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Hazardous Waste Management Questions and Answers –

Risk Assessment – Hazard Identification
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This set of Hazardous Waste Management Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs)
focuses on “Risk Assessment – Hazard Identification”.

1. What is the main purpose of hazard identification?

a) To minimise the effect of a consequence
b) For better risk management
c) To characterize adverse effect of toxins
d) To reduce probability of occurrence
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Hazard identification is the first step in risk assessment. The goal is to
understand the concentration of toxins, spatial distribution and there movement.

2. The ____________ process determines whether exposure to a chemical can increase

the incidence of adverse health effect.
a) Hazard identification
b) Exposure assessment
c) Toxicity assessment
d) Risk characterization
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Hazard identification traces the path of the toxins and also determines the
likelihood of occurrence in humans.

3. Which of the following data is not required for hazard identification?

a) Land use
b) Contaminant levels
c) Affected population
d) Estimation of risk
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Estimation of risk is done at risk characterization whereas land use,
contaminant level, affected population and biota data play a major role while identifying a
hazard.

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4. Hazard is defined as the probability of suffering harm or loss.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Risk is the probability of suffering harm whereas hazard is a potential source of
harm.

5. Why does site history have to be considered for hazard identification?

a) To estimate the risk
b) To calculate carcinogenic exposure
c) To know the probable source and causes of contamination on site
d) For determination of remedial actions
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Site history provides precise information about the activities that had been
carried on the area. Most of the instance contamination is due to past activities on site.

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6. What is the main objective of risk assessment?

a) To evaluate hazard and minimize the risks
b) Remediation of contaminated sites
c) Hazard management
d) To know source of pollutants
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Risk assessment helps to understand possible problems and provides
alternatives as well as control measures to reduce the accident.

7. What is the first stage of risk assessment?

a) Exposure assessment
b) Hazard identification
c) Toxicity study
d) Risk characterization
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Hazard identification is the first stage of risk assessment. It provides clear
understanding about chemical contaminants, their concentration and distribution in
environment.

8. An incident can be called hazardous only when?

a) Stressor has the potential to cause harm to humans and ecological systems
b) Poses threat to surrounding
c) Monitoring is failed
d) Outburst of chemicals
View Answer
 Answer: a
Explanation: An incident is called hazardous only when the contaminant poses threat to
humans and ecological systems which may results in catastrophic.

9. The purpose of risk management is to identify potential problems before they occur so
that risk-handling activities may be planned.
a) False
b) True
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The main goal of risk management is to reduce the threats from an activity so
that harm to the surrounding is minimized.

10. Hazard identification mainly focus on ______________

a) Chemical source and concentration
b) Chemical exposure
c) Chemical analysis
d) Chemical pathway
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The main aim of hazard identification is to identify chemical source,
concentration and its movement in environment.

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Hazardous Waste Management Questions and Answers –
Exposure Assessment
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This set of Hazardous Waste Management Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs)
focuses on “Exposure Assessment”.
1. What does the term “exposure” to chemical pollutants from hazardous waste
management processes indicate?
a) contact with chemical substances that can potentially cause adverse health effects
b) contamination level
c) spatial distribution of the contaminant
d) affected biota
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Exposure to a chemical pollutant indicates the contact with a toxin that has the
potential to cause health effects, which are modulated by the toxicity of substances, the
susceptibility of exposed individuals, and the extent and exposure pattern.

2. The severity of toxic exposure on an individual depends on ________

a) Age and health
b) Genetics
c) Dose and susceptibility
d) Diet
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Dose represents the major determinant of the extent of toxic action and the
susceptibility of an individual is a function of age, genetics, health and exposures to other
agents.

3. What is the main objective of exposure assessment?

a) To estimate chemical concentrations
b) To estimate exposure of chemicals by the population at risk
c) To study site history
d) Chemical assessment
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Major objective of exposure assessment is to estimate the risk caused by the
exposure of a chemical contaminant to an individual and ecosystem.

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4. What is the first step evaluation in exposure assessment?

a) Models based on generic scenarios and conservative assumptions
b) On-site waste handling techniques
c) Study of pathways
d) Chemical analysis
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In a first step evaluation, models based on generic scenarios and conservative
assumptions can be used to perform a preliminary indirect exposure assessment.
5. What is the second stage of quantitative risk assessment?
a) Hazard identification
b) Exposure assessment
c) Toxicity assessment
d) Risk characterisation
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Exposure assessment deals with the study of exposure of chemicals to
population which may pose a threat.

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6. Exposure assessment follows hazard characterization.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: To know the rate of exposure on a population a hazard have to be
characterized.

7. Exposure is a state in which a person can potentially be influenced by a force or situation

but not necessarily affected.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Vulnerability is the state where a person can be influenced by situation but not
necessarily affected. Exposure indicates contact with the contaminant.

8. Estimation of short-term and long term exposure are usually in terms of ________
a) Doses by exposure rate
b) Susceptibility
c) Population
d) Genetics
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The period of exposure is estimated in terms of doses by calculating the rate of
exposure along with exposure pathways.

9. Which of the following risk assessment tool is used for the determination of spatial
distribution of contaminants at the site?
a) Hazard identification
b) Exposure assessment
c) Toxicity assessment
d) Risk characterisation
View Answer
 Answer: b
Explanation: The first step of exposure assessment is the determination of the sources and
the possible pathways.

10. Why does the environmental pathways of chemicals has to be found in exposure
assessment?
a) To predict the source of discharge
b) To estimate chemicals
c) Chemical analysis
d) To determine affected biota
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: By determining the environmental pathway of chemicals, the probable source
of discharge could be found and severity of the exposure can be minimized.

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Hazardous Waste Management Questions and Answers –
Toxicity Assessment
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This set of Hazardous Waste Management Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs)
focuses on “Toxicity Assessment”

1. What are the steps involved in evaluation of toxicity?

a) hazard identification and dose-response evaluation
b) chemical analysis
c) pathway analysis
d) evaluation of long term impact
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Hazard identification includes a description of the specific forms of toxicity and
Dose-response evaluation is incidence of specific toxins subjected to population.

2. ___________ establishes the relationship between the contaminant/s of concern and the
receptor.
a) Hazard identification
b) Toxicity assessment
c) Risk characterisation
d) Exposure assessment
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Toxicity assessment is the Characterization of the toxicological properties and
effects of a chemical, with special emphasis on establishment of dose-response
characteristics.

3. Which of the following is not characteristics of hazardous waste?

a) Toxicity
b) Corrosivity
c) Ignitibility
d) Leakage
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Toxicity, corrosivity, ignitibility and reactivity are the aspects considered in
quantification and characterisation of hazardous waste.

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4. What is toxicity equivalence factor?

a) Ratio of the toxicity of a chemical to that of another structurally related chemical (or index
compound) chosen as a reference
b) Ratio of the toxicity of a contaminant to that of another structurally related chemical (or
index compound) chosen as a reference
c) Ratio of the toxicity of a chemical to that of another chemical pollutant chosen as a
reference
d) Ratio of the toxicity of a chemical to that of source
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Factor used to estimate the toxicity of a complex mixture, commonly a mixture
of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins [oxanthrenes], furans, and biphenyls.

5. Toxicity test is the experimental study of the adverse effects of exposure of a living
organism to a substance for a defined duration under defined conditions.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Toxicity testing is conducted to determine the degree to which a substance can
damage a living or non-living organisms.

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6. Results from long-term exposure to lower doses of a chemical is known as ________

a) Acute toxicity
b) Chronic toxicity
c) Moderate toxicity
d) High toxicity
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Chronic toxicity is the development of adverse effects as the result of long term
exposure to a toxicant or other stressor.

7. _________ is an interpretation tool which enables toxicity of unknown mixtures of

chemicals be converted into the concentration of an equivalently toxic reference substance.
a) Toxicity equivalencing
b) Toxicity index
c) Toxicity proportion
d) Toxicity interpretation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Toxicity equivalencing tool is used to evaluate the amount of toxicity and
estimates the risks of a mixture of structurally related chemicals with a common and same
mechanism.

8. Which toxicity test is preferable to determine the acute or chronic toxicity of air, water and
wastewater discharges or total pollutant loads?
a) Indirect toxicity test
b) Direct toxicity test
c) Chemical analysis
d) High toxicity test
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The use of DTA allows an assessment of the toxicity of mixtures of chemicals
rather than individual chemicals.

9. What is the main objective of toxicity assessment?

a) To determine source of pathway
b) To determine chemical concentration
c) To estimate how much of a substance does what kind of harm.
d) To analyse chemical exposure
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The main objective of toxicity assessment is the classification and grouping
according to toxicological properties of a substance, specifically the dose-response
relationship a with a specific route of exposure.

10. What is the third step of risk assessment?

a) Hazard identification
b) Toxicity assessment
c) Exposure assessment
d) Corrosivity assessment
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Risk assessments combine information on the level of exposure to substance
and its toxicity to characterize what is likely to happen to humans who may be exposed.
 11. LD50 in a toxicity test stands for ______
a) a dose that will kill 50% of an exposed population
b) a dose that would not affect or harm 50% of an exposed population
c) a dose that will kill 25% of an exposed population
d) a dose that would not kill 25% of an exposed population
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The value of LD50 for a substance is the dose required to kill half the
participant of a tested population after a specified test duration and it also depends on the
rate of exposure.

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Hazardous Waste Management Questions and Answers –
Risk Characterization
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This set of Hazardous Waste Management Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs)
focuses on “Risk Characterization”.

1. What is the main objective of risk characterisation?

a) Estimation of the potential for adverse health or ecological effects to occur from exposure
to a stressor
b) Determination of pathways
c) Estimation of exposure
d) Collection of data
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Risk characterization is the qualitative and quantitative determination of
combined risks to receptors from individual chemicals of concern and exposure pathways,
and the associated uncertainties.

2. If the MDD from the target population is smaller than the RfD, the exposure is considered
relatively _________
a) Safe
b) Unsafe
c) Permissible
d) Accident
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: permissible exposure is defined in the dose-response phase of the risk
assessment, comparison with the maximum daily dose (MDD) occurring within the tested
population. If MDD is less than RfD it is considered safe.

3. If the MDD from the target population is greater than the RfD, the exposure is considered
relatively _________
a) Safe
b) Permissible
c) Unsafe
d) Void
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: If MDD is higher than the RfD and if is approaching within 100 fold of the
NOEL according to the toxic studies, then the exposure is considered unsafe.

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4. What should be the MOE after extrapolation to humans to be considered as a low risk?
a) Over 20
b) Over 30
c) Over 40
d) Over 10
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The Risk of exposure for non-oncogenic effects is expressed as a Margin of
Exposure (MOE). If it’s over 10, No Effects Level is a lot higher than the actual exposure
occurring among the most exposed individuals within the target population.

5. Which of the following is not a component of risk characterisation?

a) Study of exposure duration, frequency, and magnitude
b) Study of pathways and receptors
c) Study of toxicity values
d) Chemical analysis
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The components of risk characterization focus on gather, review, compare,
and organize the outputs of the exposure and toxicity assessment.

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6. The sum of risk of each individual chemical is __________

a) Total pathway risk
b) Simple pathway risk
c) Negative pathway risk
d) Complex pathway risk
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Total pathway risk is the determination cumulative risk of each exposure
pathway by adding risk from each individual chemical in that pathway.

7. What is the final stage of risk assessment?

a) Hazard identification
b) Risk characterisation
c) Exposure assessment
d) Toxicity assessment
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The final stage of risk assessment is to calculate risks. Risks consists of
calculating quantitative estimates of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to receptors.

8. Which of the following does not come under elements of risk characterisation?
a) Qualitative description of uncertainty
b) Presentation of the risk estimate
c) Communication of the results of risk analysis
d) Chemical analysis
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Analysis of chemicals does not belongs to risk characterization. Generation of
a quantitative estimate of risk is the first step to be considered.

9. _________ document provides guidance to EPA and other government employees for
clean-up of hazardous site.
a) Superfund Risk-Assessment Guidance
b) RCRA Risk-Assessment Guidance
c) NPL Risk-Assessment Guidance
d) HRS Risk-Assessment Guidance
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The Superfund document provides guidance to EPA and other government
employees and contractors who might be risk-assessment reviewers, risk assessor,
remedial project managers, or risk managers involved in clean-up of superfund-site.

10. ______ provides information important for interpreting the risk results.
a) Risk estimation
b) Risk description
c) Risk analysis
d) Risk output
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Risk description provides information important for interpreting the risk results
and identifies a level for harmful effects on the plants and animals of concern.