COMPLEX NUMBERS

1-125
We can find two real numbers r and 9 such that
a =rcos6,
b=rsin0; then r =
Na? +h2
and =a+ ib=r{cose+ isin 0) r{cos(2kn 0)+ =

where k 1s any integer

isin(2kn +0) +

By De Moivre's theorem

z" = r"
{cos(2kn +0)+ isin(2km +0)}n
i.e. (a+ib) =

rncos(2kn+0)+isin- (2kt+0) n

where k =0, 1, 2,
3,,n-1)
Ifk assumes values greater than
(n-1), ie. n, n+1, n+2,
the same quantities already obtained for k
0, 1, 2,..n-1) =

will be
repeated over and over again, so that we shall get no new value
of (a+ib)n beyond these n values.

Moreover, we observe that two quantities as obtained

by
putting k 0, 1, 2, 3, n-1), can have the same value, for no two
=

of the angles involved therein can have the

same sine and same
cosine, for no two angles are equal nor do they differ
by any
multiple of 2.
1
Hence, (a+ib)n hasn distinct values.

a +bacos-(2T +0)+isin(2k +0)

n

where k =0, 1, 2, 3 , n-1;r and 0 is given by the relations

rcos= a. rsine =
b, r =ya +b
) . Expansion of cosn6 and sinn9, when n is apositive integer
and g is real.
We have, by De Moivre's theorem
COS+i sinn6 = (cos0 + i sine)" when n is a positive integer.
1-126
BCA MATHEMATICS
Since for all real values of S-
0. hoth cos0 and sin are
less than 1. expansion of numerieal
valid. (cos+isin®)" by binomial theore
eorem is
Therefore,
cOs nd+isin 0 (cos0 + isin 8y"
=

cos" +
"Ccos-eisin8) + "C cos-20(isin )
=

Ccos-3 e(isin 0)*++(isin6"

=cos'-"G,cos 0sin e+ "C cos0sin' 6
+C cos- 0sin-"C cos-30+ "C; cos-5
0sin'6
Equating the real and
imaginary parts from both sides, we
get, cos8
cos"0-"C, cos20sin 0+ "C4 cos40sin40-
=

and
sin= "C
cos0sin-"C cos30sin0 +"C cos sin' 0-
If be n
odd, the last term in the
expansion of cosn9 is
n-
(-1)2 "C, cos0sin6 and that of sinn9 is n-1
(-1)2 -sin" 6.
If, on the other hand, n be
even, the last term in the
of cosne is
expansion
(-1)2 sin"0 and that of sin ne will be
-2

H) 2 "C- COs esin"0.

Note: We observe that the
series for cosn0 and sinnd are
alternating.
(III) Expansion of tan n0, when n
real is a
positive integer and
We shall use the
expansion for tann9. expansions
of sin n0 and cosn0 to get the

We write

tann9= sin"Gcos 0sin0-"CGa" *osin'9+ "Coesin 0

cos
cos'6-"Gcos esin' 0+ "CG u 0sin' 0
COMPLEX NUMBERS
1-127
Dividing numerator and denominator by cos" 0. we have
n tan-"C; tan' 0+ "C; tan$0
t a nn =
1-"C tan 0+ "C tan0.
lustrative Examples
Example1. Show that (sine+icos)" =cos-0
-O +isin-0
|+ isin
when n 1s an integer.
Solution. sine+icos9 =cos
When n 1s an integer,
(sin+icose) =cos
=
cos-isin- By De Moivre's theorem.
Example 2. Find the modulus and the principal value of the
amplitude of (cos 50 + isin 50.
Solution: Let =(cos50 +isin 50
z
Then cos 6x50 +isin 6 50), by De Moivres theorem
x
=
cos300 +i sin 300 cos(360 60)+isin(360
=
-60
=
cos60 sin60 cos(-60" )+ isin(-60)
-i =
Hence = cos(-60)+sin?(-60") =1
and principal amplitude -60 =
cos+i sin6)
Example 3. Express in the form 4+ iB, where A
and B
(sine+icos
are real.
We have Sin8 +icos6 cos- =
Therefore,
cos+isin0 (cos0+
(sinG+icos0) isin6)xx{cos-0+
=
=
(cos60+i sin60) {cos +50
x isin 50
1-128 BCA MATHEMATICs
STT
=cos 60 +50-+ i sinl 60 +50-
2
Cos 4m+110|+isin
2
47-I19|
2
31T
= COS 10|+isin
2
= A+iB,
where A=cos+10 and B=sin+110|
4
COS+isin
Example 4. Prove that
8
8 1
cos+isin 4
cos 4x+isn 4x
Solution: L. H. S. , = 8 8[By De Moivre theorem
2cos+isin2 Denominator =i+0
cos+isin
2
Example 5. If n be a positive integer, then prove that
(1+sin 0+icose
1+sin0-i cos6 -isin =(sin+ icosP
Solution: We have, 1+ sin0+i cose
sin2 0+ cos 0+ sin6+1 CU st
=
sin29-i2 cos2 0+ sin0 +i cose
=
=(sin+icos@ sin-icos) +(sin+icos0)
(sin+i cosO sin0-icos0+1
=
+sin0 +icos6
Therefore, sin6+icos0
+sin-i cose
C O M P L E X

NUMBERS 1-129
(1+sin0+icos0 "
S0.+sinO -icosO)
= (sin0+ icos0) =
co- isin
=co2 nO+isin nby De Moivre's theorem.
Example 6. Apply De Moivre's theorem to express cos 30 in terms
of cose.
Solution: We have, by De Moivre's theorem.
(cos+isin9) = cos30 +i sin 309
or, cos 30+ i sin 30 = (cos+i sin9)
=
coss 0+3cos (isin0) +3cos(i2 sin20) + (isin9)°
cos* 0-3 cos sin2 0+3cos2 0sin 0-sin 0)
COS 0-3cose1-cos 0)+i3cos 0sin-sin' 0
Equating the real part on both the sides, cos30 =4cos0-3 cos
Example 7. Find the values of
2
(a) (3- (b (i-1) ((-iJ5 (d) (1+i)
Solution: (a) We can find two real numbers and
r
e such
that rcos6 =V3 and r sin0 =
1; then r=2and 0=
So, 3+i={cos® +isin6) =2 cos+isin
6
2co 2k isin 2k where k is an integer
Therefore, (3+i =26cos 2kn++isin 6
6 2kt +
1
= 26cos|2kn+ 1
6 6, (1)
by De Moivre's
theroem.
We get six distinct
values of (3+io from (1) by puttng
k =0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5 successively.
BCA-2-9
 1-130 BCA MATHEMATICS
(b) As before, if i-1 =
r(cos0 +isin0).
r=2 and cos0 = Sin =
Both these equations are simultaneously satisfied, if q 3
4
3T 3
So, i-1=22 cos+ sin
4 4
22co 2kn+isin 2kTt+ where k is any integer.
1
3tisin 2kr
Now. (i-1)5 =210
4
37t
-2 cos 2kT++isin 2k+ 4
(1)
by De Moivre's theorem.
Putting k = 0. 1. 2, 3, 4 successively in (1) we get five distinct values
of i-1)5
(c) We have -i =
0+i(-1)= cos-
=
cos 2k7+isin 2kt 2
where k is any
inteper.
-o2 iin26 (1)
by De Moivre's theorem
Putting k
-9, 1, 2, 3, 4
successively in (1) we shall get five distu
2
values of i)5.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
1-131
d We have, 1+i = v2| cos+isin
4 4
= 2cos 2kn 4 isin 2km
Iwherek is an integer.
(1i)3=2cos2An+ 4 |+isin 2kn +-
=2 cos3 2kT++isin2kn+| (1)
Putting k = 0. 1, 2 sucessively in (1). we shall get the three
distinct values of (1+i)s.
Example 8. If a+=2 cosa. then prove that a" + = 2cosna
a
Solution : Since a+-= 2cosa, a-2acosa+1 = 00
a
. a=
2 cosa tv4coss a-4 = COsa tisin a
2
lf we take a = cosa +i sina,
a =(cosa+isin a) = cosna +isinna [By De Moivre's theorem]
and
a-(co(cosa +isina)" = cos(-na)+i sin(-na) = cosna-i sin na
Hence a" +=2 cosnu.
Again, if we take a= cosa - isin a as before,
a" = COSna-i sin na +Cosna +i Sin na = 2cosna.
Thus in both the cases, a"+=2cOs/.
DXample 9. If a, B are the roots of the equation
-2x cos+1 =0,find the equation whose roots are a"and p".
Solution Since
=0 2 c o s t V4cos 0-4 =COse tisn0
x-2xcos)+ 1
 BCA MATHEMATICS
1-132
MAVICS
cos6-isin0
Let, a =
cose+isin and B =
Then by De Moivre's theorem
a"= (cos0+isin9)" =cos/9+isinn9
and similarly. B" = cosm)-isin
Sum of the roots of the proposed equation = a" +p" =2cosM
Product of the roots =(cosn6 +isinn@)(cosn6-isinn0)
cos n9+ Sin n0 =
1
Hence the required equation isx-2rcosnd+1 0.
=
Example 10. Use De Moivre's theorem to show that
a" +B" 22 cos; where a, B are the roots ofthe equation
x-2x+2=0 and n is any positive integer.
Solution: Since x-2x+2 0,
X=-
2tJ(-2 -4:1-222=1ti
2.1 2
Let, a= l+i and B=1-i
Now, a =v2 cos+isin=2 co8+isin
So, d-Pl =2 i s b yDeMoivre'stheore
Similarly, p" =22|cos-isin
Hence, " +B" = 2.22 cos 22 cos
4
Example 11. If n be a positive integer, prove that
(1+i+(1-i =22 cos
cOMPLEX NUMBERS
1-133
Solution: As in Example 10
(+-2cosisin22 COS +1Sin- 4 4
nTt
4
and -)=22 cos-isin=22 cos"4 Sin
4
Hence, (1+if +(1-i" =2.22cos=2.2 cos
COS
4 4
Example 12. If x =
cos0 +isin6 and 1+1-a =na, then prove
that 1+acose =1+1
Solution : Since 1+V1-a2 = na,
1-a =(na-1) =1+n'a -2na
2n
' a -n+1 and 1+r=42
(1)
Since x =
cose +i sin 0, =
cose-i sin0,
.x+=2cos6
X
Now, R. H. S. =
-(1+x)
2n 2n
-+2cos+
2n 2n ?)+2ncoso
4 2n 42ncos using (1)
=1+acosG L. H. S. =
xample 13. If (a, +ib,az +ib,)(a, +ib,) = A +iB,
then show that
ii) tan- D tan2.+ lan D= tan
 BCA MATHEMATICS
1-134

Solution: Let, a +ib =i(cos6, +isin0).

a2 +ib =2(cos0 +isin0,).

ay +ib, =r,(cos6, +isin6,)

Then a +b =r, az +bz = , a +bz =
tan-! 2
tan,0, =tan-2,..,0,
=

and 0 an
Since A+iB = (aj +ibjXaa +ibz).-(4, +ib,).
A+iB =nh{(cos6 +isin6,(cos62 +isin6,)-(cos6, +isine,)
=r cos(6, +02 +.+,)+isin(6, +0, +-0,)}
both sides
Equating real and imaginary parts on

A=r ,cos(0, +62 ++0, ...

(1)
(2)
and B =n , sin(0, +02 ++0,
Squaring (1) and (2) and adding we get

A +B=R
1.e, +-(d +RYi+a)-(o +)
Dividing (2) by (1)
or, 6 +0, +..+0, = tan
tan(6, +0, ++0,)) A

1.e. tan tan . . + tan = tan"

an A
Example 14. Solve the equations
() =1
(ii) +1 =0
(ii) +x +x*+x+1=0
(iv) (z-1" = z", where n is a positive integer.
cOMPLEX NUMBERS
1-135
Solution: (i) x' =1 = (cos0+ i sin0)

or, x={cos 2kn + i sin 2kn}. where k is any

integer.
Then x=(cos 2kt +i sin 2kt) 7 = cos(2kT +isin 2kt
7 7 (1)
Putting k =
0. 1, 2. 3, 4, 5, 6
values of x
successively in (1) we get the seven
distinct
ii) x = -1 = cos T+ i sin n
=
cos(2k +
)T +
isin(2k +
I)n,. where k is any integer
=a2k+1)7+isin(2k-+1)r|s =(2k++1)7+isin(2k+ 1)t (2)
Putting k =
0. 1, 2, 3, 4
successively in (2) we shall get five
distinct roots of the equation x* +1 =
0

(iii) Here, x
+x*+x +x+1 =0 (3)
Multiplying both sides by (x-1), we get x -1 =0 (4)
or, x = l =
cos0+i sin 0 cos 2kt+ i sin 2kT, where k is
=

any integer
x=
{cos 2kT +i sin 2kn}3 cos+isin 2kTt =

5 5 (5)
by De Moivre's theorem.
Putting k 0, 1, 2, =
3, 4 successively in (5) we get five distinct
roots of
equation (4).
Rejecting =1, corresponding to k 0 in (5), which is due to
x =

the factor (x-1). we get the four distinct

roots of
putting k 1, 2. 3, 4 in (5).
=
equation (3) by
av The given equation may of degree n --1 be written as

=1= cos0 +i sin 0 =cos2kr +i sin 2kT, where k is any integer.

Then by De Moivre's
theorem
=(0) =
(cos 2krt+ isin 2kt).
1-136
BCA MATH

Cos2AT +i S1iN2kT
or, 1- =COS =

=1-cosA 2kT- isin =

2sin-2isin KT
n n
1
2sin A Sin
kTT
kT
sin kT icos T
icos 2 sin
n

1.e.
1ticot1,2,3,n-1)
Example 15. Prove that sum of the 99th
the equation x' l powers of the rootsd
is 0. =

Solution: As in example 14
x =l are (i), the seven roots
given by of the equation
2kT
cos+isin,where
7 k 0, 1, 3,
=
2, 4, 5, 6
Let, a=cos+isin 27T
7 7
Then obviously the
roots of the equation x' =lare
1, a, a,a a.a, as.
Now,
1+a(ay" +(«°" +-("
1-
sum of G. P. whose common ratio
=a"
90, Since a =1 and
1-a0.
Example.16. Prove that, if cosa+
then (i) cos u + cos 30 + cos3y cosß+cosy =
0= sina+
sinf+SunY
3cos(a =

(i) sin3a+ sin

3+ sin 3y =3sin(a +B+y)
(G5i) sin' a+ in B+sin* y cos +B+Y) =
a +cos
(iv)cos 4a + cos 48+ cos p+cos y -

4y
(v)sin4a + sin48+ sin4y -2
=

cos(28+2)
-2sin(2ß+2)
=
cOMPLEX NUMBERS
1-137

t i o n : Let
olution: et x= cosa +isina,y=cos|B + sin B.z =cosy + i siny

hen X+y+2 = Cosa + cosß+cosy +i(sina +sinß+ siny)=0+i-0-0

Since X+y+2 =0, r'++z3 = 3r

at. (cosa +isina) +(cosB+ isin B) +(cosy +isiny)
cosa +isina)(cos3 +i sin p)(cosy +isin y)
or. cos 3a +isin 3a +cos 33 + isin 3ß + cos 3y +isin 3y

-{cosa+B+r)+isin(a +p+7)}
Assuming a, ß. y to be real, equating real and imaginary parts

on both sides, we get cos 3a + cos3B +cos 3y = 3cosa +B+y)

and sin 3a+sin 3ß+sin 3y = 3sin(a+B+y)

Thus (i) and (1i) are proved.

Again, since x = COSa +isin o., x= (cosca-isin a)

and similarly,= cosB-isinß and = cosy-isiny

y

Now,++= (cosa+cosß+cos7)-i{sina+ sinß+ siny)

NoWx
or yz+ZX+ -0-i-0 = 0
So, yz+zx +xy = 0, * xyz #0

We have (x+y+z =x* +y+z +2(yz +zx+)

or, (0 =x +y +z2+2x0 or, x2 +y +22 =0
1.e, (cosa+isina) + (cos+i sinp) +(cosy +i siny) = 0
or, cos2a+isin2a + cos 28+isin2B+ cos2 y +i sin 2y = 0

or, (cos2 +cOs2ß + cos2y)+i(sin2a+sin2B+sin2y) =0

1.e. cos2a+ cos 2ß +cos 2y =
0 (1)
and sin 2a +sin (2)
2ß+ sin 2y = 0
From (1) 2 cos u-1+2 cos B-1+2 cos* y -1 =0.

i.e., cos a+ cos* B+cos y=

1-138
BCA MATHEMATICS
Also from (1) 1-2 sin a +1 -2 sin B+1-2 sin y =
0

i.e., sina+sin B+ sin y =

3
Hence, cos a +cos B+cos*y = =
sin a+ sin B+ siny
2
This proves the relation (iii).
For (iv) and (v), we note that

x + +z4
=(r +y2 +z2) -2(r*y? +y'z2 +z2x2)
and as x+y +z2 =0
(already proved)
+y+ =-2x*y +y?22 +z?*)
or, (cosa +i sina) +(cosß+isin) +(cosy +i siny)
=-2(cosa+isina)j (cosß+isinß) (cosy -isiny)
By De Moivre's theorem

(cos4a+isin 4a)+ (cos 4ß+i sin 4B)+ (cos4y +i sin4y)

=-2 (cos 2a+isin 2a)(cos 2+isin 26) cos 2y +isin2y)
Equating the real and imaginary parts on both sides,
cos4a cos 4+cos4y -2{cos{(2B+2y)+cos(2y +2a)+cos(2a +2)]
sin 4a+ sin 4ß +sin 4y =-2sin(28+2y)+sin(2y +2a)+sin(2a+28)
Example 17. If (1+x) = a +a,x+a2x ++a,x", Prove that

(i) ag-az +a4 =22 cos

4

(i) a-a3 +as.. =22 sin

(iii) ag +a4 +ag + =2" +22 cos-

4

(iv) a +as + ay t . = 2"2 +22 Sin-

4
COMPLEX NUMBERS 1-139

Colution : Puttingr=i in the given relation we have,

S

(1+i =
ao +ai +az(i +az(i)' +aa(i)" + . . +a,(i)"
= (40 a2 +a )+ila -az +as -.) (1)
Similarly.
(1-i=(ao -a2 +a4 -)-i(a, -a3 +as.) (2)
Adding (1) and (2)

(1+i +(1-i =2(4% -a +a

As in Example 11, worked out earlier,

22 COS 2(a0 -a2 + a 4 )

T

4
a-a2 +a4 =22 cos
Subtracting (2) from (1)
NT
2ia-a3 +as-)=2i 22 sin 4

Or, a-a3 tas =22 sin"

4
(1i) Putting x = land x = -1 sucessively is the given relation

and then adding, we get

2" =a0 +a +az +a3 ta4 +as +a6+*** .(3)
and 0=a0-a +a2-a3 ta4as +a,- (4)
Adding 2" = 2(ag +a2 +a4 t 4 +**)

or, 2"= a +a2 +as +a6***

iso
2 cos ag-a2 +a4-a% + from (1)
4
NT
Adding 2"+22 cos=2(ag +a4 +ay t )
4

Go +a4 +ag +. =2"2 +22 COS

From (3) and (4) on subtracting

44 +a3+as +..)=2" or, a +a3 +as +.. =2"
 BCA MATHEMATICS.
1-140

nT
-az +as-=22
sin-
Again a 4

Adding. 24, +a tdg t.)=2"+22sin 4

nt
+*.=2" +22 sin
a +as +a9

Example 18. Solve: -z*+z-1 =0

Solution: - + z - 1 =0

Or. 1-+1)-o
Then
Then ) -1 =0 and (i) z2+1=0
(i) From:'-1=0, z' =1 = cos0+isin 0 = cos2kn +isin 2kn,

when k is any integer.

Then by De Moivre's theorem

2kT
= (cos2kn +i sin 2kt)3 or, z= COS- +isin k =
0, 1,2
3 3
1.e H+/3)
(ii) From the equation z? +l = 0, we have

-1 = cOs T+i sin T

or. z =
cos(2k + 1}T +isin(2k +1}7, k is any integer.
2 =
{cos{2k +
1)n + isin(2k + 1}7}

=
cos(2k 1}t +isin (2k 5+1)|
+ k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.

Hence all the roots of the given equation are:

3n 3n
-V3i, cos +isin,cosisin
5
7n 9T
-1, cos +i sin- , COS +iSin-
S 5
COMPLEX NUMBERS
S
1-141

Exercise

I. Short Answer Questions

Espress the following numbers in the form A + iß where A.
Bare real numbers

) (1+i)(2+i3+i) i) i (2-3i)(i -4)

(iv) 2+5i
i-i
Find the modulus of each of the following numbers
2.

(ii) + i ) 1+2i
)3-4i (11) -7 +4i
(iv)2-i 3-i
Find the principal amplitudes of amplitude of the following
numbers :

i) -1-i ii) 2i
4. Find the modulus and principal amplitude of the following
numbers:

(i) y3 +i
6) 3+i (iii) (-3+3i)(1-i)
-1-i3
Giv) 12+61-i
1+i
. Find the conjugate of the following
G) 3+4i (11) ii) 3+i (ii) 3+i

iv) 3-i2 7(3-)

2-i3 3-2i)(1 -i)
6. Express1i)
Express in the form A+iB where A and B are real

numbers.
7.
xpress-1+iy3 in polar form

8. Show that
1-142 BCA MATHEMATICS

9. If a and B are two imaginary cube roots of unity,

,show
sh.
that
a'p-=0
aß
a+ib a-ib
10. Show that the conjugate of a-ib
is
a+ib where a and b are
both real
11. Find the square root of

(i) 40+42 (i) -5+12i

12. If be a complex cube roots of unity, show that
xo+y@ +2
) -

2 (i) (1-o)1-o*1-o' )1-o') =9

Xo+y+20
(1ii) (1 +w-o)1-a@+o*) =4
13. On the complex plane P(2) be variable point such that al =2.
What is the locus of P?
14. P(z) be a variable point such that |z-2i=3. Prove that the
point z lies on a circle whose centre is (0, 2) and vadius is 3.

15. Show that the points v2+iv2,V3 +i and 1+i3 form an

isoceles triangle in the complex plane.

16. i) Find the value of p if| cos+isin = -1

4

(ii) If z =
cosisin find
3
(11i) Determine the valuue of 0 if

(cos+isin0) cos+isin
3
=i
(iv) Determine the value of n if

(cOs+ isin 0)"

(cos20+ isin 20)"
=
Cos2a + isin 2ax
 MPLEX NUMBERs

1-143

1 7 .E x p r e s s
in the form A+ilB, where A, B are real:

isin 30)3 (cosa+iSina)"

(cos36
+
(ii)
(cos+isin 9)" (cos 2x + isin 2a)'

Find the modulus and amplitude of

18.

(i) (1+cos+isin0)
(sin+icos0)

(cose-isin0)" (cos6+isin0)"
19.Show that

T
08tisin|,

22
cos
21
- isin
22 21

cos+isin-
2
-5-i)
36 36
20. Find the modulus and amplitue of

1+cos+isin 0"
(1+cos-isin r , Where n is a positive integer

21.Show that:

) (sin4 +i cos0)" =
cosn|
-oisin-. n being an

integer
1+ cos6 +i
(i) cos6 + i sin 0
l+Cos6-isin

22.Prove that: 1+sin¢ +icos¢

1+sin¢-icos¢) cos 2 -¢|+isin -
23.If7=
z =
C +isin a. then show
cosoa ,
that

2 cos na. and 2" -

=
2i sin na
 BCA MATHEMAT
1-144
TICS
Answers

1. ) 0+10i (ii) -17-7i (Gi

(iv)2-5)
29

2. ) 5 (i) 25 (ii) (iv) 1

5

i)2
i ) 8 7

3.
4

(0)2, 6
(ii) 1, T
6 (ii)6, 2 (iv)43, 3
(ii) iv) 2 6
5. (i) 3-4i (1i) i
11) 10 10 5 5

() 23-1)-W3 +4)i

6. 0+i 7. 2cos+2isin 27T

3
11. ) (7+3i) i) +(2+3i)
13. **+y 4, circle
=
a
of radius 2 and centre at (0, 0)

16. ) 4 (11) cos+isin

3 3 (ii) (iv)4
17. ) 90+ i sin ) cos 2a
c0s
90 +isin 2a
18. i) 1, -0 (ii) 32cos 20. 1, ne
II.
Long Answer Questions
1. Express the following numbers in the from A+iB, where A."
are real numberss

i
ii) a+ib (111)-
1-cos0-isine
COMPLEA NUMBERS
1-145

Find the modulus of each of the following numbers

a+ib a-ib 3-i2 2

(ii) (iii) I+cos0+ i sin0
(0a-ib a+ih 23-i2
Find the prineipal
amplitude of :
(i) -1+i (11)
1+i

4. Pind the value ofampif z 3i., z2 =-1-i.

5. Find the modulus and principal amplitude of :

) cosp-isinß (ii) sinß+i cosß

(iii) 1+sin a +icosa (iv) 1+cosa-isina
1+cosa +i sina
(v) 1+ Cosa-i sin a (vi) (a+ila? +62

6Find the value of -1+3 1-3

7. The sum and product of two complex numbers are 6 and 34

respectively Find the numbers.
Find the minimum value of x +il if x+y=3.
.The modulus and amplitude of a complex number are 2 and

4 respectively. Find the number.

10. ) if x+1) Ve+idhen

a+ib show that (r2+)* a +b2
+d2

1) if x + iy = a+ib, then show that

X=4{4 +b{a-b).
b
11.
b e be a complex cuberoot of unity and x=atp,y=a+fw,
u+pw, show that + y' +z' =
u+P°)
BCA-2-10
 BCA MATHEMATIC
1-146

a0* +bo, where

if r=a+b, y= aw+ bw*,
z=
(ii)
unity, then prove that xyz a* +h =

complex cube root of

cube root of unity prove that
(ii) If o be a complex
.

(2a-b-c}2h-c-a}2¢-a -b)
(a+bo+qo} +(a+bo? +co)
=

and 27abc, if a+b+c=0.

12. If f (0)=cos6+isin , then show that
) sla)s()= f{a+B)
(i) fla)1-B)=fla-B).
13. Express (1+x1+y-1+z*) as the sum oftwo squares.
14. Find the square root of:

G)i(i) a2-1+2a-1 ii) x+iNx+x+1

(iv) -119+120i
15. Find the value of: v-5+-5+-5+
16. Show that (r+y+2 r+yo+z0*)]x+yo* +z0)
=x3+y3+z3-3xz
17. If z and z be conjugate complex numbers and z and
be also conjugate complex numbers, then show that

Z4
18. If o be a complex cube root of unity, then show that
6) fa-b (oo+boi +(a +bo = Gab
(i) (a+bo+co:) +(a0+bo?+e+(ao+b+co) =0
Gii) (+o1+o1+o^1+o5)=1
(iv) (1-o+o' X1-ø' +o (1-o +0")... to 2nfactors=2
19. (i) If (1+x)" =a t ayx + azx + +a,x", then show that
C O M P L E X
NUMBERS

1-147
Tf (1+X+**) =do +a1X
+a2X* +****+d2,xn , show that
ao +a3 +a, t = }"-1,
24 "+1 =0, examine
1f
20. whether n is divisible
by 3.
21. Show that
the three points
representing the complex numbers
4).(-3+4i) and (6-8i) are collinear
22 I f P:) is a variable point in the
complex plane such that
-=2, find the locus of P.

(ii) If z =x+iy and

circle of radius 4.
z+3 2,then show that z moves on a

93.G) If the ratio be purely

Z+i imaginary then show that the
,

Doint z lies on the circle whose centre is

at the origin and
radius is 1. whose

(ii) Ifthe ratio be purely imaginary, then show that the

point 2 lies on the circle whose centre is at the point 1+i) and
whose radius 1s
4.
Show that the locus of z satisfying the condition arg
s a
known geometrical figure. Find the equation of the figure.
4.1) Show that the
points -1,i,i and (V2+iN2) are concyclic.
1) Show that the
points -1-i, 1+i and -/3 +iy3 form an
quilateral triangle in the
complex plane.
(ii) Show that in the Argand plane the three cube roots of
Show
unity form an equilateral
26. If triangle.
Z=X+iy, then show the locus represented by
2+4=16 is a conic. Name the conic and find its eccentrieity.
1-148 BCA MATHEMATlco

27.(i) If l=Eal=l and ampz + ampza = 0 then show thatz, .I

tz=
ii) If ll=2al and anpz ~ anpz2 =T , then show
that
+ 2 =0.
28. In the complex plane , if z.22 and z3 be the vertices of an
an
equilateral triangle, then prove that

Z2-3 23-Z1 Z12

0.
29. Find the cube roots of (-1)
30. Use De Moivre's theorem to find all the fourth roots of unity.

31. Find the values of:

1

(1+i:
32. If x+=2c0s then show that x + - 2

33. Find the general values of the real angle e which will satisfy
theequation:
cos6+i sin6cos20+isin20).-(coSd +i sinz0)=F1
34. Find the general values ofthe real angle e, if

(cos6+isin6) =cos+isin
3
35. Find the values of

(ii) (3+4i): i) (1-i),

3
iv) (i)4, (v)(-i)5, (vi) (-8)6
36. Obtain an equation whose roots are the n th powers of the
roots ofthe equation x'-2xcos0+1 =0.
37. (i) Use De Moivre's theorem to find the formula for

(acos30 and (b)sin 30.

 OMPLEX NUMBERS
1-149

nlv De Moivre's theorem to expand.

( i Apply
)

in powers of cose (b)sin70 in powers of sin 9

cosSO

(a)
Jsing De
Moivre's theorem prove that .

l 16sin = sin59- 5sin 30 + 10sin

Al 64cos =
cos70+7cos50+21cos30+35cos0
Answerrs

a b
(ii) (ii) +icot
a +b a + ,
4ab 70
(ii) (iii) sec
.(0+62 14
3T 3t
a i)- 4
4.- 4
5.() 1,-B. (i) 1.5-B. (ii) 2 cos 5
Giv) 20 (v1,a, (vi) 2a +b2, T-tan-14vdO

6-1, 7. 3+5i s. 9. (1+i).

14.0) +i); (ii) a+i),

ii) + x2+x+1+iv-x+1) (iv) 3+2i), +(2-3i):
20. No,
22 ()
v-1)* =4,circle with centre at (0, 1) radius 2.
4.Circle:
(?+y2)-2y-v3
26. An ellipse,
=0.
e 29. 1. 30. tl, ti.

31.()21 2 k =0, 1, 2, 3, 4: