Varshitha - Technical Seminar Report

ULTRA-WIDE BAND TECHNOLOGIES
Technical Seminar Report submitted to
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi, Karnataka- 590 014
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
INDUSTRIAL ENGINNERING AND MANAGEMENT
Submitted by:
VARSHITHA H 1JS17IM043
Under the guidance of -
Dr. D R Swamy Dr. Rashmi S

Professor Assistant Professor
Department of IE&M Department of IE&M
Department of Industrial Engineering and Management

JSS Academy of Technical Education
Uttarahalli, Kengeri Main Road, Bengaluru-560060
2020-2021
DECLARATION
I, Varshitha H, hereby declare that the technical seminar report entitled “Ultra-Wide Band
Technology (UWB)” is prepared by me under the guidance of faculty of IE&M Department,
JSS Academy of Technical Education.
I also declare that this technical seminar report is towards the partial fulfilment of the
university regulations for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Department of
Industrial Engineering and Management under the Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belgaum during the year 2020-2021.
I further declare that this report is based on original study undertaken by me and has
not been submitted for the award of any degree/diploma from any other University/Institution.
Place: Bengaluru
Signature of the Student

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible. With this gratitude, I
acknowledge all those whose guidance and encouragement helped my effort with success.
First and foremost, I would like to express my profound gratefulness to his Holiness
Jagadguru Sri Sri Sri Shivarathri Deshikendra Maha Swamiji for his divine blessings,
without which work would not have been possible.
I would like to take immense pleasure in thanking Dr. Mrityunjaya V Latte, Principal, JSS
Academy of Technical Education, for providing an opportunity to present this work as a part
of curriculum in the partial fulfilment of the degree.
I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. D R Swamy, Professor, Dr. Rashmi S, Assistant
Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, for providing me the great
opportunity and guidance throughout.
I extend my immense pleasure in thanking Dr. W. Yerriswamy, Associate professor and Head
of the Department, Industrial Engineering and Management, for providing me the
encouragement to carry out my work.
I take this opportunity to thank my family and friends for continuous support and co-operation.
Yours sincerely,
Varshitha H
Technical Seminar Report on UWB
CONTENTS
SL.
TOPICS PAGE NO.
NO
1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Comparison of Technologies 2
3.0 UWB Background 4
4.0 Literature Review 5
Working 6
5.0 5.1. UWB Transmission 8
5.2. UWB Positioning 9
6.0 Characteristics of UWB 9
7.0 Advantages of UWB 11
8.0 Applications and Future Scope 12
9.0 Barriers for Implementation 15
10.0 Conclusion 16
References 17
JSSATE, Dept. of Industrial Engineering and Management

Technical seminar report on UWB
1.0.Introduction
Technology has made all the activities of human life simplified and effortless. The
advancement of technologies has changed the world to a significant level. Technological
innovations have been ramping ever since the 18th centuries when the industrial revolution
has begun. With technological advancements, sharing information becomes easier through
computers, mobiles and other devices that allow communication. In the beginning, the
sharing of data and communication was only because of wired devices. Wired devices arises
the topic of networking wherein a group of computers were connected and managed centrally
via many cables that made the entire system complex and limited. Then telecommunications
and computer firms considered the need for an open, low-cost interface to facilitate
communication between devices without the use of cables. Then originates the technology
named ‘Bluetooth’, which uses short-range radio communications to replace wired
connections between electronic devices such as cell phones, Personal Digital Assistants
(PDA), computers, and many other devices. To improve the application of this breakthrough
technology Bluetooth extensive studies and research were, conducted leading to the
development of the ‘Ultra-Wide Band' (UWB) that has higher transmission speed, accuracy
that operates on exclusive spectrum.
Bluetooth embarked the era of wireless communication, making it easier for transmission of
data over connections in the maximum range of 10 meters in the surrounding environment.
Later, as the importance of networking grew, Wi-Fi technology was created, which works
within the range of one or more routers linked to the Internet. In order enhance the
applicability of the technology and integration with newer concept of making the devices
communicate the ‘Ultra-Wide Band’ (UWB) came into existence since February 2002, when
the Federal Communications Commission, (FCC, 2002) finally allowed the unlicensed use of
UWB systems in radar, public safety and data communication applications.
Historically, UWB radar systems were developed mainly as a military tool because they
could “see through” trees and beneath ground surfaces. But nowadays it is a new engineering
technology that is widely being used in on consumer electronics and communications. UWB
acts a means of achieving trade-offs in wireless communication such as the distance between
transmitter and receiver; Speed of data transmission; Processing large amount of data and
simultaneously allow multi devices to communicate. Also because of the wide range of
JSSATE, Dept. of Industrial Engineering and Management Page 1

bandwidth of UWB working it has lesser chance of interfering with nearby devices which
helps in smooth functioning of all the gadgets in the surrounding environment.
2.0. Comparison of Technologies
Automation has been developed worldwide and gaining more interest as the area of
research and development. It integrates many advanced disciplines such as communication,
information, computer, control, sensor, and actuator engineering to produce innovative
solutions, improved performance, and comprehensive systems. One of the major topics that
are of higher focus in present times is automated communication of devices through the
Internet of Things (IoT). Devices that are rapidly developed under Industrial 4.0 necessitate
dynamic network creation, low-cost, and easy-to-deploy technology. Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-
Fi, and UWB are examples of small yet extremely useful devices that correspond to the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers standard (IEEE) 802.15.1, 802.15.3,
802.15.4, and 802.11a/b/g standards, respectively and they are defined as follows:
• Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1):

Is a wireless radio technology meant to replace cables for computer peripherals such
as mouse, keyboards, joysticks, and printers across short distances and at a low cost.
This range of applications is known as wireless personal area network (WPAN).
• ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4):
It specifies standards for low rate WPAN (LR-WPAN) for supporting basic devices
that consume minimum power and generally function in the personal operating space
(POS) of ten meters allowing for self-organized, multi-hop, and reliable mesh
networking with extended battery life.
• Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (IEEE 802.11a/b/g):
It specifies for wireless local area networks (WLAN). It enables users to surf the
internet at broadband rates while connected to an access point (AP) or ad hoc mode.
• UWB:
It is used as a high-speed wireless indoor short-range communication. One of the most
interesting features of UWB is that it is more than 110 Mbps (up to 480 Mbps) in
bandwidth which can meet most of UWB's multimedia applications such as home
network audio and video transmission and can also replace high-speed serial bus like
USB 2.0 and IEEE 1394 with wireless cable.

The above technologies operate on same function of helping devices communicate but
differentiate in the technological specification as mentioned in the table 1.
Table 1. Comparison of Technologies
Characters Bluetooth Zigbee Wi-Fi UWB
Frequency 868/915 MHz;

2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz; 5 GHz 3.1-10.6 GHz
band 2.4 GHz
Extension of Cluster tree, ESS (Extended

Scatternet Peer-to-peer
the basic cell Mesh Service Set)
16-bit CRC (Cyclic

Data
Redundancy 16-bit CRC 32-bit CRC 32-bit CRC
protection
Check)
Max number
8 > 65000 2007 8
of cell nodes
Channel 0.3/0.6 MHz; 500 MHz - 7.5

1 MHz 22 MHz
bandwidth 2 MHz GHz
Normalized
energy High Very High Low Very Low
consumption
Figure 1. UWB Uniqueness

Considering the comparison study conducted by Jin-Shyan Lee et al., (2007) the results were
tabulated in the above table. It could be seen that UWB has very high bandwidth making it more
useful as shown in figure 1. It has the ability to have end-to-end peer connectivity with devices and
communicate real time information accurately.
3.0. UWB Background
Ultra-Wideband technology extends back to the early days of radio, when G. Marconi
used spark-gap transmitters in transatlantic radio communication. In 1893, Heinrich Hertz
used a spark discharge to produce electromagnetic waves in his experiment. Most of the
developments that have taken place since then have occurred in the military domain, with
radars and intercept communications leading the way in R&D. The figure 2 below represents
historical development of the UWB technology.
Figure 2. Evolution of UWB
UWB is a radio technology that use a low power density for short-range, high-bandwidth
communications over a large portion of the radio spectrum. The technology evolved
significantly in the mid-twentieth century, primarily in the United States, where it was first
utilised for radar, sensing, military communications, and specialised applications. On closely
observing the growing interest in the UWB technology FCC made the official statement to
use the unlicensed version later restricted the technology with stricter rules on frequency
range that is allowed. The use of high bandwidth transmission offers a variety of advantages,
including precise range, fading propagation resilience, superior obstructions, covered

operation, resistance to jamming, rejection of interferences and coexistence with narrow-

bandwidth systems. These advantages of high bandwidth help UWB communications and
ranging. Ultra-wideband is capable of usage in a variety of commercial applications, from
low to ultra-high speed wireless networks to remote sensing, tracking equipment, ground
penetration radars and many more uses that have yet to be created.
4.0. Literature Review
The official definition of UWB by the FCC is as any signal that occupies more than 500
MHz bandwidth in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz band and that meets the spectrum mask shown in
Figure 3. The larger bandwidth benefits from very high temporal resolution, and multipath
components can usually be accurately resolved.
Figure 3. Spectral Mask for UWB (Licensed by FCC,2002)
Ultra-wideband’ is also addressed as ‘fast frequency chirp’, ‘super wideband’, ‘impulse’,

‘non-sinusoidal’, ‘carrierless’, ‘short-pulse’, ‘time domain’, and ‘mono-pulse’ (Taylor, 1995).
The UWB System works on low power in a variety of frequencies to comply with emissions
of FCC Part 15. UWB offers a low likelihood of interception and a low probability of
detection as a spread-spectrum technology, making it more suitable for covert military or

sensitive application scenarios (Fontana, 2000). Many studies suggest that the invention of
UWB has ushered a new era in short-range communication systems. According to P.
Martigne et al., (2006) UWB which facilitates robust communications and high-precision
ranging capabilities that is highly used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs).
According to several studies, there are a variety of ultra-wide-band wireless sensor network
applications:
• Locating and imaging of objects and environments (Thomas et al., 2007)

• Perimeter Intrusion Detection (Yuheng et al., 2007)
• Video Surveillance (Huang et al., 2007)
• In-Vehicle Sensing (Li et al., 2007)
• Outdoor Sports Monitoring (Oppenmann et al., 2004)
• Monitoring of highways, bridges, and other civil infrastructure (Mehta et al., 2004)
The usage of a sensory network in UWB makes it easier to transfer information over a vast
network, and transmission across many pathways also improves the durability of the network
in the event of a single node failure (Mainwaring et al., 2004; Estrin et al.,2001; K. Romer
and F. Mattern, 2004). The real time location information is obtained from the both spatial
and temporal correlation from closely spaced sensors which continuously monitor and control
systems through data analysis (J.-F. Chamberland and V. V. Veeravalli, 2003; K. Bai and C.
Tepedelenlioglu, 2008). A series of optimization approaches, such as a medium algorithm, as
well as many others, have been utilised for improving UWB's efficiency and computer results
through thorough testing. (Angarano et al., 2021).
5.0. Working
The basic waveform that employed in a UWB system is an approximation to an impulse,

such as that varies from normal wave as shown in Fig. 4. The short duration of the pulse is
associated with large inherent bandwidth; hence, the nomenclature “Ultra-Wideband” with
fractional bandwidth given by formula:
𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿
𝐵𝑓 = 2
𝑓𝐻 + 𝑓𝐿
Where, fL is the lower and fH is the higher 3 dB point in a spectrum.

Figure 4. Difference between Narrow and UWB communication
The wave is obtained by performing Time of Flight (ToF) measurements between the
devices. The TOF is calculated by measuring the roundtrip time of challenge/response
packets as shown in figure 5. Depending on the application (for example, asset tracking or
device localization), the mobile or stationary UWB device estimates the specific position of
the device. When operating an indoor navigation service, the device must know its relative
location to the permanent UWB anchors and calculate its position on the area map.
Figure 5. Calculation of Time of Flight (ToF)
UWB employs a very wide channel bandwidth (500 MHz) with brief pulses of roughly 2
nanoseconds apiece, allowing for centimetre precision. Because the UWB positioning process

occurs in a millisecond, the motions of the mobile device may be tracked very accurately in
real time where signal are created as the following figure 6.
Figure 6. UWB signal formation
5.1. UWB Transmission
There are two different approaches are adopted for data transmission based on the
applications:
• Ultra-short pulses in the picosecond range (also called impulse radios):
This method is less expensive, but the signal-to-noise ratio suffers as a result.
In general, impulse radio transmission does not require the use of a carrier, resulting in
less complexity compared to typical narrowband transceivers (i.e., simpler transceiver
design) because the signal is emitted directly via the UWB antenna.
• Subdividing the total UWB bandwidth into a set of broadband Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) channels:
This approach exploits the spectrum more efficiently and offers better
performance and data throughput at the expense of increased complexity (i.e., requires
signal processing), and power consumption.

5.2. UWB Positioning
The position of a target node, such as a wireless sensor or cellular phone, is calculated in
a wireless positioning system based on signals flowing between that node and a number of
reference (anchor) nodes. The system is classified as a remote positioning (network-centric
positioning) or self-positioning system depending on whether the position is calculated at a
central unit or by the node itself.
Figure 7. Two-step positioning
Step 1: The position related parameters, such as time of arrival (TOA) and angle of arrival
(AOA), are extracted from the signals traveling between the target and reference nodes.
Step 2: Then the position is estimated based on the position related parameters obtained in
the first step.
6.0. Characteristics of UWB
UWB signals extremely short can readily be distinguished by following technical

characteristics:
• Power Spectral Density:

UWB systems is generally considered to be extremely low of 0.0013 W, especially for
communication applications.
• Pulse Shape:
A typical received UWB pulse shape is known as a Gaussian doublet.
• Pulse Trains:
Pulses are sent at regular intervals, which is sometimes called the pulse repetition rate
or the duty cycle in shape of square, Gaussian-like, Gaussian doublets.
• Multipath:
UWB systems are often characterized as multipath immune or multipath resistant i.e.,
the system allows less interference of other reflections or refractions.

• Penetration Characteristics:
UWB communication system that has been raised is the ability of pulses to easily
penetrate walls, doors, partitions, and other objects in the home and office environment.
• Spatial and Spectral Capacities:
UWB is extremely efficient in terms of spatial capacity with 318.3 kbps/m2 than
spectral capacity of 0.013 Hz.
• Speed of Data Transmission:
UWB transmission is between 110 Mbps and 480 Mbps. This is fast compared with
current wireless and wired standards.
• Price:
UWB is priced at $19.95 for 100,000 units and to reduce costs, during later product
cycles more functionality is implemented on fewer chips, reducing die area and, thus,
manufactured cost
• Size:
UWB are wireless circuit will be small enough to fit into a Memory Stick or SD Card.
• Power Consumption:
Power consumption is expected to decrease as more efficient circuits are designed and
more signal processing is done on smaller chips at lower operating voltages.
These unique specifications of frequency and bandwidth of UWB make it more powerful and
increases its applicability. The ranges are ash shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8. UWB operating frequency bands

7.0. Advantages of UWB
The higher wide bandwidth of UWB signals enables superior performance over
traditional narrow-band systems and especially in location tracking on the real time basis by
being advantageous as following:
• By spreading the information over a large bandwidth, the spectral density of the
transmit signal can be made very low. This decreases the probability of intercept (for
military communications), as well as the interference to narrowband receivers.
• The spreading over a large bandwidth increases the immunity to narrowband
interference and ensures good multiple-access (MA) capabilities.
• The fine-time resolution implies high temporal diversity, which can be used to
mitigate the detrimental effects of fading.
• Propagation conditions can be different for the different frequency components.
Some of the key benefits that can be derived from UWB technology are as follows:
• High data rate wireless transmission:

Due to the ultra-wide bandwidth of several GHz, UWB systems can support more than 500
Mb/s data transmission rate within the range of 10 m, which enables various new services
and applications.
• Low loss penetration:

UWB systems can penetrate obstacles and thus operate under both line-of-sight (LOS) and
non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments.
• Fading robustness:
UWB systems are immune to multipath fading and capable of resolving multipath
components even in dense multipath environments. The transceiver complexity can be
reduced by taking the advantages of the fading robustness. The resolvable paths can be
combined to enhance system performance.
• Security:
For UWB signal, the power spectral density is very low. Since UWB systems operate below
the noise floor, it is extremely difficult for unintended users to detect UWB signals.
Probability of intercept is low in UWB. The UWB system is also difficult to be interfered
with because of its huge bandwidth.
• High precision ranging:

Due to the nanosecond duration of typical UWB pulses, UWB systems have good time-
domain resolution and can provide centimetre accuracy for location and tracking
applications.
• Coexistence:
The unique character of low power spectral density allows UWB system to coexist with
other services such as cellular systems, wireless local area networks (WLAN), global
positioning systems (GPS), etc.
• Low-cost transceiver implementation:

Because of low power of UWB signals, the RF chip and baseband chip can be integrated
into a single chip using CMOS technology. The up-converter, downconverter, and power
amplifier commonly used in a narrowband system are not necessary for UWB systems. The
UWB can provide a low-cost transceiver solution for high data rate transmission. UWB
systems communicate by modulating a train of pulses instead of a carrier. The carrier less
nature of UWB results in simple, low power transceiver circuitry, which does not require
intermediate mixers and oscillators.
To make the most of UWB, a smaller variant known as ‘U-tags' that is battery-free has nearly
limitless or unconstrained lives without human intervention, and they are less expensive to
create. Also, UWB radio transmissions, which are far more difficult to detect, intercept, and
jam than traditional narrowband frequencies, are used to remotely power durable, energy-
efficient passive tags. U-Tag has a major edge over competitors because to its long-range,
battery-free, energy scavenging capability, and inexpensive cost.
8.0. Applications and Future Scope
Ultra-wideband is capable of being used in a multitude of commercial applications

ranging from wireless networks (scalable from low to ultra-high speeds) to remote sensing
and tracking devices, ground penetrating radars, as well as many more applications that have

yet to be invented. Consumers will most immediately benefit from UWB that is optimized for
wireless home networks. This architecture allows multimedia- enabled devices to send and
receive multiple streams of digital audio and video at price points and power consumption
levels currently unattainable with existing solutions.
The potential applications in Wireless Communications Systems include:
i. High speed local and personal area networks:

Regardless of the envisioned environment (home, office, hot spot), very high data rates
(> 1 Gbit/s) have to be provided – either due to high peak data rates, high numbers of
users, or both.
ii. Location based services:

To supply the user with the information he/she currently needs, at any place and any
time (e.g., location aware services in museums or at exhibitions), the users’ position has
to be accurately measured. UWB techniques may be used to accommodate positioning
techniques and data transmission in a single system for indoor and outdoor operation.
iii. Home Networking and Home Electronics:

One of the most promising commercial application areas for UWB technology is
wireless connectivity of different home electronic systems. It is thought that many
electronics manufacturers are investigating UWB as the wireless means to connect
together devices such as televisions, DVD players, camcorders, and audio systems,
which would remove some of the wiring clutter in the living room. This is particularly
important when we consider the bit rate needed for high-definition television that is in
excess of 30Mbps over a distance of at least a few meters.
iv. Precise asset location:

UWB can measure distance and location to an accuracy of 5 to 10 cm, while Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, and other narrowband radio systems can only reach an accuracy of several
meters. The data transmitted include synchronization preamble, tag identification, data
field, forward error correction, and control bits.
Application with respective to different sectors include:
• Military communications:

Wireless communication technologies the military has been the major driving force
behind the development of UWB. In particular, radar applications have been developed
by the military for many years and found to be more accurate because of the high
penetration power.
• Construction industry:
UWB aids in the placement and tracking of construction resources using automated
real-time three-dimensional location sensing. The initial field test involved placing a
worker wearing a UWB on his or her helmet, then on steel beams, and finally at a
permanent location on the infrastructure. A reference tag should be positioned in the
middle of the space monitored, in line of sight of the receivers or receiver subgroups.
All hardware components (receivers, cables, hub, and processing unit) should be placed
near the observation area's perimeter. A total station is used to establish the three-
dimensional position of the receivers and reference tag before measuring the tag
positions.
• Medical Field:
UWB technology is very powerful and promising in the area of medical monitoring. It
can not only monitor the motion of the patient, the vital signs inside human body by
wireless RF waves, it can also be used in monitoring the medicine storage. The key
applications include Cardiology Imaging, Pneumology Imaging, Obstetrics Imaging,
and Ear-Nose-Throat Imaging.
• Manufacturing site/ Indoor facility:

UWB is ideally used for on-site real-time safety management an intelligent approach is
deployed to check for risky events before they occur and to timely relay warning
signals to workers, in order to prevent possible consequences and a context aware
system should be deployed over all site. Due to its positioning accuracy and real-time
tracking capability, UWB technology can be very suitable for safety management.
• Robotic Process Automation:

A robot must be able to autonomously explore its own space in order to operate
independently and effectively. An intelligent methodology integrating UWB

technology and path planning system for autonomous mobile robots to improve their
navigation functions in dynamic indoor working environments. In order to generate
location data, a UWB tag was attached to the robot which allowed four UWB sensors to
calculate its location sufficiently accurate for the robot navigation.
• Mining environments:
Underground mining operations are considered as hazardous industrial activity because
of the poorer ventilation/visibility, the dangers of rock falls, and the presence of toxic
gas. In emergencies, wireless communication may become vital for survival, for
example, during a disaster, the conventional wired communication system may become
unreliable, necessitating a wireless radio system. In this case, UWB was selected owing
to its asset in ranging accuracy, pre-eminently in cluttered environments and its ability
to penetrate obstacles, UWB based wireless sensor network (WSN) as solution for
localization the equipment and miners in underground mines is described and analysed.
The future UWB developments and drivers that may shape future evolutions of this
technology are:
• Integral part of 4G/5G communications networks.

• Very high data rate requirements driven by the development of 3D imaging technology
and applications;
• Digital implementation solutions; and
• Super-high density wireless sensor networks.
9.0. Barriers for Implementation
UWB technology is allowed by FCC with certain constraints and used limitedly
consumed by the consumers and also has following challenges:
• Integrating UWB technologies with existing devices need a sophisticated interface.

Tags for UWB-based location and pairing system are more expensive than tags used
in other technologies such as Bluetooth and RFID.
• Though UWB technologies have vast benefits it cannot replace Bluetooth and Wi-Fi
technologies for large data transfers because of its low data transmission rate, thus
making it unsuitable for streaming large data.

• UWB technology supports carrier less transmission. However, transmitting data or

signal without a carrier leads to complex signal processing, inapplicability of super-
resolution beamforming, and antenna form factor.
• The UWB technology has issues of co-existence and interference with other radio-
based technologies.
• The use of this novel technology is still under research and has a slower adoption rate
in present times.
• The cost concern is also another major factor should be considered during the
implementation, with respect to the hardware components.
Though UWB has numerous advantages it does posses’ certain barriers in successful
implementation. The adoption of this technology is topic of research to leverage the methods
of implementation by the big players of the market who will revolutionize the existing
gadgets.
10.0. Conclusion
Ubiquitous computing has changed the scenario of industry greatly along with the rapid
development of wireless monitor and tracking technology. As a new kind of radio signal,
UWB can provide precise positioning over longer ranges or throughout buildings in a number
of fields to facilitate better decision making due to its unique technical features. UWB is used
successfully in a variety of industries, such as military affairs, medicine and engineering.
UWB technology is especially suitable for the implementation of sensor networks.
This technology offers: good geolocation capabilities; High robustness to interference and
small-scale fading (when using coherent receivers); Low-complexity receivers (when using
noncoherent receivers) and transmitters; similarly, low energy consumption can be achieved.
UWB is breakthrough technology that will bring a great transition in life style of people once
it is adopted by electronics designers in smartphones and mobile devices and helps in creating
safer working environments.

References
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applications in industry: a critical review. Journal of Civil Engineering and
Management, 17(3), 437-444.
3. Lakkundi, V. (2006). Ultra-wideband communications: History, evolution and
emergence. Acta Polytechnica, 46(4).
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of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (pp. 46-51). Ieee.
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(2008). Voice and file transmission using bluetooth technology.
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15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-wideband\

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ULTRA-WIDE BAND TECHNOLOGIES

Technical Seminar Report submitted to

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of

Under the guidance of -

Dr. D R Swamy Dr. Rashmi S

Department of Industrial Engineering and Management

Technology (UWB)” is prepared by me under the guidance of faculty of IE&M Department,

JSS Academy of Technical Education.

university regulations for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Department of

Industrial Engineering and Management under the Visvesvaraya Technological University,

Belgaum during the year 2020-2021.

Signature of the Student

without which work would not have been possible.

of curriculum in the partial fulfilment of the degree.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. D R Swamy, Professor, Dr. Rashmi S, Assistant

opportunity and guidance throughout.

of the Department, Industrial Engineering and Management, for providing me the

encouragement to carry out my work.

2.0 Comparison of Technologies 2

3.0 UWB Background 4

4.0 Literature Review 5

5.0 5.1. UWB Transmission 8

5.2. UWB Positioning 9

6.0 Characteristics of UWB 9

7.0 Advantages of UWB 11

8.0 Applications and Future Scope 12

9.0 Barriers for Implementation 15

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2.0. Comparison of Technologies

• Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1):

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Table 1. Comparison of Technologies

Characters Bluetooth Zigbee Wi-Fi UWB

Frequency 868/915 MHz;

Extension of Cluster tree, ESS (Extended

16-bit CRC (Cyclic

Channel 0.3/0.6 MHz; 500 MHz - 7.5

Figure 1. UWB Uniqueness

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3.0. UWB Background

Figure 2. Evolution of UWB

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operation, resistance to jamming, rejection of interferences and coexistence with narrow-

4.0. Literature Review

Figure 3. Spectral Mask for UWB (Licensed by FCC,2002)

Ultra-wideband’ is also addressed as ‘fast frequency chirp’, ‘super wideband’, ‘impulse’,

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• Locating and imaging of objects and environments (Thomas et al., 2007)

The basic waveform that employed in a UWB system is an approximation to an impulse,

Where, fL is the lower and fH is the higher 3 dB point in a spectrum.

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Figure 4. Difference between Narrow and UWB communication

Figure 5. Calculation of Time of Flight (ToF)

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Figure 6. UWB signal formation

5.1. UWB Transmission

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5.2. UWB Positioning

Figure 7. Two-step positioning

6.0. Characteristics of UWB

UWB signals extremely short can readily be distinguished by following technical