by attearr tise t's : 4) Prove tat RE Raat Couy*(*(otl*) also descubes the Aame set oh Alvgs . bEke carch—() ND 3 es " © 0 fBgHeD and tren en g © wt has either Lor Olt >bL= (I+oltR a _. (arre =P) Using \devaityS) > aN Re A i wi = ($*(oulY Or) eras a. ae) STT Y3GWiAN AN3WIYadx3 7pcb x Transition Syster condeli os aavna — > Conversion pom foyatern Uotth | A> moves abo equivalent aye’ usith out A- moues —- ore We Wait to ce a A-~Moue from —> Wa, then followitg Ares: l.Cinaoll edges shart from Ue 2+ Qublicate ony these edges Destin from &, without Chang edge a. He by tidal stabe, m ee brake . > for Ge HH . @-§-8 A — for wae QO — for Tian (ae Q | 4. repeal hater, MARE %) a ' | I I ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'le Congicer We gen Lpowsition &gysteme Prowe trot datiugs _necsgynined On (a+a(btoa) bya ( btae) a 2 CSO e* Beg, = 41a + yabth Gn = G1% +qob +439 Gaz 424 Aud. Prove Hat FA whese thansiten Biagio us ven acceps-tHre Aer o% al] Bids over alpbabet fa, bi uséth an epua) nb gf ak & bis Auch thot cath predi x das Hadmaar Amore a than bis aud asmeat OMe more 'b How o's Gye * be a Qs) keco Po Prete TNS rAa INargnananN nnn anno eee 2 ns VIT YJSIWAN LN3WIY3dX3 ae De PEEP 2 anu no: o N vfe Construct RE tv . ea ek ah Sots A Gy 90 a ¥ w y ‘3 %=410 +9430 +qu0+n Qea gl tqrl tl a= %d ' Gu =Q 2 | A slot (i + otiS (06-4 lo (reif)valeut te gio We. eu +0 RE i xs ? Construction of FR equ 2 (o+!)*( 00 +) (oH"Coot tt) (orl) puget? @O (oor ll) 0 ott oat oot @L@ QI CIC U BE OEE LL Ve4 4095 as | ay ata, CECCRHETVQHYUWUYSauivvate ose t ud Prats} \ ¥ — —}—} 2) —— ot waannee SUNN IWadxa |Ds. Consdrud Ato thon Agitem Cquivatert Lo RE. Q) Cabtayrb ) fatty abb b) Arbo + baba aus Taoue trot = Cota thajae = (a tab tba) i foul a 9 Fo Ses at phn Ove Go, eudtng au 0l0 GL Dold Que Covrbauch Oa agubar utah en generac the eb of all lea seat stk “oa dette, (CA to Z) follo 4 9 Srtivg of ethers or digits o te4) ' ' ' t ' p ' , r rWe haning, Lerirna ie Raging Site her m= (8,%58,90,F) be a finite ausematen With ‘n’? State. Lot L be tne repute sep accepted by M- Kade WG Gul. | ti] ty hich P ruy,% Such Has loz WH RYZE L bor each tyo- 7 then ABs Y Fe Ay nd it Bi icetton of, pumblieg Lemmy Melen —> Wed to prove tos certain 6Oh O90 nye Srobs to pasve Hot given Aet as Ust Agsine L ds 5 ‘yn? be the O 4 St. BN aoa a om Numb @ Crome a Abaiug W’ such thot Jw) yn. Vee bump) lemma +o usrite w= my, » Usd Ay [ryl&n Oud lyl>o & Piva Oo suitable Eutegesr “2 Buch that mye BL» TRA Comtasclics ou, adsumbYen Hence, Lo us wet Adgubay . Que Shoe Hood the get l= fot” |e 21} a usH Ast) Les L da CY) lett be No- of. Stadon in EA accepting L fer Wea os [wlen*dsn B ing Ley = +4 | my Zn & Pam | mma, WE yg Lotth | myConaidor m4 naj, bn Vad deb 44 [mapa | Wire a - => relays) = lal rl i fallen sly len 1 ~ »y o.4 a TN ok so) uae belt 2lylt [ah 4 Deni oat 94) | Hone (ny>g] dies ble N*oud Cnt ree) Le 194 Cannel do any one gy them pe (> wal jot Oo. pest BAUAre tl KO yr, 8 9OYd HL 4O LNdLNO go ‘Ts 48 b Cou Aa hiclt on - ee tenet aaa tp Pape hes(ex . ons" n>o} ——— C = ful tres equal No- of 0's Oud 1) bz fo|wr~ equal no of 01's cud ‘to's | By L= {ot"| nyo] ptove gu not Maple. wh Asse Bs aga 1 dar ‘[P° be. amply lenges S= ott divide Sune “Y3.’ Cose-d ! Yu in Zeegs pour eae ae Case2? . : ae 2 dS Baccano wat degl Fe {699 | WE Fo, ary ud Wdt Aguas, Ae} OCAssume F vis ML, 3 4is some OLR haa pmb yee 6) hee Seiohtolt ay F “4 eg Jwus]= 2 (nH) >n , By pumblng Lemme , WW ny Ber Aly [kod ©) tesee cues: 1 yhos no bs ay na = 2. yrhos onl ihe eel5 QB Qhow frat L=fa?| pus a-pilmed ss hoot GS} |, bet Lie > : 17 deed ‘pi he. numbes, of bende sins (EP Aceebst _ oo 2: Let “P’ be a plivre number, qpeaten thea ee het w = ab : By Pumping ternma, = 4 & Letth fuk ual lyl> 0 : = > wy, Stalvy Lo, y= a” fer aome Mm) Covel & n 3. let Captt ty r ) ay’g|e [ny] tly l= b+ lel) m = Imgigh= Paar = b (l+m) ee \ Not harme , u E | sh my 2 __ 8 YBN LNSIY3dX3 | ki eee ees Pp Po Contr adicH on ho, LH net Atfuley Snaaganany¢ge bw boo beg eo gy ee ee ey yf fats Consenct a nel WO FommesG q het 4 omen nf Pe 2 aX blatt)” (ab re BY wom oo =@ 1¥ pet Ge (tama \,{a,b4, P40) totere Poo given ty To 4p Casa Zo > by [te bY ao—b U4 VY b aus. let Gs Be BY, {4,b3, P, A) where =e conaimts A>a 8, Rs bBLa hB>a,RObA- Construct a taanattren system M accept ig L(4) OL iO Sa Pivd od oe (coe ‘t Me (fo0.942, £23, aS 2034454) Gs) .~ a: a | 6 ee ia) ris Qed. Rermadteaaning DEA equivalent to ~“?!S as] oslan pp a bB, Bal, CoA Wise re? ut =~ nnnbe Context Pret LANGUAGE > G dna conteat free . 4 Rvay production iy of Ane jou Ah ,ushene DEV, and dELY, 8 A. Conadrach a CFG genet ting al uate ens (ust alan). sol Ler 42 (Vares8 8) where y= 7 S.< Ag ry, < digit findeg o47} z =% 01, '1',.2° >; 9.4574 Pcoumab Ss Khigit >> o| |21---13. ce. Dawasr on Aer -AD S > Aadig n>Civdeger> > = Ciuteg ea? Ps Ciutegerd =- A Taees are Used for deriuabiron o} CRG Dep — A dlesivattion tree (or parse tree) Lon a CEG G= (Ww 2sPS) iste tee savigfying- ‘every verter “hos @ lobe} urbich is Uariable/ imi ii) The goat tos label S oe Wi) The label of Tuteanal vertex uis ee yo) Tp vertices “Ana, ~~ Ne weetten ae ai hy) Ko rT ToT OMe aye 46Onés of UATE x