Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FOR
P&ID’s
Learning Objectives
Be Able to Interpret Controls Symbology
Know what the physical manifestation of the
symbology is
Know the parts of a ‘control loop’
Know what a Control Valve looks like and
how it works
Be able to look at a control scheme and
understand how it works
Be able to design some basic control schemes
Instrumentation Cookbook
Instrumentation
Why Are We Doing This For this Project
ChemEcon – Includes Controls in ‘factors’
ChemEcon – To Size The Pumps We Need
To Include “Inline” Instrumentation
pressure drop
FE PI
Instrumentation Cookbook
Control Loop
A Simple Feedback Control Loop
Measured Manipulated
Variable (temp, Controller Variable
pressure, flow...)
FE FIT FIC
FV
Controllers Readout Devices Switches and Alarm Devices Transmitters
Self
Actuated
Initiating or First Control
Measured Variable Letter Recording Indicating blind Valves Recording Indicating High Low Comb Recording Indicating Blind
Analysis A ARC AIC AC AR AI ASH ASL ASHL ART AIT AT
Burner, Combustion B BRC BIC BC BR BI BSH BSL BSHL BRT BIT BT
Instrumentation Naming
Users Choice C
Users Choice D
Voltage E ERC EIC EC ER EI ESH ESL ESHL ERT EIT ET
Flow Rate F FRC FIC FC FCV FICV FR FI FSH FSL FSHL FRT FIT FT
Flow Quantity FQ FQRC FQIC FQR FQI FQSH FQSL FQIT FQT
Flow Ratio FF FFRC FFIC FFC FFR FFI FFSH FFSL
Users Choice
Hand Instrument Society Of America (ISA)
Current (Electrical)
G
H
I IRC
HIC
IIC
HC HR
IR
HI
II ISH ISL
HS
ISHL
HRT
IRT
HIT
IIT
HT
IT
Power J JRC JIC JR JI JSH JSL JSHL JRT JIT JT
Time K KRC KIC KC KCV KR KI KSH KSL KSHL KRT KIT KT
Level L LRC LIC LC LCV LR LI LSH LSL LSHL LRT LIT LT
Users Choice M
Solenoids,
Relays, Viewing
Initiating or First Computing Primary Well Of Device, Safety Final
Measured Variable Letter Devices Element Test Point Probe Glass Device Element
Analysis A AY AE AP AW AV
Burner, Combustion B BY BE BW BG BV
Users Choice C
Users Choice D
Voltage E EY EE EZ
Flow Rate F FY FE FP FG FV
Flow Quantity FQ FQY FQE FQV
Flow Ratio FF FE FFV
Users Choice G
Hand H HY HV
Current (Electrical) I IY IE IZ
Power J JY JE JV
Time K KY KE KV
Software Signal
Physically
LT located
‘in field’
Physical wire
“hardwired”
Instrumentation Cookbook
The “Control Valve” Elec Signal
To valve
(4-20 mA
DC signal)
Actuator -
driven by
Compressed
Air
Valve
Instrumentation Cookbook
The “Control Valve”
Control Valve Sizing
CV vs % Opening Characteristic
Spec_Gravity
CV Volumetric_Flow
Pressure_Differential
gal Pressure
Volumetric_Flow
min Drop
Pressure_Differential psi
Flow Rate
Instrumentation Cookbook
The “Control Valve”
CV vs % Opening Characteristic Cv
% open
Instrumentation Cookbook
Typical Controls
Level
Flow
Pressure
Temperature
Composition
Instrumentation Cookbook
Level Control
Purpose
Prevent the tank from overfilling / running
dry
LT
LIC
LV
Instrumentation Cookbook
Level Control
Purpose
Hold a liquid “Seal”
LT
LIC
No Gas!
LV
Instrumentation Cookbook
Level Control
Purpose
Prevent pump from running dry and thus
being destroyed
RO
LT
LIC
LV
Note: - valve always on disch to prevent flashing on pump suction
- pump may also require a minimum flow bypass
Control Systems
Aside - Speed
Measured Variable can be slow to measure
(i.e. the composition using an analyser) or,
fast (i.e. pressure)
The Manipulated Variable can be slow too
i.e. adjusting the hot water tap in your
shower
The level in a tank can take hours to
change (slow)
Control Systems
Aside - Speed
Slow Things Fast Things
Say > few seconds Less than a second
Reducing Pressure Measure Pressure
by Opening a valve Measure Flow (Diff
on a large gas filled Press)
tank Measure Temp (?)
Measure Composition
(analysers)
Change Level In
Large Tank
But…. It’s all RELATIVE !!
Instrumentation Cookbook
Flow Control
Purpose: Ensure steady material flow rate
Smooth feed to columns
Set Production rate
Fast to Measure
Flow Changes usually require a control valve
to change it’s position which can take
seconds.
Vapour systems have a ‘capacitance’ that
need to be overcome before the flow changes
are experienced everywhere in the system
Instrumentation Cookbook
Flow Control
FT
FIC
FE FIC
M
FT
I
FV SIC
FE
Variable Speed Drive
PIC PIC
PT PT
PV PV
PIC
PV
PT
Fast or slow?
Instrumentation Cookbook
Pressure Control
Liquid Pressure Control
PIC
PT
PV
PIC FIC
PT
FT
PV
C/w
Instrumentation Cookbook
Temperature Control
Liquid / Liquid - control on process
C/w
Instrumentation Cookbook
Temperature Control
Steam Pressure Control
T Increase Stm
Pressure
Instrumentation Cookbook
Temperature Control
Condensate Level Control
Reduce flooded
Area
Instrumentation Cookbook
Cascade Control
Example - Driving to Montreal
You’re driving / steering the car
Someone else is telling you which roads to
drive on and when to turn
Instrumentation Cookbook
Cascade Control
One Control Loop Determines Setpoint of a
Second Loop
FT
-Using the
FE FIC
M SP flow through
High Speed
the pump to
P I
control the
rotational
Low Speed
SIC SP speed of the
Variable Speed Drive pump
Flow
Instrumentation Cookbook
Cascade Control
PIC FIC
FT
FE FV
PT
LT
LIC
FIC
FT LV
FE
Instrumentation Cookbook
Controller Interaction
Duelling Control ?
LIC
LT FIC
FT
FE
LV
Instrumentation Cookbook
Controller Interaction
Duelling Control ?
User 2 User 2
User 1 User 1
User 3 User 3
P&ID Cookbook
-By Equipment
P&ID Cookbook
- Pumps
PRV PI PI
HS
I M
HS
Pump - Min Flow Bypass
RO
PI
LT PI LIC
LV
HS
I M
HS
Reflux Tanks Vent to Safe Locn
Set@ PI
From Condenser From Pump
LAHL
TI HLL = 4’-6”
NLL = 3’-6” LIT LIC TO
LLL = 2’-0” LV
LSLL
LLLL = 2’-0”
LALL
I Pump
S/D
To Pump
Compressors - Centrifugal
For our purposes treat controls as a black box
But... Provide an input control signal (cascade)
Remember cooling water req’d (lube system...)
CWS CWR
Control
SIC
From ?
M
By Vendor
By Owner
Requirements for Column Control
Feed rate control
Level control for reboiler and condensate
receiver
Column pressure control
Two controllers, corresponding to the two
degrees of freedom, to deal with the
specifications in PRO/II
This is a very complex topic and can only be
dealt with superficially in this course
Columns
Composition control
Level control
Pressure control
Provide a
control scheme
Treat the
to ensure
top and bottom
Feed rate is
independently
constant or is Level control of each other
slowly
changing
Composition
control
Columns - Put level control on bottoms outflow
when
outflow rate > 10 x boil up rate
Bottoms Put level control on Steam control
boilup rate > 10 x outflow rate
otherwise either scheme okay
FIC
HHLL FT
5 bar
Stm
HLL
LIT NLL
LLL
LLLL Low
T P Cond
TE
LAHL
LIC TIC
TE XIC Columns - Overhead
PT PIC
CWS
FV
CWR
Set@ PI PV
FIC
RO
FT
LAHL
TI HLL = 4’-6”
LIT LIC
NLL = 3’-6”
LLL = 2’-0” PI
LSLL
LLLL = 2’-0”
PI
LALL
I Pump
S/D LV
HS
I M
HS
Instrumentation Cookbook
Column Control
How to Choose the Stream that will control
Level in the reflux tank
LAHL
LIT
LV
I M
Workshop
Add the composition control to the Solvent
Column overhead
Hint: use the pressure and temperature
Workshop
Draw a P&ID, including Control Scheme for
column top
Explain how it works
15,420 kg/hr, 113 °C