Mjrjngd b ib Jmunbneþh 3

Ehvjstelbneþh
MJQJNGD^ B IB
JMZNBNEÞH 
3533 MJQJNGD^ GZKBHD^ MJ GDHMZQB^

Ien. Jren Nbarjrb

MEBHB E^BAJI KZÒDV BINÂH]BQB | 132:1333:13
 

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Ehmenj
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Bhtjnjmjhtjs
Bhtjnjmjhtjs Gestþrends mji Mjrjngd b ib Jmunbneþh
Jmunbneþh .........
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Mjrjngd b ib jmunbneþh sjlöh ib ZHJ^ND ................
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Nbrbntjrëstenbs jsjhnebijs mji mjrjngd b ib jmunbneþh............................................................. 0
Ndhniuseþh……………………………………………………………………………………..<
Qj`jrjhnebs…………………………………………………………………………………….5
 

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Ehtrdmunneþh

Ib Jmunbneþh js uh mjrjngd `uhmbkjhtbi, pbrb iijlbr b ndkprjhmjrid ndkd tbi js

hjnjsbred bhbiezbr sus bhtjnjmjhtjs gestþrends jh sus me`jrjhtjs jtbpbs mjhtrd mj ibs
sdnejmbmjs, ji kbrnd furëmend ehtjrhbnedhbi ndkd trbtbmds y ndhvjheds ehtjrhbnedhbijs quj id
rjluibh y id mjsbrrdiibh? ji drmjhbkejhtd furëmend ehtjrhd y ib ehvbiubaij y `uhmbkjhtbi
ekpdrtbhneb quj tejhj jstj mjrjngd mjhtrd mj nbmb sjr gukbhd jh pbrtenuibr y mjhtrd mj uhb
sdnejmbm jh id ljhjrbi.
Ji mjrjngd b ib jmunbneþh ndkd daielbneþh mji Jstbmd, ndhiijvb ib rjspdhsbaeiembm mj
sjr lbrbhtezbmd y `dkjhtbmd, mjstehbhmd ids js`ujrzds y rjnursds hjnjsbreds pbrb arehmbr b ibs
 pjrsdhbs ji bnnjsd b ib jmunbneþh. Sbrb ji
jiid
id sj nrjbh ib
ibss mestehtbs ehstetunedh
ehstetunedhjs
js
luajrhbkjhtbijs, ndh sus prdpebs ndkpjtjhnebs y btreaunedhjs bmkehestrbtevbs, brkbhmd bsë
ji jhlrbhbfj luajrhbkjhtbi bmjnubmd pbrb nukpier ndh tbi gukbhd `eh, quj js ji arehmbr
jmunbneþh? y ndkd vjre`enbmdr mji nukpiekejhtd mj jstj mjrjngd `uhmbkjhtbi sj jhnujhtrb ji
Srdnurbmdr mj ids Mjrjngds Gukbhds, jhnbrlbmd mj vjibr pdrquj ibs ehstetunedhjs nukpibh
ndh ids `ehjs y daielbnedhjs mji Jstbmd jh kbtjreb mj jmunbneþh y mj mbr sjluekejhtd b ids
 prdyjntds bmkehestrbtevds
bmkehestrbtevds jh kb
kbtjreb
tjreb jmunbtevb y mjhuhnebr bausds
bausds d vedibnedhjs
vedibnedhjs b jstj
mjrjngd, jketejhmd ndkd pbrtj mj sus btreaunedhjs, mentâkjhjs, rjndkjhm
rjndkjhmbnedhjs,
bnedhjs, eh
eh`drkjs
`drkjs
jhtrj dtrbs.
 

  >

Dafjtevds

Jstumebr quj js uh sestjkb jmunbtevd hbnedhbi mj nbiembm, quj nbpbnetj pbrb ji bprjhmezbfj
ndhtehud b id ibrld mj ib vemb, prdpenej ji mjsbrrdiid gukbhd y uh jfjrnened prdlrjsevd
mj neumbmbhëb rjspdhsbaij, jh ji kbrnd mj vbidrjs kdrbijs y prehnepeds åtends
ndhsestjhtjs ndh ji mjsbrrdiid sdstjheaij y ib jquembm mj låhjrd.
Ndhdnjr ib kdmjrhezbneþh ehstetunedhbi mji sestjkb jmunbtevd pöaiend b tdmds ids hevjijs mj
ljsteþh, tdkbhmd ndkd `dnd mj btjhneþh ji njhtrd jmunbtevd, ndh ji prdpþsetd mj prdmuner uhb
mjsndhnjhtrbneþh prdlrjsevb gbneb ji hevji idnbi quj pjrketb kjfdrbr ib j`enbneb y
j`enejhneb mji sestjkb jmunbtevd.
 

  =

MJQJNGD B IB JMZNBNEÞH
2. Bhtjnjmjhtjs Gestþrends mji Mjrjngd b ib Jmunbneþh

Ib gestdreb mj ib jmunbneþh prdvejhj mjsmj tejkpds rjkdtds, mdhmj ji sjr gukbhd `uj
jxpjrekjhtbhmd, bmquerejhmd ndhdnekejhtd y trbsibmâhmdid b ibs seluejhtjs ljhjrbnedhjs. B id
ibrld mj ib prjgestdreb ib kbydr pbrtj mj ib jmunbneþh sj idlrþ pdr vëb drbi y kjmebhtj ib
dasjrvbneþh y ib eketbneþh. Sdstjredrkjhtj sj mjsbrrdiibh `drkbs mj ndhdnekejhtds
trbmenedhbijs b trbvås mj nujhtds, ijyjhmbs, `dinidrj, retds y nbhnedhjs, seh ib hjnjsembm mj uh
sestjkb mj jsnreturb. (nujiibr, 132:) Ib jsnreturb sj mjsbrrdiib bprdxekbmbkjhtj
bprdxekbmbkjhtj jh ji bòd >:33
BN. Bukjhtbhmd jhdrkjkjhtj ibs pdseaeiembmjs mj trbhsketer ji ndhdnekejhtd mj uhb pjrsdhb
b ids mjkâs, id nubi gezd hjnjsbred ib jmunbneþh pbrb datjhjr ibs gbaeiembmjs y jsnreturb, seh
jkabrld jsb jmunbneþh sj bsdnebab ndh ib requjzb y ndh ji kbhtjhekejhtd mj ib butdrembm, ndh
ibs `eidsd`ëbs, ibs nrjjhnebs d ib rjieleþh.

Sbrb ndhtehubr ndh ji jstumed mj ids bhtjnjmjhtjs sj jspjne`enbrâh ibs jtbpbs pdr ibs quj gb
btrbvjsbmd gbstb ndhvjrtersj jh uh Mjrjngd pjr sj, b trbvås mj ibs rjvdiunedhjs jmunbtevbs.
(Qbkërj @idrjs, 1322)

b) Srekjrb Qjvdiuneþh6 ^j ij iibkd bsë bi prdnjsd jh ji quj sj nrjb y ljhjrbiezb ji ndhnjptd

jsnujib jh së keskd, ndkd uhb ehstetuneþh mjmenbmb jspjnë`enbkjhtj b jstumebr. Jh Jleptd js
mj mdhmj sj tejhjh ids prekjrds ehmeneds mj jstj sestjkb jmunbtevd y jh ids selids WPE y WPEE
mjaemd b ibs lujrrbs rjieledsbs jhtrj nbtþiends y prdtjstbhtjs. Ib jmunbneþh jrb merelemb b uhb
kehdrëb ndh pdmjr sdnebi d jndhþken
jndhþkend.
d.

 a) ^jluhmb Qjvdiuneþh6

Qjvdiuneþh6 Eheneb jh ib Sruseb mj @jmjrend Lueiijrkd EE jh ji 2<7< prdkuild uh
nþmeld jsndibr quj quetbab bi nijrd ji ldaejrhd mj ibs jsnujibs y ib mjpdsetbab jh ji Kehestjred
mj Jmunbneþh pbrb rjsnbtbr ib jmunbneþh mj ib ehenebtevb prevbmb, sj ndkprdkjtj bi Jstbmd pbrb
quj rjbienj uh sestj
sestjkb
kb nddrmehbmd mj jsnujibs. ^j ausnbab mbrijs jmunbneþh aâsenb b tdmds
tdmd s iids
ds
heòds, ib vjrmbm js quj tdmbvëb ji selid pbsbmd ibs jsnujibs b pbrter
pbrt er mj ib sjnuhmbreb jrbh jietestbs
jietest bs
y sdid jhsjòbabh b uh lrupd sjijntd mj biukhds. Jh 2<<= Kbrëb ]jrjsb mj Bustreb prdkuild
uhb ijy quj mjnëb ’]dmds ids heòds mj bkads sjxds seh jxnjpneþh mjajh bsester b ibs jsnujibs
 pöaienbs mjsmj ib jmbm mj 0 bòds gbstb
gbstb quj jståh id su`enejh
su`enejhtjkjhtj
tjkjhtj ehstruemds pbrb jijler uhb
 prd`jseþh‛ (Kbrtehjz Kbhneiib, 132>)
 

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n) ]jrnjrb Qjvdiuneþh6
Qjvdiuneþ h6 B `ehbijs mji selid WEW j eheneds mji WW sj gbnj
gbnj daielbt
daielbtdreb
dreb ib jmunbneþh
sjnuhmbreb pbrb tdmds ids heòds y bmdijsnjhtjs, sj jxtejhmj ib jmunbneþh prekbreb b tdmb ib
 pdaibneþh,
 pdaibneþh, ndkd sj ehtjhtd jh ji pjredmd pbsbmd, ausnb `ehbiezbr ndh uh sestjkb jmunbtevd
 absbmd jh ib jxniuse
jxniuseþh.
þh. ]dmds qujrëbh jsndibrezbrsj, id quj jrb uhb daielbneþh
d aielbneþh sj ndhverteþ
tbkaeåh jh uh bareld, ijhtbkjhtj ib jmunbneþh jkpejzb b sjr mjsnuaejrtb, ib iijlbmb mj ib
jmunbneþh ndehnemeþ ndh ib kbhe`jstbneþh mj ib tjijveseþh y ji kuhmd sj jkpjzþ b vjr jh ibs
 pbhtbiibs mj ids
ids tjijvesdrjs. Nubh
Nubhmd
md ib jmunbne
jmunbneþh
þh ehenebab b treuh`br ndkd uh mjrjn
mjrjngd
gd tbkaeåh
 pjrmëb `ujrzb su nbpbnembm mmjj rjtjhjr ibs k
kjhtjs
jhtjs mj sus bi
biukhds
ukhds jh ibs buibs.
buibs.

m) Nubrtb Qjvdiuneþh6 Ji ehtjrhjt prjmdkehb jh jstb rjvdiuneþh mjhdkehbmb meletbi, sj pdhj

jh mesnuseþh uhb `drkb mj jmunbneþh jh ib nubi sj pujmjh rjjkpibzbr b ids jstbaijnekejhtds
jmunbtevds y b ids mdnjhtjs (Jmunbneþh jh iëhjb). Jh jstb jtbpb gby uhb kuitepienbneþh eh`ehetb
mj ibs `ujhtjs mj ndhdnekejhtd y jhtrjtjhekejhtd. Mj `drkb vjhtbfdsb y mjsvjhtbfdsb ibs
 pjrsdhbs pujmjh nrjbr eekâljhj
kâljhjs,
s, tjxtds, eemjbs,
mjbs, gestdrebs y me`uhmeribs seh iëketjs, ib eh`drkbneþh
eh`drkbneþh
sj vujivj eieketbmb j ehndh
ehndhtrdibaij.
trdibaij.

MJQJNGD B IB JMZNBNEÞH ^JLÖH IB ZHJ^ND

Ji mjrjngd b ib jmunbneþh js uh mjrjngd gukbhd quj tejhj ndkd `ehbiembm jstbaijnjr uhb
jmunbneþh prekbreb pbrb tdmds ids heòds y heòbs, mjsbrrdiibr uhb jmunbneþh sjnuhmbreb
bnnjseaij prdlrjsevbkjhtj b tdmds ids heòds y heòbs y ji bnnjsd b ib jmunbneþh supjredr jh
`uhneþh mj ids kåretds. Jstj mjrjngd ekpdhj bi Jstbmd ib daielbneþh mj mbr uhb jmunbneþh
 aâsenb b ibs
ibs pjrsdhbs qquj
uj hd gbybh rjneaemd ib jmunb
jmunbneþh
neþh prekbreb. B
Bmjkâs
mjkâs mji bnnjsd,
bnnjsd, ji
mjrjngd b uhb jmunbneþh ekpienb ib daielbneþh mj jiekehbr mesnrekehbneþh b tdmds ids hevjijs
mji sestjkb jmunbtevd pbrb jstbaijnjr jstâhmbrjs këhekds y kjfdrbr ib nbiembm.
Obtbrehb]dkbsjvsoe jxpienþ quj ib ndhnrjtezbneþh mji mjrjngd b ib jmunbneþh js uh prdnjsd
ndhtehud quj pbsb drmehbrebkjhtj pdr nubtrd `bsjs6
2.- Qjndhdnekejhtd mj ib jmunbneþh ndkd mjrjngd,
1.- ^jlrjlbneþh mj nejrtbs nbtjldrëbs6 kufjrjs, ehmëljhbs, jtn,
>.- Sbsd mj ib sjlrjlbneþh b ib bsekeibneþh pdr ib vëb mj ib ehtjlrbneþh,
=.- Bmbptbneþh b ib mevjrsembm. (O. ]dkbsjvsoe, Eh`drkj b ib Ndkeseþh mj Mjrjngds
Gukbhds, 1331
 

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Nbrbntjrëstenbs
Nbrbntjrëstenbs jsjhnebijs mji mjrjngd b ib jmunbneþh6
Mespdheaeiembm6 Mjaj gbajr jsnujibs d ehstetunedhjs jmunbtevbs quj nuarbh ib tdtbiembm mj ib
 pdaibneþh.
 pdaibneþh.
Bnjptbaeiembm6 Ids prdlrbkbs mj jstumed tejhjh quj sjr bmjnubmds nuiturbikjhtj y mj aujhb
nbiembm, bnjptbaijs pdr ids tetuibrjs mji mjrjngd6 biukhds y pbmrjs.
p bmrjs.
Bmbptbaeiembm6 Jstd selhe`enb quj ids prdlrbkbs mjajh bmjnubrsj b ids nbkaeds mj ib
sdnejmbm.
Bnnjseaeiembm6 Hd sj pujmj prdgeaer ji bnnjsd b ib jmunbneþh yb sjb pdr ndidr mj peji d
rjieleþh quj jfjrzb d pdr rbzdhjs nuiturbijs d `ësenbs.

EKSIJKJH]BNEÞH6
Ibs ijyjs ehtjrhbnedhbijs hd sj kbhe`ejstbh bi rjspjntd mj ib jmunbneþh prj-prekbreb, y pdr id
ljhjrbi ids mdnukjhtds ijlbijs dketjh jstj ëtjk. B pjsbr mj quj ids HEÒD^ sdh
ndhsemjrbmds ids prehnepbijs ajhj`enebreds mji mjrjngd b ib jmunbneþh, ib Mjnibrbneþh
Zhevjrsbi mj ids Mjrjngds Gukbhds mjnibrb quj tdmds tejhjh mjrjngd b rjneaer jmunbneþh.
Ji mjrjngd b ib jmunbneþh sj mevemj jh trjs ârjbs6
Jmunbneþh prekbreb6 Mjaj sjr daielbtdreb y lrbtuetb pbrb nubiquejr heòd seh ekpdrtbr su
hbnedhbiembm,
hbnedhbiembm, låhjrd, iulbr mj hbnekejhtd d nubiquejr dtrd ttepd
epd mj mesnrekehbneþh.
Jmunbneþh sjnuhmbreb6 Mjaj jstbr mespdheaij y sjr bnnjseaij.
Jmunbneþh supjredr6 (hevji uhevjrset
uhevjrsetbred)
bred).. Mjaj prdvjjrsj mj bnujrmd b ibs nbpbnembmjs, js
mjner, nubiquejrb quj binbhnj ids hevjijs bnbmåkends hjnjsbreds mjaj pdmjr bnnjmjr b uhb
jmunbneþh
jmunbneþh supjredr.
]bhtd ib jmunbneþh sjnuhmbreb ndkd ib supjredr, mjajh gbnjrsj bnnjseaijs "pdr tdmds ids
kjmeds pdseaijs, pbrtenuibrkjhtj kjmebhtj ib ehniuseþh prdlrjsevb mj ib jmunbneþh iearj".
Qdi mji Jstbmd
Ib `uhneþh pöaienb mj ib jmunbneþh js ndhsemjrbmb uh tjkb mj ib kâs bitb rjijvbhneb. Mjsmj
2500 b pbrter mji Sbntd Ehtjrhbnedhbi mj Mjrjngds Jndhþkends, ^dnebijs y Nuiturbijs ji
Jstbmd js ndhsemjrbmd ji rjspdhsbaij mj prdvjjr ib jstrunturb y ids rjnursds prjsupujstbreds y
rjluibtdreds pbrb lbrbhtezbr ib jmunbneþh.
Ieajrtbm mj jhsjòbhzb
Ji mjrjngd b ib jmunbneþh ehniuyj mds mekjhsedhjs6 uhb mj prjstbneþh y dtrb mj ieajrtbm. Jstb
sjluhmb mekjhseþh sj ndhdnj ndkd ieajrtbm mj jhsjòbhzb.
Ibs hdrkbs6 Mjnibrbnedhjs y Ndhvjheds ehtjrhbnedhbijs
 

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Ib Mjnibrbneþh Zhevjrsbi mj Mjrjngds Gukbhds prdnibkb, jh su brtënuid 106 ". Ids pbmrjs
tjhmrâh mjrjngd prj`jrjhtj b jsndljr ji tepd mj jmunbneþh quj gbarâ mj mbrsj b sus gefds". Ji
Sbntd Ehtjrhbnedhbi mj Mjrjngds Jndhþkends,
Jndhþkends, ^dnebijs y Nuiturbijs rjb`erkb ids keskds
jijkjhtds6 ". Ids Jstbmds Sbrtjs jh ji prjsjhtj Sbntd sj ndkprdkjtjh b rjspjtbr ib ieajrtbm
mj ids pbmrjs (...) mj jsndljr pbrb sus gefds (...) jsnujibs mestehtbs mj ibs nrjbmbs pdr ibs
butdrembmjs pöaienbs, sejkprj quj bquåiibs sbtes`blbh ibs hdrkbs këhekbs quj ji Jstbmd
 prjsnreab d bprujaj
bprujaj jh kbtjreb
kbtjreb mj jhsjòbh
jhsjòbhzb,
zb, y mj ggbnjr
bnjr quj sus gef
gefds
ds (...) rjneabh ib
jmunbneþh rjieledsb d kdrbi quj jstå mj bnujrmd ndh sus prdpebs ndhvennedhjs. Hbmb mj id
mespujstd jh jstj brtënuid sj ehtjrprjtbrâ ndkd uhb rjstrenneþh mj ib ieajrtbm mj ids
 pbrtenuibrjs y jhtembmjs pbrb jjstbaijnjr
stbaijnjr y me
mereler
reler ehstetunedhjs mj jhs
jhsjòbhzb,
jòbhzb, b ndhmeneþh
ndhmeneþh mj
quj sj rjspjtjh ids prehnepeds jhuhnebmds jh ji pârrb`d 2 y mj quj ib jmunbneþh mbmb jh jsbs
ehstetunedhjs sj bfustj b ibs hdrkbs këhekbs quj prjsnreab ji Jstbmd" ( brt. 2>).
Ji Sbntd Ehtjrhbnedhbi mj Mjrjngds Neveijs y Sdiëtends sj rj`ejrj tbkaeåh b ib ieajrtbm mj ids
 pbmrjs jh ji ndhtjxtd mji mmjrjngd
jrjngd b ib ieajrtbm
ieajrtbm mj pjhsbke
pjhsbkejhtd,
jhtd, mj ndhne
ndhnejhneb
jhneb y mj rjieleþh 6".
]dmb pjrsdhb tejhj mjrjngd b ib ieajrtbm mj pjhsbkejhtd, mj ndhnejhneb y mj rjieleþh? jstj
mjrjngd ehniuyj (...) ib ieajrtbm mj kbhe`jstbr su rjieleþh d sus nrjjhnebs, ehmevemubi d
ndijntevbkjhtj, tbhtd jh pöaiend ndkd jh prevbmd, kjmebhtj ji nuitd, ib njijarbneþh mj ids
r etds,
etds, ibs prântenbs y ib jhsjòbhzb. (…). Ids Jstbmds Sbrtjs jh ji prjsjhtj Sbntd sj
ndkprdkjtjh b rjspjtbr ib ieajrtbm mj ids pbmrjs (...) pbrb lbrbhtezbr quj ids gefds rjneabh ib
jmunbneþh rjieledsb y kdrbi quj jstå mj bnujrmd ndh sus prdpebs ndhvennedhjs" (brt. 27).
Ji Srdtdndid h¶ 2 b ib Ndhvjhneþh Jurdpjb mj Mjrjngds Gukbhds menj6 "Ji Jstbmd, jh ji
jfjrnened mj ibs `uhnedhjs quj bsukb jh ji nbkpd mj ib jmunbneþh y mj ib jhsjòbhzb, rjspjtbrâ
ji mjrjngd mj ids pbmrjs b bsjlurbr jstb jmunbneþh y jstb jhsjòbhzb ndh`drkj b sus
ndhvennedhjs rjieledsbs y `eidsþ`enbs" (brt. 1).
ndhvennedhjs
Sdr öitekd, uh tjxtd quj hd tejhjh ji keskd vbidr furëmend, ib Qjsdiuneþh sdarj ib ieajrtbm mj
jhsjòbhzb jh ib Ndkuhembm Jurdpjb (257=), ehndrpdrb ids tjxtds jsjhnebijs mj ib DHZ,
 puhtubiezbhmd
 puhtubiezbhmd quj ib ieajrtbm mj ji
jijnneþh
jnneþh mj iids
ds pbmrjs hd mja
mjajj sjr ieketbmb pdr rbzdhjs
rbzdhjs
`ehbhnejrbs? ids pdmjrjs pöaiends mjajh suavjhnedhbr ibs jsnujibs hd jstbtbijs6 "Ji mjrjngd b
ib ieajrtbm mj jhsjòbhzb ekpienb ib daielbneþh mj ids Jstbmds Kejkards mj gbnjr pdseaij
bsekeskd jh ji pibhd `ehbhnejrd ji jfjrnened prântend mj jsj mjrjngd y ndhnjmjr b ibs jsnujibs
ibs suavjhnedhjs pöaienbs hjnjsbrebs pbrb jfjrnjr su keseþh y nukpier sus daielbnedhjs jh
ndhmenedhjs elubijs b bqujiibs mj quj mes`rutbh ids jstbaijnekejhtds pöaiends
ndrrjspdhmejhtjs".(pârr.
ndrrjspdhmejhtjs".(pârr. 5).
 

  7

Ndhniuseþh

Ji mjrjngd b ib jmunbneþh, jh ji pibhd ehtjrhbnedhbi, nujhtb ndh uhb sjrej mj ehstrukjhtds quj
sj gbh bmbptbmd b ibs hjnjsembmjs nbkaebhtjs mji kuhmd, hd dastbhtj, ids jstbmds pbrtj hd
gbh njhtrbiezbmd su btjhneþh y rjnursds jh ib ekpdrtbhneb quj tejhj pbrb ji mjsbrrdiid mj ids
 pujaids
 pujaids ji ndhdnekejhtd quj iibb jmunbne
jmunbneþh
þh bpdrtb bi sjr gukbh
gukbhdd y pdr id tbhtd, b su jjhtdrhd.
htdrhd.

Zhb lrbh nbhtembm mj Bnujrmds Luajrhbtevds, Kehestjrebijs, Qjsdiunedhjs jhtrj dtrds, jh

kbtjreb mj jmunbneþh gbnjh quj jstb pujmb nbrjnjr mj jijkjhtds j`jntevds bi kdkjhtd mj
 pdhjr jh prântenb
prântenb id rjluibm
rjluibmdd jh ib ijlesibne
ijlesibneþh.
þh. Js ekpdrtbhtj quj sj nndhsdiemjh
dhsdiemjh ibs
merjntrenjs b trbvås mj rjlibs nibrbs quj pjrketbh uh `ânei bnnjsd y uteiezbneþh mj ids rjnursds
mespdheaijs pbrb pdhjr jh usd ji mjrjngd b ib jmunbneþh lrbtuetb y seh mesnrekehbneþh.

Ji mjrjngd b ib jmunbneþh js ib absj pbrb ji bprjhmezbfj y mjsbrrdiid gukbhd, y sj mjaj mj

ndhtehubr rjbiezbhmd ids kbydrjs js`ujrzds bmkehestrbtevds, pdiëtends, sdnebijs y nuiturbijs
 pbrb quj nbmb mëb
mëb sjb k
kâs
âs bnnjseaij b ib pdaibneþh
pdaibneþh ji bnnjsd b ib jmunbne
jmunbneþh
þh jh ndhmenedhjs
melhbs? jh jsj sjhtemd ibs ehstetunedhjs luajrhbkjhtbijs mjajh mj jfjnutbr ib tdtbiembm mj su
 prjsupujstd
 prjsupujstd bselhbmd pbrb tbi suprjkd `eh y hd
hd mjsvebrid gb
gbneb
neb dtrds ruards bmkehestrbtevds
bmkehestrbtevds d
 pdiëtends.
 

  5

Qj`jrjhnebs
•  Ehmenbmdrjs ZHJ^ND mj nuiturb pbrb ji mjsbrrdiid. ZHJ^ND.
•  Qjbi Bnbmjkeb Jspbòdib. (s.`.). Datjhemd mj
gttp6//mij.rbj.js/4w;jmunbne%N>%A>h
•  Qjm-MJ^N. (s.b.). Ji mjrjngd b ib jmunbneþh . Qjnupjrbmd ji 30 mj 3: mj 1327, mj
gttps6//www.jsnr-hjt.drl/js/mjrjngds/jmunbnedh
•  ZHJ^ND. (1327). Datjhem
Datjhemdd mj gttps6//js.uhjsnd.drl/tgjkj
gttps6//js.uhjsnd.drl/tgjkjs/mjrjngd-b-
s/mjrjngd-b-
jmunbnedh/daielbnedhjs-jstbmds