INTRODUCTION

 Southern Crest Commodities is one of the Coal Importer / Trading in India. We have
been providing Fuel Management solutions predominately with imported thermal coal
but also pet coke, anthracite, sized coal, etc.

 It was not a facile route to success for us to craft our unique identity and emerge as one of
the unparalleled coal industries in India.

 The best working team of professionals and years of competence in the allied field of
interest is what made us flourish our coal business all over the nation and made us
leading coal traders in the country.

 An effective and reliable procurement procedure has greatly aided in identifying and
reviewing suppliers and enhancing our performance status, reduce overall cycle time, and
elevate customer contentment rate.

 Our ethical approach and use of latest technical procedures has enabled us to garner huge
client base in the national market and create a prominent place among our each and every
customer of India.

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 COMPANY PROFILE

 Name:

SOUTHERN CREST COMMODITY.

 Address:

No. 682, Anna Salai, N S House, Link Road, Nandanam, Chennai – 600 035,
Tamil Nadu, India.

 Year of establishment:

2020.

 Managing Director:

SYED IBRAHIM S.

 Email:

Southerncrest2020@gmail.com

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 No of workers:

70.

 Mobile number:

+91 9840530382, +91 8838921750.

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ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE:

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DEPARTMENTS:

 HR DEPARTMENT

 SALES DEPARTMENT

 IMPORT AND EXPORT DEPARTMENT

 ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT

 STOCK DEPARTMENT

 MARKETING DEPARTMENT

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HR DEPARTMENT:

A company's human resource department is tasked with the training and development of
its workers, who are considered some of the company's most important resources. Also
known as human resources (HR), the human resource department's mission is to make
sure the company's employees are adequately managed, appropriately compensated, and
effectively trained. The department is also responsible for recruiting, hiring, firing, and
administering benefits.

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SALES DEPARTMENT:

A sales department is the direct link between a company’s product or service and its
customers. However, a well-trained sales department does more than making sales. Your
sales staff builds relationships with your customers. Further, a quality salesperson helps
identify a customer’s unique needs and makes sure that those needs are met. Since
salespeople have direct contact with your customers on an ongoing basis, they become
privy to personal information that helps make sales interactions smoother and friendlier.
A highly trained sales professional tailors’ sales pitches to the individual customer and
learns the ins and outs of their needs.

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COAL:

 We are one of the foremost exporters, importers and suppliers of imported coal all over
India.

 We render an extensive range of imported coal varieties that are obtained from highly
reliable sources, have better generation capacity, high calorific value and superior quality
processes, thereby making us the sought after imported coal suppliers in the country.

 The wide range of national coal varieties offered by us, are of superior quality with high
carbon content and user specified calorific value, making us the leading suppliers of
Indian coal to various industries.

 We procure coal from only trustworthy sources, well-known mines and extract it under
expert supervision.

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INDONESIAN COAL:

 We are well-known Indonesian steam coal suppliers with the coal obtained from
extremely reputed coal mines in Indonesia and thus, are widely appreciated for their high
thermal efficiency and its superior standard.

 This coal variety has been extensively used by a wide range of industries and can be
availed at economical prices only with us.

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SOUTH AFRICAN COAL:

 We are one of the pioneer South African coal suppliers in India, which has found a
significant place in a broad spectrum of industrial applications. This coal is low in
moisture, contains high carbon or ash content along with a higher calorific value.

 We are known for the supply of finest quality of coal at reasonable prices to our clients.

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AUSTRALIAN COAL:

 Our ability to offer superior quality coal at prices affordable by the market has made us
one of the renowned Australian Coal suppliers and importers of the nation.

 This coal has applications in the power industry, steel industry, solvent industry, etc. due
to its high carbon content, effective heating capacity, and low moisture.

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RAW CASHEW NUTS:

 We import raw cashew nuts from African regions (Gambia, Bissau, Ivory Cost, Ghana,
and Tanzania).

 We are acknowledged as one of the topmost Cashew Nuts Importers and Suppliers in
India.

 India is one of the largest cashew processors in the world but cashew cultivation is less.
Only 20% to 25% of the cashew is cultivated in India.

 Rest of the cashew must be imported from African countries. There is a huge demand in
India for raw cashew nuts.

 We have good business partners in African countries; we started importing raw cashews
from African countries and supply to Indian cashew processors directly from them after
several quality tests.

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 The Cashew tree (Anacardium Occidental) is a tropical evergreen native to the Americas
but is now widely cultivated in Asia and Africa.

 Cashew in its natural form is a soft, white, meaty kernel contained within the hard shells
of kidney shaped, raw cashew nuts.

 Cashew is consumed all over the world as a snack or used as a food ingredient.

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IRON ORE:

 Iron Ore includes all grades of ore with Iron content. When listing Iron Ore please state
clearly the analysis or percentage of Iron content and other details as to the quality of the
Ore.

 Please also state the form of the material eg: screened to minus one inch, Iron Ore fines,
lump, low grade etc.

 The exchange allows Iron Ore purchasers to link with suppliers, matching importers,
exporters, traders and Iron Ore mines.

 The online market facilitates trading between miners and manufacturers to negotiate
directly in the buying or selling of Iron Ore.

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 Current market trends show strong demand in China and India resulting in an increased
demand for supply from Iron Ore companies or producers in Brazil, Australia and
Canada.

SPICES:

 Black Pepper: Black pepper is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for
its fruit, known as a peppercorn, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning.

 When fresh and fully mature, the fruit is about 5 mm in diameter and dark red, and
contains a single seed, like all.

 Cardamom, also spelled cardamon, spice consisting of whole or ground dried fruits, or
seeds, of Elettaria cardamomum, a herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family
(Zingiberaceae).

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 The seeds have a warm, slightly pungent, and highly aromatic flavor somewhat
reminiscent of camphor.

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2
LIMESTONE:

 Limestone is a sedimentary rock such as greater than 50% calcium carbonate (calcite –
CaCO3). There are many exceptional kinds of limestone formed thru a ramification of
tactics.

 It may be precipitated from water (non-clastic, chemical or inorganic limestone),

secreted by using marine organisms including algae and coral (biochemical limestone), or
can shape from the shells of lifeless sea creatures (bioclastic limestone).

 Some limestones form from the cementation of sand and / or mud by way of calcite
(clastic limestone), and these often have the appearance of sandstone or mudstone.

 As calcite is the precept mineral thing of limestone, it will fizz in dilute hydrochloric
acid.

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Different Uses of Limestone:

 Agriculture
 Industries
 Construction and Architecture

Classification of Limestone:

Two major classification schemes, the Folk and the Dunham are used for identifying limestone
and carbonate rocks.

 The Dunham classification is similar to that of clastic rocks, in that it clearly shows the
role of energy in sediment accumulation.
 The main distinction between rock types is based upon the relative abundance of
allochems (framework grains) and matrix.
 Cement is treated as open pore space.

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Mudstones:

Some restrict mudstone through grain stone to carbonate rocks that contain "framework" gains of
sand size and smaller. Wackestones with particles greater than sand size are sometimes referred
to as floatstones. Pack stones and grain stones with grains larger than sand size can be called
rudstones.

Mudstones are composed of at least 90% carboante mud . In hand sample , it is often extremely
difficult to distinguish between mud and cloudy calcite spar cement.

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 OUR VISION:

 To provide the best customer service at cost-effective rates and emerge as a tough
competitor to Indian coal Companies and become a leading global player in the coal
sector by inculcating ethical measures, best mine-to-market practices, social reliability,
and contentment along with environmental care and maintenance.

OUR MISSION:

 To produce high-end coal in an efficient, economical manner and with the highest safety
standards, purity, and conservation.

 Objectives that pave the way for our core values are integrity, innovation, motivation, a
good work environment, the use of resources in an effective and efficient way, and
render reliable services to our clients.

Exports and Imports Means:

 The history of importing and exporting dates back to the Roman Empire, when
European and Asian traders imported and exported goods across the vast lands of
Eurasia. Trading along the Silk Road flourished during the thirteenth and fourteenth c

 Carden with imports from China and India came over the desert to Constantinople and
Alexandria. From there, Italian ships transported the goods to European ports.

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 For centuries, importing and exporting has often involved intermediaries, due in part to
the long distances traveled and different native languages spoken. The spice trade of the
1400s was no exception.

 Spices were very much in demand because Europeans had no refrigeration, which
meant they had to preserve meat using large amounts of salt or risk eating half-rotten
flesh. Spices disguised the otherwise poor flavor of the meat.

 Europeans also used spices as medicines. The European demand for spices gave rise to
the spice trade. The trouble was that spices were difficult to obtain because they grew in
jungles half a world away from Europe.

 The overland journey to the spice-rich lands was arduous and involved many
middlemen along the way. Each middleman charged a fee and thus raised the price of
the spice at each point. By the end of the journey, the price of the spice was inflated
1,000 percent.

 Exporting is defined as the sale of products and services in foreign countries that are
sourced or made in the home country. Importing is the flipside of exporting.

 Importing refers to buying goods and services from foreign sources and bringing them
back into the home country. Importing is also known as global sourcing.

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Why do Companies exports?

 Companies export because it’s the easiest way to participate in global trade, it’s a less
costly investment than the other entry strategies, and it’s much easier to simply stop
exporting than it is to extricate oneself from the other entry modes.

 An export partner in the form of either a distributor or an export management company

can facilitate this process.

 An Export Management Company (EMC) is an independent company that performs the

duties that a firm’s own export department would execute.

 The EMC handles the necessary documentation, finds buyers for the export, and takes
title of the goods for direct export. In return, the EMC charges a fee or commission for its
services.

 Because an EMC performs all the functions that a firm’s export department would, the
firm doesn’t have to develop these internal capabilities. Most of all, exporting gives a
company quick access to new markets.

Benefits of Exporting: Vitrac

 Egyptian company Vitrac was founded by Mounir Fakhry Abdel Nour to take advantage
of Egypt’s surplus fruit products. At its inception, Vitrac sourced local fruit, made it into
jam, and exported it worldwide. Vitrac has acquired money, market, and manufacturing
advantages from exporting.

 Market: The company has access to a new market, which has brought added revenues.

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  Money: Not only has Vitrac earned more revenue, but it has also gained access to foreign
currency, which benefits companies located in certain regions of the world, such as in
Vitrac’s home country of Egypt.
 Manufacturing: The cost to manufacture a given unit decreased because Vitrac has been
able to manufacture at higher volumes and buy source materials in higher volumes, thus
benefitting from volume discounts.

Risks Of Exporting:

 There are risks in relying on the export option. If you merely export to a country, the
distributor or buyer might switch to or at least threaten to switch to a cheaper supplier in
order to get a better price. Or someone might start making the product locally and take
the market from you.

 Also, local buyers sometimes believe that a company which only exports to them isn’t
very committed to providing long-term service and support once a sale is complete. Thus,
they may prefer to buy from someone who’s producing directly within the country.

 At this point, many companies begin to reconsider having a local presence, which moves
them toward one of the other entry options.

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The Primary function of carbonite rocks is through weathering and erosion, to provide
cement found within clastic rocks. Carbonates are rocks of at least 50% calcite and
dolomite and are produced primarily through biological (limestone) and diagenetic
(dolostone) processes.

Classification of Carbonate rocks

As with clastic, there are many schemes for classifying carbonate rocks.The two most
commonly used are referred to as"Dunham"and"Folk" named for the individual who
devised them. Because of the difficulty of distinguish between matrix and cement in
carbonate rocks most current classifications are based on thin-section analyses.

The dunham classification is similar to that of clastic rocks, in that it clearly shows the
role of energy in sediment accumulation.The main distinction between rock types is
based upon the relative abundance of allochems (framework grains) and matrix. Cement
is treated as open pore space
Some restrict mudstone through grainstone to carbonate rocks that contain "framework"
gains of sand size and smaller. Wackestones with particles greater than sand size are
sometimes referred to as floatstones. Packstones and grainstones with grains larger than
sand size can be called rudstones.

Mudstones are composed of at least 90% carboante mud . In hand sample , it is often
extremely difficult to distinguish between mud and cloudy calcite spar cement.
Carbonate mud originates through four processes : algal disaggregation, mechanical and
biological erosion, and direct precipitation from sea water.
Halimeda and pencillus are the two most common forms of calcarreous algae.
Wackstones are mud-supported carbonate rocks in which allochems make up more than
10% of the rock volume but do not come into regular contact with one another. They can
appear to "float" in the matrix.

Packstones are closed-framework, grain-supported carbonate rocks.

Grainstones are open framework, grain-supported cabonate rocks.

An allochem is carbonate particle that has been transported a short distance and deposited
as sediment.

Intraclasts are intraformational lithic fragments derived through the erosion of previously
deposuted carbonate sediment.

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Ooids are spherical "coated" carbonate grains consisting of concentric laminations and
are typically less than 1mm in diameter. Coated grains larger than a few millimeters are
pisoids.

Boundstones are carbonate rocks in wich components have been bound together through
organic processes.

Biclasts are the skeletal remains of organisms that lived contemporaneously with
depositional process that formed the deposit that contains them.

Pelloids are composed of micro - to cryptocrystalline carbonate mud, typically in

ellongate spheroidal shapes. Pelloids of fecal origin are referred to as pellets.

Embry and klovan (1971) expanded Dunhams classification to emphasize the importance
of grain size in packstones and grainstones and types of binding organisms in
boundstones.

Floatstones are packstones in which at least 10% of the grains are gravel size.

Rudstones are grainstones in which at least 10% of the grains are gravel size.

Bafflestones are boundstones in which the binding organism acted as a baffle ( flow
barrier).

Bindstones are boundstones formed by encrusting organisms.

Bindstones are boundstones formed by organisms that produce a rigid framework.

Cryastalline carbonate rocks are those that do not retain their depositional textur due to
diagenetic alteration. A crstalline texture is unushal in limestones but common in
dolostones.

The folk classification is more than that of Dunham and incorporate relative abundance
of allochems,matrix, and cement. Allochem tyoe also plays part in this classification.

Micrite is equivalent to mudstones in the Dunham classifivation. As the relative

abundanceof allochem increase, the type and abumdance of the allochem is used to
modify the term micrite.
Sparite is equivalent to open space in the Dunham classification. As the realtive
abundance of allochems increase, the type and abundance of the allochem is used to
modify the term sparite.

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Ortho chemical carbonate rocks are divided into two categories: microcrystalline
(equivalent to Dunhams crystalline category) and autochthonous reef rocks/biolithite
(equivalent to Dunhams boundstones).
Bio lithites are formed by organisms that bind sediments as part of their growth process
Pores are cavities in the rock and can be related todepositional,diagenetic, and tectonic
processes.

Primary intergranular porosity consists of depositional open space between allochems

that tends to decrease with burial through compaction and cementation.
Secondary intercrystalline porosity consists open space between authigenic.
Scondary moldic porosity consists open space within allochems produced through
dissolution.Dolomites form mostly through diagentic processes that replace Ca with Mg.

Introduction:

Export pricing is the most important factor in for promoting export and facing
international trade competition. It is important for the exporter to keep the prices down
keeping in mind all export benefits and expenses. However, there is no fixed formula for
successful export pricing and is differ from exporter to exporter depending upon whether
the exporter is a merchant exporter or a manufacturer exporter or exporting through a
canalising agency.

Like any business transaction, risk is also associated with good to be exported in an
overseas market. Export is risk in international trade is quite different from risks involve
in domestic trade. So, it becomes important to all the risks related to export in
international trade with an extra measure and with a proper risk management.
The various types of export risks involved in an international trade are as follow:

Credit Risk:

Sometimes because of large distance, it becomes difficult for an exporter to verify the
creditworthiness and reputation of an importer or buyer. Any false buyer can increase the
risk of non-payment, late payment or even straightforward fraud. So, it is necessary for
an exporter to determine the creditworthiness of the foreign buyer. An exporter can seek
the help of commercial firms that can provide assistance in credit-checking of foreign
companies.

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Poor Quality Risk:

Exported goods can be rejected by an importer on the basis of poor quality. So it is

always recommended to properly check the goods to be exported. Sometimes buyer or
importer raises the quality issue just to put pressure on an exporter in order to try and
negotiate a lower price. So, it is better to allow an inspection procedure by an
independent inspection company before shipment. Such an inspection protects both the
importer and the exporter. Inspection is normally done at the request of importer and the
costs for the inspection are borne by the importer or it may be negotiated that they be
included in the contract price.

Alternatively, it may be a good idea to ship one or two samples of the goods being
produced to the importer by an international courier company. The final product
produced to the same standards is always difficult to reduce.

Transportation Risks:

With the movement of goods from one continent to another, or even within the same
continent, goods face many hazards. There is the risk of theft, damage and possibly the
goods not even arriving at all.

Logistic Risk:

The exporter must understand all aspects of international logistics, in particular the
contract of carriage. This contract is drawn up between a shipper and a carrier (transport
operator).

Political Risk:

Political risk arises due to the changes in the government policies or instability in the
government sector. So it is important for an exporter to be constantly aware of the
policies of foreign governments so that they can change their marketing tactics
accordingly and take the necessary steps to prevent loss of business and investment.

Unforeseen Risks:

Unforeseen risk such as terrorist attack or a natural disaster like an earthquake may cause
damage to exported products. It is therefore important that an exporter ensures a force
majeure clause in the export contract.

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Exchange Rate Risks:

Exchange rate risk is occurs due to the uncertainty in the future value of a currency.
Exchange risk can be avoided by adopting Hedging scheme.

Export Risk Management Plan:

Risk management is a process of thinking analytically about all potential undesirable

outcomes before they happen and setting up measures that will avoid them. There are six
basic elements of the risk management process:
• Establishing the context
• Identifying the risks
• Assessing probability and possible consequences of risks
• Developing strategies to mitigate these risks
• Monitoring and reviewing the outcomes
• Communicating and consulting with the parties involved

A risk management plan helps an exporter to broaden the risk profile for foreign market.
For a small export business, an exporter must keep his risk management analysis clear
and simple.

Export Risk Mitigation:

Export risk mitigations are the various strategies that can be adopted by an exporter to
avoid the risks associated with the export of goods.

Direct Credit:

Export Credit Agencies support exports through the provision of direct credits to either
the importer or the exporter.

Importer: a buyer credit is provided to the importer to purchase goods.

Exporter: makes a deferred payment sale; insurance is used to protect the seller or bank.

Guarantees:

Bid bond (tender guarantee): protects against exporter’s unrealistic bid or failure to
execute the contract after winning the bid.

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Performance bond: guarantees exporter’s performance after a contract is signed.

Advance payment guarantee (letter of indemnity): in the case where an importer advances
funds, guarantees a refund if exporter does not perform.

Standby letter of credit: issuing bank promises to pay exporter on behalf of importer.

 Insurance
 Transportation insurance: Covers goods during transport; degree of coverage
varies.
 Credit Insurance: Protects against buyer insolvency or protracted defaults and/or
political risks.
 Seller non-compliance (credit insurance): Covers advance payment risk.
 Foreign exchange risk insurance: Provides a hedge against foreign exchange risk.
 Hedging
 Instruments used to Hedge Price Risk
 Stabilization programs and funds.
 Timing of purchase/sale.
 Fixed price long-term contracts.
 Forward contracts.
 Swaps

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 TRADING ACCOUNT

PARTICULARS AMOUNT PARTICULARS AMOUNT

TO OPENING STO 35,00,000 BY SALES 50,00,000

TO PURCHASE 10,00,000.00 BY CLOSING 20,00,000

STOCK

TO FREIGHT AND 40,000.00

CARRIAGES

TO WAGES 1,00,000.00

TO SHIPING 70,000

EXPENSES

TO GROSS PROFIT 22,90,000

C/D

70,00,000 70,00,000

BALANCESHEET AS ON YEAR ENDED

LIABILITIES AMOUNT ASSET AMOUNT

CAPITAL 90,00,000 BUILDING (FOR 50,00,000

PRESERVING
GOOD WHARE
HOUSE)

SUNDRY 12,00,000.00 CASH IN HAND 5,00,000

CREDITORS

GENERAL 10,00,000 CASH AT BANK 20,00,000

RESERVE

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TOTAL

CONCLUSION:

 During the period of my training in SOUTHERN CREST Commodities. I have studied a

lot of accounting aspects of various departments like purchase accounts, TALLY etc.

 I have also trained with a flow and delegation of authorities from the top-level
management to middle and lower level of management.

 The Internship Training has provided a valuable knowledge or various functions of

different departments, and the efficiency of safe and employees were quite normal.

 The training enables me to have a current view of various practical aspects and
difficulties of the various theoretical are immensely benefitted from the training program.

 The two main things that I learned after my experience in this firm are the importance of
time management and being self-motivated.

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