INDEX

Note: Page numbers followed by ‘‘f ’’ and ‘‘t ’’ indicate figures and tables, respectively.

A octane number, 248–253

pour point, 242–243
Acid gas, 377–402 reid vapour pressure, 238–240
carbonate, 388–389, 389f smoke point, 26, 30t, 246
chemical solvent, 379–392 specific gravity, 246–247
direct oxidation, 397f viscosity, 247–248
MEA process, 379 Boiling points, 23–24, 83t
membrane, 392 distillation fraction, 36
MEROX, 397, 400 IBP, 36
Morphysorb, 391–392, 391f EBP, 36
physical solvent, 389–392 NBP, 36
removal, 377–402 Butane, 263
Selexol, 390–391 iso-, 263
tail gas clean up (TGCU), 397 normal, 21
Air pollution models, 437–438 butene, 269
gas dispersion, 437–438 butylenes (see butene)
Alkylation, 263–284
acid strength, 273
Alkyclean, 268–269 C
catalysts, 263–264, 267–268
hydrofluoric acid, 267 Carbon residue, 28
kinetics, 269–275 conradson carbon, 28, 201
material balance, 277–279, 279t Cash flow diagram, 410, 412f
olefin type, 272 Catalytic cracking, 199–236
operating conditions, 272–275 Catalytic reforming, 95–122
performance, 275–277 CCR platforming, 106–107f
processes, 263–269, 275–277, 279–282 correlation, 106, 108t
products, 268–269, 272 operating conditions, 108t,
reactions, 268–269, 270–272, 277 120t
solid catalyst, 267–268 semi regenerative, 102, 103f
sulphuric acid, 263–266, 271–272 UNISIM, 112–118
UNISIM, 279–282 Cetane, 26, 30t
yields, 275, 276, 278 Claus process, 393–397
Aniline point, 25–26, 245 catalysts, 395
API gravity, 24–25, 35 direct oxidation, 397f
Aquaconversion, 348–353, 352t Clean Fuels, 303–324
ARDS, 169, 170t, 176 biological, 317–322
ASTM distillation, 24, 35, 36–40 deep desulphurization, 305–310
Atmospheric distillation, 69, 70f, 81–82 deep non hydrodesulphurization, 310–313
Aviation turbine kerosene (ATK), 1, 192–194 natural gas, 313
production, 305
B specifications, 303–305
synthesis gas, 315–317
Blending, 237–262 Coke, 123–125
aniline point, 245 Electrode, 137, 138t
cloud point, 244 Fuel, 137, 142
flash point, 240–242 Shot, 137

493
494
Coke (Continued)
Sponge, 137
Uses, 137, 138t
Coking, 123–152
coke removal, 138
delayed, 133–144, 138t
Flexicoking, 147–150, 148f
Fluid, 144–146, 145f
UNISIM, 142–144
Yields, 128, 136–137, 140–142
Cracking, 153–198
Hydrocracking, 180
Hydrotreating, 153
Isomerization, 118
Methanation, 298–299
Reforming, 106
shift conversion, 296
steam reforming, 286–295
Cracking thermal (see Visbreaking)
Critical properties, 62t
acentric factor, 53
pressure, 53
temperature, 53
Crude assay, 6–8
Crude distillation, 1, 2t, 33, 69–94
operating variables, 79–80
process description, 69–72, 81–82
Crude oils, 33–68
Classifications, 24t
Composition, 50–52, 83
distillation curves, 37t, 42f
metals content, 80–81
nitrogen content, 12t
properties, 33–68
salt content, 76
sulphur content, 16, 86–88
D
Deasphalting, 327–333
DAO, 327, 332t
ROSE process, 328, 329f
SDA, 327
Delayed coking, 133–144
Correlation, 140–142
operating conditions, 138t
process description, 131–133
Desalting, 70, 76–80
Desulphurization, 308
bio-, 312
conventional, 308–309
deep hydrodesulphurization, 308
deep non hydrodesulphurization,
310–313
extraction, 311
membrane, 312
oxidation, 311
selective adsorption, 310
Index
Dewaxing, 190–192
Discounted cash flow, 415–416
Distillation ASTM, 24
atmospheric, 69, 70f, 81–82
true boiling point, 23–24
vacuum, 29, 80–82
E
Economic Evaluation, 416–418
capital cost, 404
complexity, 409
depreciation, 416
discounted cash flow, 415–416
margins, 408
operating cost, 405
profitability, 414
project evaluation, 414–418
rate of return, 405, 416
working capital, 416, 417
Elemental analysis, 27
aromatic, 29
hydrocarbon, 29
Emissions, 424, 428–438
air pollutants, 429t
monitoring, 444
water, 445–451
solid waste, 424t, 452–453, 453t
Environment, 423–456
control, 426t, 439–444
flare, 431–433, 432t
fugitive emission, 427, 435–437
particulate, 425, 426t, 442–444
sludge, 452
stack, 424, 427, 431–433
tank, 435t, 433–435
treatment, 439–444, 442f, 443f, 448–451
waste minimization, 427, 445
prevention, 427, 445
Explosive limit, 363–364
F
Flash point, 22, 26, 240–242
Flexicoking, 147–150
correlation, 147–150
process description, 147
Flow sheet refinery, 4–9
Fluid catalytic cracking, 199–238
catalyst, 208–209
FCC (see fluid catalytic cracking)
flue gas, 210–211
fluidization, 203f
kinetics, 219–222
material and energy balance, 216–219
orthoflow, 209–210
Petro FCC, 231
process description, 210–212
reactions, 202–206
Index 495

Fluid catalytic cracking (Continued) purification, 296–300

regeneration, 211, 217–218 steam reforming, 286–295
RFCC, 338–340 sulphur adsorption, 285–288
riser, 199, 209–210, 212, 222–226 thermodynamics, 289–292
side by side, 209–210 UNISIM, 294–296
spent catalyst, 210–211, 217 Hydrotreating, 153–179, 154t, 285
stacked, 209–210 ARDS, 153, 167–169, 176–179
UNISIM, 227–230 catalysts, 153–154, 157–158
yield correlation, 212–215 feed preparation, 288
zeolite, 208 feedstocks, 172t
Freezing point, 25 hydrogen consumption, 172t, 285
Fuels, 6 kinetics, 162–164
aviation, 1, 192–194 middle distillate, 166, 175–176
blending, 237–262 naphtha, 164–165
diesel, 22, 304t, 320t objective, 153
distillate, 69 reactions, 155–157, 158–160, 159t
gasoline, 13, 26, 248 simulation, 176–179
heating, 22 thermodynamics, 158–169
LPG (see liquified petroleum gas) yields, 166, 167t
motor, 248–253 Hydrogen sulphide, 164, 377–379

G I
Gas, 21 Iso-butane, 263, 328f
liquified petroleum, 21 Isomerization, 95–122, 121t
processing, 439t catalysts, 119–120
purification, 316f operating conditions, 118
Gasoline, 21–22 yields, 120–121
alkylate, 263, 278
blending, 248–253
J
specifications, 304t
Jet fuel, 22
H
Hydroconversion, 153 K
Hydrocracking, 99, 180–196
ATK, 192–194 K-factor, 47–48
catalyst, 182
configuration, 188–189 L
correlation, 192–194
reactions, 180–182 Light cycle gas oil (LCGO), 211
severity, 189–190, 192 Light cycle oil (LCO), 202t
thermodynamics and kinetics, 185–186 Linear programming (LP),
UNISIM, 194–196 254–259
yield, 192, 192t Liquified petroleum gas (LPG), 21
Hydrogen, 285–302 Low BTU gas (LBG), 147
amine process, 297–298
consumption, 285 M
CO removal, 297
conversion, 285 Mercaptans, 377–402
HTSC, 286, 296 Metal content, 28
LTSC, 286, 297 Methanation, 298–299
manufacture, 300–301 Molecular weight, 27, 48–49
methanation, 298–299
operating variables, 293–294 N
pressure swing adsorption,
299–300 Naphtha, 74, 171
process description, 286–288 Naphthenes, 14
production, 285–302 Nitrogen, 18–19
496 Index

O SARA analysis, 29–30

Shift conversion, 296–297
Octane number, 248–253 Solvent deasphalting, 327–333
blending, 238t Solvent extraction, 426
motor, 248 Sour water stripping, 450f
research, 248 Steam systems, 315–317
Olefins, 13–14 Sulphur recovery, 393–397
Claus processes, 393–397
P direct oxidation, 397f
tail gas cleanup, 397
Paraffins, 12–13 Sulphuric acid, 274f
Physical solvent, 389 Sweetening, 379
Plant location, 370–371
Pollution, 423–427
air, 429t T
noise, 374–375 Tail gas clean up (TGCU), 397
soil, 452–453 Thermal process, 4, 333–338
water, 445–451 delayed coker, 140–142, 325
Pour point, 25, 242–243 flexicoking, 147–150, 149f
Products, 6 fluidized bed, 147
diesel, 22 gasification, 333–338
gasoline, 21–22 visbreaking, 131–132, 131f, 327t
jet fuel, 22 Thermophysical properties, 48–53
LPG, 21 enthalpy, 55–58
refinery, 20 generalized equation, 54–55
Pseudo component, 40–48 molecular type composition, 50–52
specific gravity, 47–48 phase change, 58–59
TBP, 41–46 pseudo critical, 52–53
Treating process, 379–380
R acid gas, 377–402
hydrogen, 172t
Reforming catalytic, 95–122
catalysts, 99, 102
correlation, 108t U
feed preparation, 96
Upgrading, 327–338, 343f
feedstocks, 96f
aquaconversion, 348–353
processes, 95
coking, 332
products, 96f
deasphalting, 327–333
reactions, 96f, 98–100
gasification, 333–338
reformate, 96f
hydroprocessing, 342–348, 343f
Refractive index, 25, 30t, 49–50
residue FCC, 338–340
Reid vapor pressure, 27, 30t, 238–240
Research octane number, 248
Return rate, 415–416 V

S Vacuum distillation, 81f

Vapor pressure, 238–240
Safety, 357–376 Visbreaking, 126–133, 327t
alarm, 374 coil, 131–132
desalting, 357 soaker, 132–133
fault tree, 366–368 Viscosity, 49
fire and explosion, 363–364 index, 247
HAZOP, 365 kinematic, 34
noise, 374
plant layout, 370–371 W
relief system, 372
relief valve, 372 Waste water treatment, 446t, 449
risk management, 360–363 Watson characterization factor, 39
Salt content, 27, 76 Waste in refinery units, 423–426