Perfectly elastic collision in one dimension

Laboratory frame: Let 𝒎𝟏 and 𝒎𝟐 be masses of the two particles ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝒖𝟏
and ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏 and 𝒗
𝒖𝟐 and 𝒗 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐 theor respective velocities before and after an elastic
one dimensional collision head on collision...

According to law of conservation of momentum

𝒎𝟏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒖𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒖𝟐 =𝒎𝟏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒗𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒗𝟐
And law of conservation of energy
𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝒖𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 = 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Rewriting above equations

𝒎𝟏 (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒗𝟏 ) = 𝒎𝟐 (𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 )
And
𝒎𝟏 (𝒖𝟏 𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 ) = 𝒎𝟐 (𝒗𝟐 𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 )
𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒘𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉
(𝒖𝟏 + 𝒗𝟏 ) = (𝒗𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 )
𝑶𝑹
𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 = −(𝒗𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 )
Coefficient of restitution:
𝒆 = 𝑰𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒂𝒄𝒉..
−(𝒗𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 )
𝒆=
𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐
Velocity after collision:
From
(𝒗𝟏 ) = (𝒗𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏 )
𝒂𝒏𝒅
 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏
Putting back back

𝒎𝟏 (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒗𝟏 ) = 𝒎𝟐 (𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 )
We get
𝒎𝟏 (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒗𝟏 ) = 𝒎𝟐 (𝒗𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 )
𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒗𝟏
𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 𝟐𝒎𝟐
𝒗𝟏 = 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒖
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒚
𝒎𝟐 − 𝒎𝟏 𝟐𝒎𝟏
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒖
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝟏

COM Frame: when no external force is acting velocity of center of mass is

given by
𝒎𝟏 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟐
𝑽𝒄𝒎 =
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
Velocity of the particle of mass 𝒎𝟏 before collision relative to center of mass
frame according to Galilean transformation is given by
𝒖́𝟏 = 𝒖𝟏 − 𝑽𝒄𝒎
𝒎𝟏 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟐
𝒖́𝟏 = 𝒖𝟏 −
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
𝒎𝟏 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟏 − 𝒎𝟏 𝒖𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝒎𝟐 (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 )
= =
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
Similarly velocity of the other particle is
𝒖́𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 − 𝑽𝒄𝒎
𝒎𝟏 (𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏 )
𝒖́𝟐 =
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
Velocity after collision
𝒗́ 𝟏 = 𝒗𝟏 − 𝑽𝒄𝒎
Putting above values give us
𝒎𝟐 (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 )
=−
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
And velocity of the second particle in COM frame is
𝒗́ 𝟐 = 𝒗𝟐 − 𝑽𝒄𝒎

𝒎𝟏 (𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏 )
=−
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐