INTRODUCTION OF

POLLUTION CONTROL AND

WASTE TREATMENT

Assistant Prof. Jarotwan Koiwanit, PhD

Department of Industrial Engineering
Faculty of Engineering,
King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
Envi crisis
Food Waste
 Exercise
• Make a group of 4.
• Think about what your team has learned 
from PM2.5 in Thailand.
• Each team has to share the idea in front of 
the class.
 Exercise
• Make a group of 4.
• Explore the environmental issue.
• Each team investigate solutions and share 
your best idea in front of the class.
 Assignment (1 point)
• Make a group of 4‐5.
• Think about what your team has learned from 
the Factory Classroom.
• Each team thinks about ways to reduce the
waste
• Present to all your classmates
MAJOR TYPES OF POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION

WATER POLLUTION

LAND POLLUTION

NOISE POLLUTION
 AIR POLLUTION
 Air pollution is the introduction of
particulates, biological molecules, or other
harmful materials into the Earth's
atmosphere, causing disease, death to
humans, damage to other living organisms
such as food crops, or the natural or built
environment.
• Air pollutants can present a real danger to living 
organisms as well as the wider environment. 
• Air pollutants come in the form of gases and finely 
divided solid and liquid aerosols. 
• Aerosols are loosely defined as “any solid or liquid 
particles suspended in the air”.
• Possibly one of the most important characteristics 
of air pollutants is their transboundary nature ‐
they can easily travel and affect the areas far away 
from their points of origination. 
MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS
 Ozone (O3)
•formed from vehicle, power and chemical
plant exhaust
•irritate respiratory system and asthma
หอบหืด; reduces lung function by inflaming
(เยือบุอกั เสบ) and damaging lining of lungs
At ground level, ozone is a hazard (‘bad’
ozone) - it is a major constituent of
photochemical smog.

However, at upper level, it serves to absorb

some of the potentially harmful UV
radiation from the Sun, which is believed to
cause skin cancer, among other things
(‘good’ ozone).
 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
•produced when coal and fuel oil are
burned
•present in power plant exhaust
•narrows the airway, causing wheezing
and shortness of breath, especially in
those with asthma.
 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
•reddish, brown gas
•present in car exhaust and
power plants
•affects lungs and causes
wheezing; increases chance
of respiratory infection (การติด
เชือทางเดินหายใจ)
 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
•colorless, odorless
•produced when carbon does not
burn in fossil fuels
•present in car exhaust
•causing headaches, fatigue, and
impaired vision
 Particulate Matter (PM)
•particles of different sizes and
structures that are released into the
atmosphere
•present in many sources including
fossil fuels, dust, smoke, fog, etc.
•can build up in respiratory system.
•aggravates heart and lung disease;
increases risk of respiratory
infection
Sources of PM
 Exercise
• Make a group of 4.
• Explore the environmental issue.
• Each team investigate solutions and share 
your best idea in front of the class.
Human Health Effects
• Exposure to air pollution is
associated with numerous effects
on human health, including
pulmonary, cardiac, vascular, and
neurological impairments ความบกพร่ อง
ของปอด, หัวใจ, หลอดเลือดและระบบประสาท.
• The health effects vary greatly from
person to person. High-risk groups
such as the elderly, infants,
pregnant women, and sufferers
from chronic heart and lung
diseases are more susceptible to air
pollution.
• Children are at greater risk because
they are generally more active
outdoors and their lungs are still
developing.
• Women > Men
Conti…..
• Exposure to air pollution can cause both acute
(short-term) and chronic (long-term) health effects.
• Acute effects are usually immediate and often
reversible when exposure to the pollutant ends.
Some acute health effects include eye irritation,
headaches, and nausea (คลืนไส้).
• Chronic effects are usually not immediate and tend
not to be reversible when exposure to the pollutant
ends.
– Some chronic health effects include decreased
lung capacity and lung cancer resulting from
long-term exposure to toxic air pollutants.
Effects on Human respiratory system
• Both gaseous and particulate air
pollutants can have negative
effects on the lungs.
• Solid particles can settle on the
walls of the trachea หลอดลมใหญ่,
bronchi หลอดลมปอด, and
bronchioles แขนงขัวปอด.
• Continuous breathing of polluted
air can slow the normal
cleansing action of the lungs and
result in more particles reaching
the lower portions of the lung.
• Damage to the lungs from air
pollution can inhibit this process
and contribute to the occurrence
of respiratory diseases.
Table 1: Sources, Health and Welfare Effects for Criteria Pollutants.
Pollutant Description Sources Health Effects Welfare Effects
Carbon Colorless, odorless Motor vehicle exhaust, Headaches, reduced mental Contribute to the formation of
Monoxide gas indoor sources include alertness, heart attack, smog.
(CO) kerosene or wood burning cardiovascular diseases,
stoves. impaired fetal development,
death.

Sulfur Dioxide Colorless gas that Coal-fired power plants, Eye irritation, wheezing, chest Contribute to the formation of
(SO2) dissolves in water petroleum refineries, tightness, shortness of breath, acid rain, visibility impairment,
vapor to form acid, manufacture of sulfuric acid lung damage. plant and water damage,
and interact with other and smelting of ores aesthetic damage.
gases and particles in containing sulfur.
the air.

Nitrogen Reddish brown, highly Motor vehicles, electric
Dioxide (NO2) reactive gas. utilities, and other
industrial, commercial, and
residential sources that
burn fuels.
Susceptibility to respiratory
infections, irritation of the lung
and respiratory symptoms
(e.g., cough, chest pain,
difficulty breathing).
Contribute to the formation of
smog, acid rain, water quality
deterioration, global warming,
and visibility impairment.

Ozone (O3) Gaseous pollutant Vehicle exhaust and certain Eye and throat irritation, Plant and ecosystem damage.
when it is formed in other fumes. Formed from coughing, respiratory tract
the troposphere. other air pollutants in the problems, asthma, lung
presence of sunlight. damage.

Lead (Pb) Metallic element Metal refineries, lead Anemia, high blood pressure, Affects animals and plants,
smelters, battery brain and kidney damage, affects aquatic ecosystems.
manufacturers, iron and neurological disorders,
steel producers. cancer, lowered IQ.

Particulate Very small particles of Diesel engines, power Eye irritation, asthma, Visibility impairment,
Matter (PM) soot, dust, or other plants, industries, bronchitis, lung damage, atmospheric deposition,
matter, including tiny windblown dust, wood cancer, heavy metal aesthetic damage.
droplets of liquids. stoves. poisoning, cardiovascular
effects.
Table-2: Sources, Effects of Air Pollutants on Vegetables
Pollutants Sources Effects on Vegetables

Aldehydes Photochemical reactions The upper portions of Alfalfa etc. will be affected to Narcosis if
250 ppm of aldehydes is present for 2 hrs duration.

Ozone (O3) Photochemical reaction of hydrocarbon
and nitrogen oxides from fuel
combustion, refuse burning, and
evaporation from petroleum products.
Peroxy Acetyl The sources of PAN are the same as
Nitrate (PAN) ozone
All ages of tobacco leaves, beans, grapes, pine, pumpkins and
potato are affected. Fleck, stipple, bleaching, bleached
spotting, pigmentation, growth suppression, and early
abscission are the effects.
Young spongy cells of plants are affected if 0.01 ppm of PAN
is present in the ambient air for more than 6 hrs.

Nitrogen dioxide High temperature combustion of coal, oil, Irregular, white or brown collapsed lesion on intercostals
(NO2) gas, and gasoline in power plants and tissue and near leaf margin. Suppressed growth is observed
internal combustion engines. in many plants.

Ammonia & Sulfur Thermal power plants, oil and petroleum Bleached spots, bleached areas between veins, bleached
dioxide refineries. margins, chlorosis, growth suppression, early abscission, and
reduction in yield and tissue collapse occur.

Chlorine (Cl2) Leaks in chlorine storage tanks,
hydrochloric acid mists.
Hydrogen fluoride, Phosphate rock processing, aluminum
Silicon industry, and ceramic works and
tetrafluoride fiberglass manufacturing.
Pesticides & Agricultural operations
Herbicides
Particulates Cement industries, thermal power plants,
blasting, crushing and processing
industries.
Mercury (Hg) Processing of mercury containing ores,
burning of coal and oil.
If 0.10 ppm is present for at least 2 hrs, the epidermis and
mesophyll of plants will be affected.
Epidermis and mesophyll of grapes, large seed fruits, pines
and fluorosis in animals occur if 0.001 ppm of HF is present
for 5 weeks.
Defoliation, dwarfing, curling, twisting, growth reduction and
killing of plants may occur.
Affects quality of plants, reduces vigor & hardness and
interferences with photosynthesis due to plugging leaf
stomata and blocking of light.
Greenhouse crops, and floral parts of all vegetations are
affected; abscission and growth reduction occur in most of
the plants.
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
• Emissions from Power stations

• Emissions from Industrial Processes

• Vehicular Emissions

• Emissions from Burning of Solid Waste

• Emissions from Natural Sources such as Volcanic 
Eruptions & Forest Fires

• Etc.
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
 How to reduce atmosphere
pollution?
• 1. to install filters in industrial plants in 
chimneys to clean the exhaust gases. 
• 2. Instead of oil and coal use gas or other 
less harmful fuels, alternative energy 
sources.
• 3. Increase the amount of air fuel and air 
mixture to burn more fuel. 
 How to reduce atmosphere
pollution?
• 4. Cars equipped with catalytic reactor 
tubes, which oxidizes CO to CO2.
• 5. To reduce the sulfur content of fuels, 
before being released into the air in the 
combustion gas cleaning. 
• 6. Prohibit the use of freon. 
• 7. Carry out the Kyoto Protocol. 
• 8. Increasing the forest area. 
• 9. Replanting of deforested areas.
Sources of Control Technology
• Air quality management sets the tools to control
air pollutant emissions.

• Control measurements describe the equipment,

processes or actions used to reduce air pollution.

• The extent of pollution reduction varies among

technologies and measures.

• The selection of control technologies depends on

environmental, engineering, economic factors
and pollutant type.
Settling Chambers
• Settling chambers use the force of gravity to remove solid
particles.
• The gas stream enters a chamber where the velocity of the
gas is reduced. Large particles drop out of the gas and are
recollected in hoppers. Because settling chambers are
effective in removing only larger particles, they are used
in conjunction with a more efficient control device.
 Cyclones
• The general principle of inertia
separation is that the particulate-laden
gas is forced to change direction. As gas
changes direction, the inertia of the
particles causes them to continue in the
original direction and be separated from
the gas stream.
• The walls of the cyclone narrow toward
the bottom of the unit, allowing the
particles to be collected in a hopper.
• The cleaner air leaves the cyclone
through the top of the chamber, flowing
upward in a spiral vortex, formed within a
downward moving spiral.
• Cyclones are efficient in removing large
particles but are not as efficient with
smaller particles. For this reason, they
are used with other particulate control
Figure: Cyclone Collector
devices.
 Venturi Scrubbers

• Venturi scrubbers use a

liquid stream to remove
solid particles.
• In the venturi scrubber,
gas laden with particulate
matter passes through a
short tube with flared ends
and a constricted middle.
• This constriction causes
the gas stream to speed
up when the pressure is Figure: Venturi scrubber components
increased.
Conti….
• The difference in velocity and pressure resulting
from the constriction causes the particles and water
to mix and combine.

• The reduced velocity at the expanded section of

the throat allows the droplets of water containing
the particles to drop out of the gas stream.

• Venturi scrubbers are effective in removing small

particles, with removal efficiencies of up to 99
percent.

• One drawback of this device, however, is the

production of wastewater.
Fabric Filters
• Fabric filters, or baghouses, remove dust from a
gas stream by passing the stream through a
porous fabric. The fabric filter is efficient at
removing fine particles and can exceed efficiencies
of 99 percent in most applications.

Figure: Fabric filter (baghouse) components

Conti…..
• The selection of the fiber material and fabric
construction is important to baghouse
performance.

• The fiber material from which the fabric is made

must have adequate strength characteristics at
the maximum gas temperature expected and
adequate chemical compatibility with both the
gas and the collected dust.
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs)
• An ESP is a particle
control device that uses
electrical forces to move
the particles out of the
flowing gas stream and
onto collector plates.

Figure: Electrostatic precipitator components

 Conti….
• The particles are removed from the plates by
"rapping" and collected in a hopper located below
the unit.
• The removal efficiencies for ESPs are highly
variable; however, for very small particles alone, the
removal efficiency is about 99 percent.
• Electrostatic precipitators are used in industries
such as cement (dust), pulp & paper (salt cake &
lime dust), petrochemicals (sulfuric acid mist), and
steel (dust & fumes).
• The most common method for controlling
gaseous pollutants is the addition of add-on
control devices to recover or destroy a
pollutant.
• There are four commonly used control
technologies for gaseous pollutants:
– Absorption,
– Adsorption,
– Condensation, and
– Incineration (combustion)
 Absorption การดูดซึม
• The removal of one or more selected
components from a gas mixture by
absorption is probably the most
important operation in the control of
gaseous pollutant emissions.
• Absorption is a process in which a
gaseous pollutant is dissolved in a
liquid.
• Water is the most commonly used
absorbent liquid.
• As the gas stream passes through
the liquid, the liquid absorbs the gas,
in much the same way that sugar is
absorbed in a glass of water when Typical Packed Column Diagram
stirred.
Conti….
• Absorbers are often referred to as scrubbers,
and there are various types of absorption
equipment.

• The principal types of gas absorption

equipment include spray towers, packed
columns, spray chambers, and venture
scrubbers.

• In general, absorbers can achieve removal

efficiencies grater than 95 percent.
Adsorption
• When a gas or vapor is brought into contact
with a solid, part of it is taken up by the solid.
The molecules that disappear from the gas
either enter the inside of the solid, or remain
on the outside attached to the surface. The
former phenomenon is termed absorption (or
dissolution) and the latter adsorption.
• Activated carbon is the universal standard for
purification and removal of trace organic
contaminants from liquid and vapor streams.
• Carbon adsorption systems are either regenerative or non‐
regenerative. 
– Regenerative system usually contains more than one carbon bed. 
As one bed actively removes pollutants, another bed is being 
regenerated for future use. 
– Non‐regenerative systems have thinner beds of activated carbon. 
In a non‐regenerative adsorber, the spent carbon is disposed of 
when it becomes saturated with the pollutant. 

Regenerative Carbon Non-Regenerative Carbon

Adsorption System Adsorption System
Condensation
• Condensation is the process of converting a
gas or vapor to liquid. Any gas can be
reduced to a liquid by lowering its
temperature and/or increasing its pressure.

• Condensers are typically used as

pretreatment devices. They can be used
ahead of absorbers, absorbers, and
incinerators to reduce the total gas volume to
be treated by more expensive control
equipment.
• In a contact condenser,
the gas comes into
contact with cold liquid.
• In a surface condenser,
the gas contacts a cooled
surface in which cooled
liquid or gas is circulated,
such as the outside of the Contact condenser
tube.
• Removal efficiencies of
condensers typically
range from 50 percent to
more than 95 percent,
depending on design and
applications.

Surface condenser
Incineration
• Incineration, also known as combustion, is
most used to control the emissions of
organic compounds from process
industries.
• This control technique refers to the rapid
oxidation of a substance through the
combination of oxygen with a combustible
material in the presence of heat.
• When combustion is complete, the
gaseous stream is converted to carbon
dioxide and water vapor.
• Incineration คือ การเผาขยะในเตาทีได้มีการออกแบบมาเป็ นพิเศษ
เพือให้เข้ากับลักษณะสมบัติของขยะ คือมีอตั ราความชืนสูงและมีคา่ ความ
ร้อนทีแปรผันได้ การเผาไหม้จะต้องมีการควบคุมทีดีเพือจะป้องกันไม่ให้เกิด
มลพิษและการรบกวนต่อสิงแวดล้อม เช่น ก๊าซพิษ เขม่า กลิน เป็ นต้น
• ก๊าซซึงเกิดจากการเผาไหม้จะได้รบั การกําจัดเขม่าและอนุภาคตามที
กฏหมายควบคุม
• ขีเถ้าซึงเหลือจากการเผาไหม้ จะถูกนําไปฝังกลบหรือใช้เป็ นวัสดุปพู ืน
สําหรับการสร้างถนน (Singapore’s land)
• ส่วนขีเถ้าทีมีสว่ นประกอบของโลหะอาจถูกนํากลับมาใช้ใหม่ได้
• ในบางพืนทีทีมีปริมาณขยะอยูม่ าก สามารถทีจะนําพลังงานความร้อนทีได้
จากการเผาขยะมาใช้ในการผลิตไอนํา หรือผลิตกระแสไฟฟ้าได้
Direct combustor

• Direct combustor is a device in which

air and all the combustible waste gases
react at the burner. Complete
combustion must occur instantaneously
since there is no residence chamber.
• A flare can be used to control almost
any emission stream containing volatile
organic compounds.
In thermal incinerators the combustible waste gases
pass over or around a burner flame into a residence
chamber where oxidation of the waste gases is
completed.
Thermal incinerators can destroy gaseous pollutants at
efficiencies of greater than 99 percent when operated
correctly.

Thermal incinerator general case

 Catalytic incinerators are very similar to thermal
incinerators. The main difference is that after passing
through the flame area, the gases pass over a catalyst
bed.

A catalyst promotes oxidation at lower temperatures,

thereby reducing fuel costs. Destruction efficiencies
greater than 95 percent are possible using a catalytic
alytic incinerators
incinerator.

Catalytic incinerator
 WATER POLLUTION
When something is added to environment that
makes it unclean or unsafe it is called pollution.
Water pollution refers to the contamination of
water bodies. These may include lakes, rivers,
oceans, aquifers and groundwater.
• Sewage
• Runoff of Pesticides & Fertilizers
• Solid Waste Disposal
• Untreated Effluents from Industrial and 
other activities
• Chemical and Oil Spills
 Chemical and Oil
SOURCES OF WATER Spills
POLLUTION
Petroleum pollution
One of the most destructive type is petroleum
pollution. Petroleum products, such as oil and
gasoline, enter the water from the ships and
marine terminals, offshore oil rigs, run off
from parking lots, factories, oil dumping, and
other sources.
Many of the worst pollution disasters have
been due to accidents involving oil rigs แท่นขุด
เจาะนํ้ามัน, pipelines, or oil tankers.
Nutrients Pollution
Some wastewater, fertilizes and sewage
contain high levels of nutrients. If they up
in the water bodies, they encourage algae
and weed growth in the water.
This will make the water undrinkable, and
even clog filters.
Too much algae will also use up all the
oxygen in the water, and other water
organisms in the water will die out of the
oxygen starvation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=rs15RwuQ73o
 surface water pollution
Surface water includes natural found on
earth’s surface, like rivers, lakes, lagoons
and oceans.
Hazardous substances coming into contact
with this surface water dissolving or
mixing physically with the water can be
called surface water pollution.
 Oxygen depleting
Water bodies have micro-organisms. These
includes aerobic and anaerobic organisms.
When to much biodegradable matter (things
that easily decay) end up in water, it
encourages more microorganisms growth,
and they use up more oxygen in the
water. If oxygen is depleted, aerobic
organisms die, and anaerobic organisms
grow more to produce harmful toxins such
as ammonia and sulfides.
 Ground water pollution
when human apply pesticides and
chemicals to soils, they are washed deep
into the ground by rain water.
This gets to underground water, causing
pollution underground.
This means when we dig wells and bore
holes to get water from underground, it
need to be checked for the ground water
pollution.
 Suspended Matter
Some pollutants (substances, particle and
chemicals) do not easily to dissolve in
water.
Some suspended pollutants later settle
under the water body.
This can harm and even kill aquatic life that
live at end floor of water bodies by taking
away the nutrients and disturbing their
habitat.
Chemical water pollution
Many industries and farmers work with
chemical that end up in the water.
Metals and solvents from industries can
pollute bodies.
These are poisonous to many forms of
aquatic life and may slow their
development, make them infertile and kill
them.
Oil Spillage
Oil spillage usually has only a localize
effect on wildlife but can spread for miles.
The oil can cause the death to fish and
get stuck to the feathers of seabirds
causing them to their ability to fly.
 Fertilizes and Pesticides

The use of fertilizer and pesticides on cropland,

garden and yards helps farmers and homeowners
but can also be damaging to aquatic and marine
lives when they are not properly applied.
 Effects on Environment
 Toxic water

 Thermal heating
 Our sources of
water
 Effects on Humans
 Diseases caused
by:
 Drinking

contaminated water
 Swimming in

polluted water
 Contacting with

chemically polluted
water
 Effects on Animals
- 200 turtles in Australia’s surround waters die
each year
- Birds and mammals become coated with oil
Controlling and solutions of water
pollution
You can help
• Never throw rubbish away anyhow.
• Always look for the correct waste bin.
• If there is none around, please take
home and put it in your trash can.
Controlling and solutions of water
pollution
Use water wisely
Do not keep tap running when not in use.
Reduce the amount of water you can use in
washing and bathing.
If we do all this, we can significantly prevent
water shortages and the amount of dirty
water that needs treatment.
 Controlling and solutions of water
pollution
Chemicals, oil
Do not throw chemical, oil, paints
and medicines down the sink
drain, or the toilet.
In many cities, your local
environment office can help
with the disposal of medicines
and chemicals.
Controlling and solution of water
pollution
Recycling trash
Buy safe cleaning liquids for use at home and
other public places.
They are less dangerous to the environment.
 Controlling and solution of
water pollution

Chemical and pesticides

If you use chemical and pesticides for your
garden and farms, mindful not to overuse
pesticides and fertilizers.
This will reduce runoffs chemical into nearby
water sources.
 Controlling and solution of
water pollution
Water body
If you live close to water body, try to plants
lots of trees and flowers around your
home, so that when it rains, chemical
from your home does not easily drain into
the water.
 Controlling and solution of
water pollution
 Scientists
 Identify sources and types of pollution
 Determine amount of concentration of pollution
 Study the effects of pollution
 Recommend safe pollution level
 Study and design pollution control methods
 Develop pollution remediation and clean upplans
 Monitor effectiveness of clean-upefforts
 Research new treatment technologies
 Controlling and solution of
water pollution
 Legislators/state Agencies
 Support research/education
 Enact laws that limit pollution level
 Levy fine and penalities against polluters
 Coordinate state pollution control efforts
 Create environmental protection plans
 Provide mechanism to monitor pollution
control programs
 Controlling and solution of
water pollution
 Citizen groups/People
 Lobby for beneficial laws
 Identify sources of pollution and notify authorities
and public
 Encourage consumer conservation and recycling
 Volunteer to clean up polluted areas
 Participate in citizen volunteer water quality
monitoring programs
 Provide public information
 Controlling and solution of
water pollution
 Industries
 Support education programs, wildlife preserves, etc.
 Establish quality control to limit pollution
 Develop recycling programs
 Research and better production methods
 Monitor water quality ofdischarges
 Work with the general public to protect natural resources

Example: Loblaws case study

 Remember?
• Do you remember the BP Oil spill in 2010? 
Over 1,000 animals (birds, turtles, 
mammals) were reported dead, including 
many already on the endangered species 
list. Of the animals affected by the spill, 
only about 6% have been reported cleaned, 
but many biologists and other scientists 
predict they will die too from the stress 
caused by the pollution.
 LAND POLLUTION
Land pollution refers to the deposition of solid
or liquid waste materials on land or
underground in a manner that can contaminate
the soil and groundwater, threaten public
health, and cause unsightly conditions and
nuisances.
SOURCES OF LAND POLLUTION

• Domestic Solid Waste (Garbage, Rubbish, Trash) 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xh0rsgusmDs

• Construction and Demolition Waste

• Agricultural Waste

• Industrial Waste
CAUSES OF LAND
POLLUTION
DEGENERATIVE ACTIONS
• Include a lot of human
actions, like deforestation,
overuse of pesticides and
chemical, etc.
• Many of these are
unavoidable; however,
definitely the severity of
these actions in terms of the
effects they have on the land
can be reduced by taking
appropriate and adequate
actions.
MISUSE OF LAND
• Mainly refers to cutting trees
to clear land for agriculture,
as well as processes like
desertification and land
conversion.
• Desertification is when effects
of human development or
other actions convert a piece
of fertile land into desert-land
or dry-land. Land once
converted to desert-land can
never be reclaimed by any
amount of corrective
measures.
 INEFFICIENT USE OF LAND
•Inefficient use of land as such is not
going to cause land pollution.
However, inefficient use of land
amounts to wastage, and hence
shortage of land; and it is precisely
during such conditions that man has
to resort to measure such as
deforestation and others to meet his
needs. It is an indirect cause of land
pollution that is often largely
neglected.
 SOIL POLLUTION

• When the top-most 'soil' layer of land is

destroyed or polluted, soil pollution is again
another cause of land pollution that affects not
only the land, but also a lot of other things such
as forest cover of a region, productivity of land in
terms of agriculture, grazing, etc.
• Soil pollution is also caused by wrong agricultural
practices, such as overuse of chemical fertilizers
and pesticides.
 LAND CONVERSION
• When a piece of land is converted from its
indigenous form to a form used for either
agriculture or infrastructure, land conversion is
especially a growing problem that we possibly do
not have a good solution for.
• Using a piece of land to its maximum potential is
the key to eliminate many of the causes of land
pollution.
 OTHERS …
• … key causes of land
pollution include -
urbanization,
improper waste
disposal, industrial
activities, nuclear
research, chemicals
released by all sorts
of heavy industries, -
coal-fired power
plants, metals
production
industries, etc.
EFFECTS OF LAND
POLLUTION
 EFFECTS ON CLIMATE
• Land pollution leads to loss in the forest cover of
Earth. This is in turn going to affect the amount
of rain. Less rain mean lesser vegetation. The
effect of all different kinds of pollution will
eventually lead to problems like acid rains,
greenhouse effect, global warming.
EXTINCTION OF SPECIES
• Species are pushed towards
endangerment and extinction
primarily by two processes.
Habitat fragmentation is the
fragmentation of the natural
habitat of an organism; cause
primarily by urban sprawl.
Habitat destruction, on the other
hand, is when land clearing
adversely affects animals special
such that their natural habitat is
lost.
• Both the actions can cause some
species to go extinct and others
to become invasive.
 BIO MAGNIFICATION
• Process in which certain non-biodegradable
substances go on accumulating in the food-
chain.
• Not only does bio magnification put the
particular species at risk, it puts all the species
above and below it at risk, and ultimately
affects the food pyramid.
Coronavirus
 EFFECTS ON BIODIVERSITY
•Species extinction and bio magnification
is going to overthrow the balance of
nature very significantly.
•The main reason for this is disturbance
created in the food chain.
PREVENTION OF LAND
POLLUTION
 PERSONAL LEVEL
• Encourage organic farming - buy organic food.
• Proper garbage disposal - separate your garbage
before you give it to the garbage collector; and
strictly say NO to plastic.
• Encourage recycling - buy recycled products,
notebooks, paper, etc.
• Restrict use of herbicides and pesticides - they
are not only used in farm, but in your own
backyard as well.
 DISPOSAL OF WASTES
• Proper waste management is the most
important thing to do for the prevention of land
pollution.
• Several steps should be taken to ensure that
the waste gets disposed in the most harmless
way, i.e. produces less or no toxins.
 DISPOSAL OF WASTES
• One of the ways of doing this is by separating
dry and wet waste.
• Dry waste should be recycled or it can be
burned.
• Wet waste should be decomposed.
 DISPOSAL OF WASTES
• This decomposed waste should be further
dumped in pits so that it can be converted into
compost and used for agriculture.
• When disposing of waste, the authorities should
treat it with various kinds of chemicals, so that it
has a very low level of toxicity.
 RECYCLING AND REUSE

• People should buy and use products that have

been recycled. For instance, plastic bags should
be given up; instead, jute bags should be used.
Reusing old items is another good way to reduce
the stress on various resources.
Clothes, paper, glass, everything should be
recycled and reused, as far as possible.
 BIODEGRADABLE PRODUCTS
• People should buy
biodegradable
products.
• Organic farming,
lessening the use of
pesticides, buying
organic fruits and
vegetables and
other products, will
keep land pollution
in check.
GROW MORE TREES
• Initiative should be
taken to grow more
trees. Researches
show that trees can
actually fertilize the
soil.
• By growing trees,
soil will become
fertile, agriculture
will get boosted and
land pollution will
greatly reduce.
 EFFICIENT USE OF RESOURCES
• There should be minimal wastage.
• There should be no littering. Oil and petrol
should be used judiciously.
 SOME MORE … …
• Both individuals and authorities have to
make positive changes in the way they
conduct things.
• Spreading awareness, amongst the common
people, to use organic, biodegradable
products and to efficiently use resources,
should be taken up seriously by the
government.
• The industries too should follow proper
procedures of industrial waste disposal. In
addition to this, trees should be saved and
more plants should be grown.
 NOISE POLLUTION
Noise is generally defined as unwanted
sound.
Sound affects man physically,
psychologically and socially.
Noise may be continuous or intermittent and
may be of high frequency or a low frequency.
 SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION
• Industrial (power plants, stone crushing, metal workshops, cabinet making);
• Multipurpose halls including wedding halls;
• Bungalows along the coast;
• Places of entertainment, including night clubs;
• Road traffic e.g. moving trucks, automobiles, buses, those with modified silencer 
system;
• Community noise e.g. radio/TV, loudspeakers, pool houses and alarms;
• Animals e.g. dogs, cats, crows;
• Use of loud speaker, amplifier, musical instrument, electrical or mechanical device for 
religious activities;
• Aircrafts and speed boats;
• Neighbourhood; 
• Machinery (generator sets, compressors, air conditioning units, boilers, pumps, 
motors);
• Others, including construction works, road infrastructural works, public gathering, 
vibration, ice cream sellers, vendor shouts.
 HEALTH EFFECTS OF NOISE
POLLUTION
 Hearing Loss ( including occupational hearing loss)
 Stress
 High Blood pressure
 Sleep Loss
 Distraction
 Productivity Loss
 Cause Irritability,
 headache
 Annoying and interfere with communications.
NOISE REGULATIONS IN MAURITIUS
Environmental Standards for
Noise (Amendment) Regulations
2003
A Sound
Level
Meter Is
Used To
Measure
Noise Levels.
 NOISE ABATEMENT
TECHNOLOGIES
Installation of barriers between the noise source and 
the receiver

Use of acoustics in the design of building such as 
double glazing

Installation of panels or enclosures

Green belt development such as the attenuation of 
sound levels by plantation of trees and shrubs can
 Exercise
• Choose one product from anywhere 
in the Faculty.
• Present in front of the class why it is 
the eco‐friendly product.
References

• USEPA, 2007. Online literature from www.epa.gov
• Rao, M.N. and Rao, H. V. N., 1993. Air Pollution, Tata Mc‐
Graw Hill, New Delhi.
• Murty, B. P., 2004. Environmental Meteorology, I.K. 
International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
• Nevers, N.D. 2000. Air Pollution Control Engineering, 
Second Edition, Pub., McGraw Hill, New York.
• Cheremisinoff, N.P., 2002. Handbook of Air Pollution 
Prevention and Control, Pub., Butterworth‐Heinemann, 
Elsevier Science, USA.
 CITATION
•http://www.buzzle.com/articles/c  auses‐
and‐effects‐of‐land‐ pollution.html
•http://www.buzzle.com/articles/pr  
evention‐of‐land‐pollution.html
•http://www.all‐recycling‐ facts.com/cause‐
of‐land‐ pollution.html