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Serial Communications Implementations On FPGAs1
Serial Communications Implementations On FPGAs1
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SHA256 (Secure Hash Algorithm)
Introduction
SHA-2 – SHA-2, developed by the National Security Agency (NSA), is a cryptographic hash function.
SHA-2 includes significant changes from its predecessor, SHA-1. The SHA-2 family consists of six
hash functions with
digests (hash values) that are 224, 256, 384 or 512 bits: SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-
384, SHA-512, SHA-512/224, SHA-512/256 .
Hashing algorithms are used in all sorts of ways – they are used for storing passwords, in computer
vison, in databases, etc.
There are hundreds of hashing algorithms out there and they all have specific purposes – some are
optimized for certain types of data,
others are for speed, security, etc. .
its name gives away its purpose – it’s for cryptographic security. .
Now, let’s get into SHA and the difference between the different
versions.
SHA-2 basically consists of two hash algorithms: SHA-256 and SHA-512. SHA-224 is a variant of SHA-
256 with different
starting values and truncated output. SHA-384 and the lesser-known SHA-512/224
and SHA-512/256 are all variants of SHA-512.
SHA-512 is more secure than SHA-256 and is
commonly faster than SHA-256 on 64-bit machines such as AMD64.
The output size in bits is given by the extension to the "SHA" name, so SHA-224 has an output size of
224 bits (28 bytes),
SHA-256 produces 32 bytes, SHA-384 produces 48 bytes and finally, SHA-512
produces 64 bytes.
For the sake of this tutorial, all we care about are the SHA-256 algorithms.
The SHA-256 compression function operates on a 512-bit message block and a 256-
bit intermediate
hash value. It is essentially a 256-bit block cipher algorithm which
encrypts the intermediate hash
value using the message block as key. Hence there
are two main components to describe:
(1) the SHA-256 compression function, and
Basic operations
Each of them operates on 32-bit words. For the last operation, binary words are interpreted as
integers written in base 2.
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• RotR(A, n) denotes the circular right shift of n bits of the binary word A.
Ch(X, Y, Z) = (X ∧ Y ) ⊕ (X ∧ Z),
M aj(X, Y, Z) = (X ∧ Y ) ⊕ (X ∧ Z) ⊕ (Y ∧ Z),
and the 64 binary words Ki given by the 32 first bits of the fractional parts of the cube roots of the
first
64 prime numbers:
Padding
The purpose of this padding is to ensure that the padded message is a multiple of 512 or 1024 bits,
depending on the algorithm.
Padding can be inserted before hash computation begins on a
message, or at any other time during the hash computation prior to
processing the block(s) that will
contain the padding.
• next, k bits 0 are appended, with k being the smallest positive integer such that l(bit length) + 1 + k
≡ 448
mod 512, where l is the length in bits of the initial message,
• finally, the length l < 264 of the initial message is represented with exactly 64 bits, and these bits
are
added at the end of the message.
The message shall always be padded, even if the initial length is already a multiple of 512.
Block decomposition
For each block M ∈ {0, 1} 512, 64 words of 32 bits each are constructed as follows:
M = W1||W2|| · · · ||W15||W16
Hash computation
• First, eight variables are set to their initial values, given by the first 32 bits of the fractional part
of
the square roots of the first 8 prime numbers:
For t = 1 to N
– set
T1 = h + Σ1(e) + Ch(e, f, g) + Ki + Wi
T2 = Σ0(a) + M aj(a, b, c)
h=g
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21/01/2022 Serial Communications Implementations on FPGAs
g=f
f=e
e = d + T1
d=c
c=b
b=a
a = T1 + T2
We assume that the length of the message can be represented by a 64-bit integer.
H1(t) = H1(t-1) + a
H2(t) = H2(t-1) + b
H3(t) = H3(t-1) + c
H4(t) = H4(t-1) + d
H5(t) = H5(t-1) + e
H6(t) = H6(t-1) + f
H7(t) = H7(t-1) + g
H8(t) = H8(t-1) + h
End for
Implementation: signatures
Implement the cryptographic hash function just described. Define the class sha256 with the method:
public static BigInteger hash(byte[] M)
Introduction
Cod
6:19:18am On
post a comment Best video on S
have ever seen
8:38:22am On
Wow, this is su
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went into for e
is one of the fe
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building blocks
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that come from
even is that? It
5:56:40am On 2019.07.22
Wow. This is amazing. The hard work and the way you showed everying is awesome. Thanks.
10:15:31pm On 2019.07.14
I was wondering how does it
work, thank you for the great explanation, will try to code this in python. .
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21/01/2022 Serial Communications Implementations on FPGAs
0:57:13am On 2019.08.4
Just found your series about two weeks ago, was bummed that it had been so long since you did any tutorial. Your walk throughs are thoro
simple, very easy to follow along. Am glad to see new content, please if you have the time continue with more a.
2:9:6am On 2019.08.24
Amazing job, as usual. Thanks for doing that and sharing it. On a side note, Would be interesting to see visually in binary notation how cha
letter changes the whole result..
2:6:58pm On 2019.06.17
Wow, the inventor Must have thought days about what number should represent the encryption.
12:31:5pm On 2019.10.17
everything is awesome, amazing work, thank you for this..
Wow, the way you explained
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