TEST 3

PART A
Part 1. You will hear an interview with two experts on technology and learning. For
questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what
you hear.

1. What does Michael say about online learning?

A It appeals to a greater variety of learning styles.
B It enables learning to suit the needs of the individual.
C It may one day replace the traditional school system.
D It allows us to choose the subjects we study.

2. When discussing the Khan Academy, Michael and Helen agree that it
A focuses only on mastering a specific subject, like maths.
B offers a generous amount of teaching and practice.
C has brought education to huge numbers of people.
D is less effective in generating original thought.

3. TED serves as an example of a site

A whose speakers provide amusing, factual talks.
B whose original focus has changed over time.
C which offers extended lectures in various subjects.
D which presents the same speakers every year.

4. Both Michael and Helen agree that schools

A are too rigid in the choice of subjects taught.
B are not tolerant of independent thinkers.
C educate children for the present, not the future.
D underestimate the importance of failure in learning.

5. What conclusions about gaming do Michael and Helen reach?

A It provides relief from difficult everyday issues.
B It generates cooperation between participants.
C It can be a huge source of knowledge.
D Its competitive aspect can become addictive.

6. When discussing the potential of gaming, Helen reveals that she is

A surprised at the abilities it develops in gamers.
B excited about the endless possibilities.
C doubtful about our ability to see the bigger picture.
D concerned about the time gamers spend online
Part 2. You will hear a student, Sophie Reece, giving a short talk about a
conservation project. For questions 1-9, complete the sentences with a word or short
phrase.
The state of the planet is the result of people’s need to make 1) ________________.

Sophie doesn’t want to delve into the subject of 2) ________________.

The volunteers offer the group whatever 3) ________________ they can spare.

The generosity of the public allows the group to take care of their 4) ________________.

Recently the group have been working on a(n) 5) ________________ involving local

businesses.

The group discovered that 6) ________________ in the way companies conduct

themselves can cut down on their environmental impact.

After the group left, the publishing company were almost a(n) 7) ________________ .

Volunteering to help the environment can help alleviate one’s 8) ________________.

Sophie believes everyone’s 9) ________________ is to do something positive.

Part 3. You will hear five short extracts in which different people talk about doing
without their mobile phones. While you listen, you must complete both tasks.
Task 1 For questions 1 — 5, choose from the list (A — H) what reason each speaker
gives for doing without their mobile phone.

A it was too distracting

B it disappeared

C it was broken beyond repair

D it was someone else's fault

E it was not waterproof

F it was stolen
G it was lost

H it needed expert attention

1 Speaker 1 __________

2 Speaker 2 __________

3 Speaker 3 __________

4 Speaker 4 __________

5 Speaker 5 __________

Task 2 For questions 6 — 10, choose from the list (A — H), what each speaker
missed most about their mobile phone.

A being connected

B making phone calls

C social media

D some personal pictures

E favourite apps

F getting woken up

G games and email messages

H a complete list of contacts

6 Speaker 1 __________

7 Speaker 2 __________

8 Speaker 3 __________

9 Speaker 4 __________

10 Speaker 5__________

PART B
Part 1. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer to each of the following questions.(10 points)

1.Money was short and people survived by ____ and saving.

A.scrimping B.scavenging C.scouring D.scrounging

2. You can try reformatting your computer, but once you open that ____, you’ll
probably be working on it for days.

A.apple of discord B.can of worms C.load of cobblers D.spot of brother

3. The luxurious office accentuated the manager’s position ____ in everything. Every
detail is matched on each side.

A.on the pecking pole B.at the nipping post

C.at the nipping post D.in the pecking order

4. The first ____ of the ladder is important in your career.

A.step B.grade C.push D.rung

5. Anyone who lies under oath will be charged with ____ the course of justice.

A.perverting B.inverting C.converting D.diverting

6. I’m realy glad that pompous oaf lost his court case, maybe that will bring him
down a ____ or two.

A.step B.notch C.peg D.rung

7. The designer refuses to glid the ____, preferring clean,simple lines for his
creations.

A.lily B.flower C.rose D.daisy

8. She ____ agreed to go with him to the football match although she had no interest
in the game at all.

A. apologetically B. grudingly C. shamefacedly D. discreetly

9. The number of people traveling by air has been growing ____ .

A. by leaps and bounds B. from time to time

C. slow but true D. by hook and crook

10. The Red Cross is ____ an international aid organization.

A.intriguingly B.intrusively C. intrinsically D.intrepidly

11. I don't drink at all because I come from a long line of alcoholics, and I am determined
to_ the cycle!

A. break B. crack C. crash D. shatter

12. She played her_ card during the debate by bringing up her opponent's earnings from
investment firms that contributed to the global recession just a few years prior.

A,winner B,ACE C,wrong D,bogus

13 I know that certain people can come across as selfish or mean-spirited, but you should
try_ a mile in their shoes before you dismiss them too quickly.

A. running B. walking C. riding D. hiking

14. A: "But what about all those times I took the trash out when you hadn't even asked
me to?"

B: ”That has nothing to do with why you're in trouble now, so stop_at straws."

A damping B. grappling C. clutching D. Clasping

15. You need to stop sweeping your problems under the_. Nothing will get resolved like
that!

A.rug B.mat C.carpet D.Tapestry

16. I didn't run for mayor expecting to find a_ berth---I'm prepared to fight for the

changes I believe will make this a better city!

A,comfy B. soft C. thin D. fine

17. We'll have to go back to_ one if the government pulls our funding on this project

A square B. equal C. even D. Fair

18. Pedal to the_, boys-we need to get these packages shipped by the end of the day.

A. alloy B. leaf C. metal D. Ingot

19. That's the last time you play_, mister! From now on, I'm dropping you to school every
morning!

A,wag B. nod C. shake D. flutter

20 This thesis will attempt to_ the waterfront of English Law from 1950 to the present.

A,cover B. seal C. cap D. bury

Part 2.The passage below contains 10 errors. Underline and correct them. Write your
answers in the correspondent numbered boxes. (10pts).

The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries all
across the world are active promoting their 'wilderness' regions - such as mountains,
Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetlands - to highly spending tourists. The
attraction of these areas is obvious: by defining, wilderness tourism requires little or no
initial investment. But that does not mean that there is no cost. Like the 1992 UN
Conference on Environment and Development recognized, these regions are fragile (i.e.
highly vulnerable of abnormal pressures) not just in terms of the culture of their
inhabitation. The three most significant types of fragile environment in these respects are
deserts, mountains and Arctic areas. An important character is their marked seasonality.
Consequently, most human acts, including tourism, are limited to clearly defined parts of
the year.
Tourists are drawn to these regions by their natural beauty and the unique culture of
its people. And poor governments in these areas have welcomed the 'adventure tourists',
grateful for the currency they bring. For several years, tourism is the prime source of
foreign exchange in Nepal and Bhutan. Tourism is also a key element in the economics of
Arctic zones such as Lapland and Alaska and in desert areas such as Ayres Rocks in
Australia and Arizona's Monument Valley.
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
Part 3.For questions 1-10, write the correct form of each bracketed word in the
numbered space
provided.
There are a myriad of lifestyle issues affecting the youth of today. Such is the pressure
heaped on many school-goers to achieve academic excellence by their parents that these
1_______ (real) expectations are causing children to become hopelessly depressed.
Indeed, some, in their 2_______ (despair) to escape and their sense of guilt at being
unable reach the levels of success demanded of them by their 3_______ (push) parents,
either rebel in what is 4_______ (amount) to a cry for help, or, worse still, engage in
5_______ (harm). It is no coincidence that suicide rates, expecially amongst young
males, have been rising steadily for some time now. These are tough times to be a teen.

Then there are those who get hooked on the internet; the 6 _______ (virtue) world
becomes their reality. For these teens, their social circle shrinks 7_______ (drama) until,
at last, their friendship sphere is limited solely to their online 8_______ (bud). Not alone
do they commonly suffer from sleep 9_______ (private) on account of their destructive
addiction to game play and net-surfing, their behaviour may become so 10 _______ (err)
and peculiar over time as to be considered 11_______ (social) . And while they sit at
their computer screens hidden away in splendid isolation from the real world, such is the
lack of exercise they get that their calorie intake far exceeds what is necessary for them to
maintain a stable weight. In essence, due to their sedentary lifestyle, their weight
12_______ (rocket) until such time as they become morbidly obese.

Part 4.Read the text below and decide which answer (a, b, c or d) best fits each gap.

The fight for women's rights 

Lowell, Massachusetts is not a particularly (1) _____ place; it's a medium-sized town of
about 100,000 citizens, most of whom have average incomes and live comfortable lives.
But it serves as a turning point in the history of women's rights, as the women there
fought against the (2) _____ conditions they endured at the city's textile mills in the
1800s. Almost 8,000 women - some as young as 13 - were employed at the mills that (3)
_____ the industrial landscape of Lowell at the time. Employment gave these 'Mill Girls'
a certain kind of independence for the first time in their lives, because before then, their
husbands did not (4) _____ their wives or daughters working outside the home. 
But before this story begins to sound like a tale of employer (5) ___, it is important to
point out that employers hired the women at half the wages of the men, proving that there
was nothing truly kind in their actions. They thought they could (6) _____ away with it,
but in an ironic twist, the women, with their new-found sense of empowerment, (7) ___ a
strike against their employers. Some very positive developments came (8) ____ the
resistance; employers had to cave in to their demands and the women were offered better
wages and working conditions.
1. a. effective b. instrumental c. affluent d.
impoverished
2. a. oppressive b. domineering c. stifling d.
overwhelming
3. detracted b. distracted c. dominated d. diversified
4. a. condemn b. contain c. condone d. confine
5. a. benevolence b. justice c. equality d. mercy
6. a. stay b. run c. do d. get
7. a. occupied b. mounted c. formed d. pickets
8. a. away with b. up to c. down to d. out of

Part 5. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only
one word in each gap. Write your answer in correspondent numbered boxes. (10pts)

Despite the continued resilience of those early town perks, it wasn't until the Depression
that modern Hershey started to take (1) …………. Perhaps the only town in the country
actually to prosper during the 1930s, it thrived because Hershey vowed his Utopia would
never be on the (2) ………….. Instead he funded a massive building boom that gave (3)
…………. to the most visited buildings in today's Hershey and delivered wages to more
than 600 workers. He admitted that his (4) …………. were partly selfish: "If I don't
provide work for them, I’ll have to feed them. And since building materials are now at
their lowest cost levels, I'm going to build and give them jobs." He seems to have spared
no (5) ………….; most of the new buildings were strikingly opulent. The first to be
finished was the three-million-dollar limestone Community Centre, home to the 1,904-
seat Venetian-style Hershey Community Theatre, which has played (6) …………. since
1933 to touring Broadway shows and to music, dance, and opera performances. It offers
just as much to look at when the lights are on and the curtains closed. The floors in the
aptly (7) …………. Grand Lobby are polished Italian lava rock, surrounded by marble
walls and capped with a bas-relief ceiling showing (8) …………. of wheat, beehives,
swans, and scenes from Roman mythology. With dazzling inner foyer, Hershey (9)
…………. his nose even harder at the ravages of the Depression: The arched ceiling is
tiled in gold, the fire curtain bears a painting of Venice, and the ceiling is studded with 88
tiny lightbulbs to re-create a star-(10) …………. night.
Your answers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6 7 8 9 10
Part 6. Read the passage and choose the best answer.
It stands to reason that galaxies, large star systems that contain millions or even
billions of stars, should collide with one another fairly often, given that the average
separation between galaxies is only approximately 20 times the diameter of the average
galaxy. In contrast, stars almost never collide because the average distance between stars
is astronomical, perhaps 10,000,000 times their diameter.
Using a telescope, it is possible to find hundreds of galaxies that appear to be
colliding. However, when two galaxies appear to come into contact, there is in reality no
direct contact between the stars of one galaxy and the stars of the other. Instead, the two
galaxies pass through each other, and the gravitational forces in the two galaxies alter the
shapes of the galaxies, often producing tails and bridges. One well-known pair of
colliding galaxies, for example, is called the Mice because each of the two interacting
galaxies resembles a mouse with a long tail, and the Whirlpool galaxy appears to be
connected to a smaller galaxy by means of a bridge extending from one of its long
spirals. It is impossible for astronomers to monitor the changing shapes of colliding
galaxies because the interactions between galaxies last hundreds of millions of years, but
it is possible to study galaxies in various stages of collision and draw conclusions about
what happens when galaxies collide.
In certain situations, when two galaxies collide, they do not always pass through each
other and emerge as two separate galaxies. In one situation, if two galaxies are moving
slowly enough, they may collide and then may not have enough velocity to escape each
other's gravitational pull after the collision. In this case, the two galaxies will collide, and
then move past each other, and then be pulled back to collide again, and continue this
way until they eventually merge into a single galaxy. In another situation, if a much
larger galaxy comes into contact with a smaller galaxy, the larger galaxy may absorb the
smaller one in a process called galactic cannibalism. In this process, a larger galaxy first
pulls away the outer stars of the smaller galaxy and then begins to pull at the denser core.
While the process of galactic cannibalism is taking place and the two galaxies are
merging into one, the cores of both the larger galaxy and the smaller galaxy can be
clearly visible.
Some giant elliptical galaxies, with what appear to be multiple nuclei, have been
found in the skies, and astronomers once thought that these giant galaxies were giant
galactic cannibals that had consumed many smaller galaxies recently enough that the
cores of the cannibalized galaxies were still intact. One such galaxy, with what appeared
to be eight separate nuclei, was found and was used to put forth the hypothesis that
galaxies could be voracious monsters capable of swallowing up uncountable other
galaxies simultaneously. However, further studies have shown that the numerous nuclei
that seemed to be part of a single large galaxy were in reality the nuclei of smaller
galaxies that were in front of or behind the larger galaxy. Thus, astronomers are now
confident that galactic cannibalism exists among a limited number of interacting galaxies;
however, astronomers are not convinced of the existence of cannibalistic galactic
monsters that swallow up large numbers of smaller galaxies simultaneously.
Signs of galactic cannibalism exist even in our own galaxy, the Milky Way.
Astronomers have found younger stars south of the galaxy's disk, where only older stars
should be found, suggesting that the younger stars formed when our galaxy cannibalized
a smaller galaxy. Furthermore, it can be clearly seen now that our galaxy is beginning to
digest the Magellanic Clouds, which are small irregular galaxies that are companions to
the Milky Way and are visible in the southern skies over Earth.
1. Which of the following is NOT true according to paragraph 1?
A. Galaxies may contain billions of stars.
B. On the average, the distance between galaxies is around 20 times the diameter of a
galaxy.
C. It is unusual for stars to collide.
D. The average distance between stars is 70 times their diameter
2. The author mentions tails and bridges in paragraph 2 in order to
A. provide a visual image of the parts of galaxies that have been affected by
gravitational forces
B. provide examples of the types of galaxies that tend to collide
C. describe the recognizable characteristics of the colliding galaxies called the Mice
D. create a visual roadmap of the routes that galaxies take through the skies
3. The word last in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by
A. end in B. endure for C. finish with D. lose out to
4. The word merge in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A. divide B. swallow C. join D. appear
5. What occurs during galactic cannibalism, according to paragraph 3?
A. A larger galaxy is absorbed by a smaller one.
B. The first step involves pulling at the core of the smaller galaxy.
C. The outer stars of the smaller galaxy are absorbed by its core.
D. The core of the smaller galaxy generally manages to remain visible
6. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in paragraph 4?
A. Astronomers have recently found some giant galaxies that have cannibalized a
number of galaxies.
B. Astronomers used to think that certain giant galaxies that appeared to have a
number of nuclei were galactic cannibals
C. When astronomers find galaxies with multiple nuclei, they know that they have
found galactic cannibals.
D. Even though a galaxy has multiple nuclei, it is not certain whether or not the
galaxy is a galactic cannibal.
7. The phrase put forth in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A. encounter B. understand C. deny D. promote
8. Why does the author mention voracious monsters in paragraph 4?
A. To emphasize how violently the galaxies strike each other
B. To emphasize how much energy the giant galaxies consume
C. To emphasize how many smaller galaxies the giant galaxies seem to consume
D. To emphasize how really big the giant galaxies are
9. It is stated in paragraph 4 that scientists today are quite certain that
A. galactic cannibalism does not really exist
B. there is a limited amount of galactic cannibalism
C. galactic cannibalism is commonplace
D. galactic cannibals are capable of taking over numerous small galaxies at the same
time
10. Based on the information in paragraph 5, what will be most likely to happen to the
Magellanic Clouds in the distant future?
A. They will become galactic cannibals.
B. They will develop separate nuclei.
C. They will become regular galaxies.
D. They will become part of the Milky Way

Part 7.Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. (15 points)
This passage contains 8 paragraphs. Match each paragraph with its suitable
heading listed below.
List of headings
i Scientists’ call for a revision of policy
ii An explanation for reduced water use
iii How a global challenge was met
iv Irrigation systems fall into disuse
 v Environmental effects
vi The financial cost of recent technological improvements
vii The relevance to health
viii Addressing the concern over increasing populations
ix A surprising downward trend in demand for water
x The need to raise standards
xi A description of ancient water supplies

1. Paragraph A: ……………….
Paragraph B: iii
2. Paragraph C: …………..…..
3. Paragraph D: ………………
4. Paragraph E: ………………
5. Paragraph F: ……………….
6. Paragraph G: ……………….
7. Paragraph H: ……………….
MAKING EVERY DROP COUNT

A The history of human civilisation is entwined with the history of the ways we
have learned to manipulate water resources. As towns gradually expanded, water
was brought from increasingly remote sources, leading to sophisticated
engineering efforts such as dams and aqueducts. At the height of the Roman
Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built
sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is
provided in many parts of the industrial world today.
B During the industrial revolution and population explosion of the 19 th and 20th
centuries, the demand for water rose dramatically. Unprecedented construction of
tens of thousands of monumental engineering projects designed to control floods,
protect clean water supplies, and provide water for irrigation and hydropower
 brought great benefits to hundreds of millions of people. Food production has kept
pace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial
irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the world’s food.
Nearly one fifth of all the electricity generated worldwide is produced by turbines
spun by the power of falling water.
C Yet there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress, half of the world’s
population still suffers, with water services inferior to those available to the
ancient Greeks and Romans. As the United Nations report on access to water
reiterated in November 2001, more than one billion people lack access to clean
drinking water; some two and a half billion do not have adequate sanitation
services. Preventable water-related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000
children everyday, and the latest evidence suggests that we are falling behind in
efforts to solve these problems.
D The consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardising human health.
Tens of millions of people have been forced to move from their homes – often
with little warning or compensation – to make way for the reservoirs behind dams.
More than 20% of all freshwater have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems
where they thrive. Certain irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce
agricultural productivity. Groundwater aquifers are being pumped down faster
than they are naturally replenished in parts of India, China, the USA and
elsewhere. And disputes over shared water resources have led to violence and
continue to raise local, national and even international tensions.
E At the outset of the new milennium, however, the way resource planners think
about water is beginning to change. The focus is slowly shifting back to the
provison of basic human and environmental needs as top priority – ensuring
‘some for all’, instead of ‘more for some’. Some water experts are now
demanding that existing infrustructure be used in smarter ways rather than
building new facilities, which is increasingly considered the option of last, not
first, resort. This shift in philosophy established water organisations. Nevertheless,
 it may be the only way to address successfully the pressing problems of providing
everyone with clean water to drink, adequate water to grow food and a life free
from preventable water-related illness.
F Fortunately – and unexpectedly – the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as
some predicted. As a result, the pressure to build new water infrastructures has
diminished over the past two decades. Although population, industrial output and
economic productivity have continued to soar in developed nations, the rate at
which people withdraw water from aquifers, rivers and lakes has slowed. And in a
few parts of the world, demand has actually fallen.
G What explains this remarkable turn of events? Two factors: people have figured
out how to use water more efficiently, and communities are rethinking their
priorities for water use. Throughout the first three-quarters of the 20 th century, the
quantity of freshwater consumed per person doubled on average; in the USA,
water withdrawals increased tenfold while the population quadrupled. But since
1980, the amount of water consumed per person has actually decreased, thanks to
a range of new technologies that help to conserve water in homes and industry. In
1965, for instance, Japan used approximately 13 million gallons of water to
produce $1 million of commercial output; by 1989 this had dropped to 3.5 million
gallons (even accounting for inflation) – almost a quadrupling of water
productivity. In the USA, water withdrawals have fallen by more than 20% form
their peak in 1980.
H On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still
have to be built, particularly in developing countries where basic human needs
have not been met. But such projects must be built to higher specifications and
with more accountability to local people and their environment than in the past.
And even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to
meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller
budget.
Do the following statements 8-10 agree with the information given in the passage?
In the numbered boxes, write:
YES If the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO If the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NO If it is impossible to say that the writer thinks about this
INFORMATIO
N
8. Feeding increasing populations is possible due primarily to improved irrigation
systems.
9. Modern water systems imitate those of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
10. Industrial growth is increasing the overall demand for water
Part 8.
1. People of different social classes are working together to improve the community.
2. There are no buildings to spoil this area.
3. There are specific things that you must take with you on this trip.
4. There is a slight risk of serious injury or even death on this trip.
5. Different eras can be compared in this place.
6. A political change had an unexpectedly good outcome.
7. A place used by several monarchs.
8. A remarkable form of transport.
9. The near total destruction of a population in one area.
10. A trip for artistic people.
Places to visit around the world
A Preah Vihear, Cambodia
This enigmatic temple/fortress near the Thai/Cambodian border welcomed tourists until,
in 1993, the Khmer Rouge settled here. Though they soon left, it was ten years before
Preah Vihear was completely reopened - Cambodia finally finished the access road in
2003. The original temple was started in the 9th century, although it was subsequently
maintained and enlarged by many different kings. For the makers, the cracking views
were incidental: building the temple on a mountain was designed to encourage religious
meditation.
The best way to reach Preah Vihear is to hire a driver or join a coach party from Siem
Reap. If you go under your own steam you might want to stay overnight in the basic
accommodation at the foot of the mountain or the even more primitive accommodation
atop the 550m peak. The area has been largely cleared of land mines but it's probably best
to stick to the main paths.

B Gorgongosa National Park

Ten years ago, this magnificent wildlife park in central Mozambique was an
environmental disaster area. In 1971, 12,000 visitors came here, attracted by the greatest
lion population in Africa. From 1983 to 1992, the park was the stage for many battles in
Mozambique's civil war. By 1992, when peace arrived, the park's stock of large mammals
had fallen by 95%.

The park, a day's drive from the capital Maputo, was partially reopened in 1998.
Gorgongosa's recovery has gathered momentum this year. Buffalo have been reintro-
duced and the park has received donations from internet mogul Greg Carr and rock star
Ronnie Wood. It may be a while before the cheetah and rhino return but 1,862m- high
Mount Gorgongosa is still an unforgettable hike.

C Johannesburg
Johannesburg is a bustling modern city set against the grandeur of African horizons. It
was here Nelson Mandela began the revolution that destroyed apartheid, and today the
same spirit lives on in the diverse population - they are now living the new South African
dream.

After the end of Apartheid in 1994, many felt the change to democratic government
would spell decline. That simply hasn't happened - instead, the negative image of the city
has taken a turn for the better. Johannesburg has an edge, no-one can deny that, but
recently it has shaken off its reputation for grime and crime. The centre of town is
beginning a hesitant renaissance - restaurants are multiplying, the theatre is booming -
while its outer suburbs are flourishing. This is a city where, against all odds, people from
all walks of life are coming together and forging something new.

D Northern India
Palanquin Traveller has a new programme of cultural studies on location, designed to
satisfy the seriously inquisitive traveller. Origins of the Buddha is a journey across
northern India travelling in the Buddha's footsteps. Visiting important sites in Buddha's
life is not just for pilgrims - this expedition stays in rural villages and homes to get a
better understanding of how modern and traditional India strive to co-exist. The tour is
led by scholar Shantum Seth, who is not only a charismatic companion and fascinating
guide, but also an adviser to the UN and Unesco.

This thirteen-day trip involves some challenging trekking and basic mountain climbing so
appropriate clothing and footwear is essential. Accommodation and all food included in
holiday price.

E Estonia
Would you like to spend your next holiday in an Eastern European bog? This may seem
like a daft idea, until you realise 50% of Estonia is made up of virgin forest, including
some of the most glorious and pristine bogs in Europe. The landscape is unmarred by
human construction, save the boardwalks that penetrate this soggy countryside as shown
on 'Light and Land's' new photography trip to Estonia. Mineral islands amongst the
murky pools provide a haven for wildlife - bears, lynx, flying squirrels and elk - and
denning sites for Estonia's thriving wolf population.

Point your lens upwards to the peaks of the ancient pines and you'll find an array of
birdlife from golden eagles to white-backed woodpeckers. On the ground, there's a host
of curious flora and wild flowers including orchids, bittercress and lady's slipper. Led by
wildlife enthusiast and photographer Niall Benvie, this is an unusual and rewarding trip
to a wilderness in Europe.

F Sail the Galapagos

This really is the trip of a lifetime. This seven-day expedition is in association with the
Galapagos Conservation Trust. Sailing on the Sagitta is an experience in itself - three
masts tower above this handsome tall ship and sails ripple into action as she sets off
around the archipelago to mingle with the world's friendliest wildlife. This trip is led by
Galapagos naturalist, author and photographer David Horwell. Pick his brains on the
local fauna and flora over the scrumptious Ecuadorian food on board.

Help collect data for the Trust and be part of a team of select scientists for a fortnight.
Contribute to the effort to conserve this magical part of the world. This truly is a 'green
holiday' where tourist becomes conservationist rather than destroyer of the planet
Part 9. In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 119-
125, read the passage and choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each
gap. There is ONE extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Write your answers
in the corresponding numbered box provided.
WELCOME TO ECO-CITY

The world has quietly undergone a major shift in balance. According to UN estimates,
2008 marked the first year in history when more than half of the world's population lived
in cities. There are now around 3.4bn human beings stuffed into every available corner of
urban space, and more are set to follow. At a time when humanity has woken up to its
responsibility to the environment, the continuing urban swell presents an immense
challenge. In response, cities all over the world are setting themselves high targets to
reduce carbon emissions and produce clean energy. But if they don't succeed, there is
another option: building new eco-cities entirely from scratch.

119.

`Rather than just design a city in the same way we'd done it before, we can focus on how
to minimise the use of resources to show that there is a different way of doing it', says
Roger Wood, associate director at Arup. Wood is one of hundreds of people at Arup, the
engineering and architecture giant, hired by Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation
to set out a master plan for the Dongtan eco-city.

120.

When the first demonstrator phase is complete, Dongtan will be a modest community of
5000. By 2020, that will balloon to 80,000 and in 2050, the 30km2 site will be home to
500,000. Arup says that every one of those people will be no more than seven minutes'
walk from public transport. Only electric vehicles will be allowed in the city and
residents will be discouraged from using even those because each village is planned so
that the need for motorised transport is minimal.

121.

That's a big cornerstone of Arup's design for Dongtan. The aim is that the city will
require 66 percent less energy than a conventional development, with wind turbines and
solar panels complementing some 40 percent that comes from biological sources. These
include human sewage and municipal waste, both of which will be controlled for energy
recovery and composting. Meanwhile, a combined heat and power plant will burn waste
rice husks.

122.
Work on Dongtan had been scheduled to begin in late 2008 with the first demonstration
phase completed by 2010. Unfortunately, problems resulting from the complicated
planning procedures in China have led to setbacks. Dongtan's rival project in Abu Dhabi
has suffered no such hold-ups. Engineers broke ground on the Masdar eco-city in March
2008. Although it will take a different approach in terms of design, like Dongtan, the city
is planned to be a zero-carbon, uber-efficient showcase for sustainable living.

123.

In the blistering desert of the Gulf state, where it's almost too hot to venture outdoors for
three or four months of the year, the big question for Masdar is how to keep cool without
turning on the air-conditioning. In this equation, insulation and ventilation suddenly
become more important than the performance of solar panels. To maximise shade, I the
city's streets are packed closely together, with limits of four or five storeys set on the
height of most buildings.

124.

The other major design feature for Masdar is that the whole city is raised on a deck. The
pedestrian level will be free of vehicles and much of the noisy maintenance that you see
in modern cities. Cars are banned from Masdar entirely, while an underground network
of `podcars' ferries people around the city.

125.

Given that this concern is legitimate, developers of both cities would do well to
incorporate both a range of housing and jobs to make them inclusive to everyone. This
will be difficult, obviously, but then just about everything is difficult when you're
completely reinventing the way we build and live in a metropolis. And supposing these
sustainable and super-efficient cities are successful, could they even usher in a new world
order?

A. The city will be built on a corner of Chongming Island in the mouth of the Yangtze
River. It will be made up of three interlinked, mixed-use villages, built one after the
other. Each will combine homes, businesses and recreation, and a bridge and tunnel link
will connect the population with Shanghai on the mainland.

B. The skin of each building will be crucial. Thick concrete would only soak up heat and
release it slowly, so instead engineers will use thin walls that react quickly to the sun. A
thin metal layer on the outside will help to reflect heat and stop it from penetrating the
building. Density is also critical for Masdar. The city is arranged in a definite square with
a walled border. Beyond this perimeter, fields of solar panels, a wind farm and a
desalination plant will provide clean energy and water, and act as a barrier to prevent
further sprawl.

C. 'If you plan your development so people can live, work and shop very locally, you can
quite significantly reduce the amount of energy that's being used', Wood says. `Then, not
only have you made the situation easier because you've reduced the energy demand, but it
also means that producing it from renewable sources becomes easier because you don't
have to produce quite as much'.

D. Arup's integrated, holistic approach to city planning goes further still. Leftover heat
from the power plant will be channelled to homes and businesses. Buildings can be made
of thinner materials because the electric cars on the road will be quiet, so there's less
noise to drown out. Dongtan will initially see an 83 per cent reduction in waste sent to
landfill compared to other cities, with the aim to reduce that to nothing over time. And
more than 60 per cent of the whole site will be parks and farmland, where food is grown
to feed the population.

E. Developers at Masdar and Dongtan are adamant that each city will be somewhere that
people want to live. Critics do not question this but they do, nevertheless, wonder if these
cities will be realistic places for people on a low income. They say that it would be easy
for places like these to become a St Tropez or a Hamptons, where only rich people live.

F. Funded by a 12bn (euro) investment from the government in Abu Dhabi, it has not
passed the attention of many observers that Masdar is being built by one of the world's
largest and most profitable producers of oil. Even so, under the guidance of architects as
Foster and Partners, the city is just as ambitious as its Chinese counterpart and also
hinges on being able to run on low power.

G. Since cars and other petrol-based vehicles are banned from the city, occupants will
share a network of ‘podcars' to get around. The 'personal rapid transit system' will
comprise 2500 driverless, electric vehicles that make 150,000 trips a day by following
sensors along a track beneath the pedestrian deck. Up to six passengers will ride in each
pod: they just hop in at one of 83 stations around the city and tap in their destination.

H. Incredibly, this is already happening. Two rival developments, one in China and one
in the United Arab Emirates, are progressing in tandem. Work on Masdar, 17km from
Abu Dhabi, began in 2008, while Dongtan, near Shanghai, will eventually be home to
half a million people. The aim for both is to build sustainable, zero-carbon communities
that showcase green technology and demonstrate what smart urban planning can achieve
in the 21st century.

KEY

PART A
Part 1. 1. B
2. D
3. B
4. D
5. B
6. B
Interviewer: Today, I welcome two experts on technology and learning: Michael Bale
and Helen Brown. Good (Woman) morning to you both. Michael, how is technology
influencing learning?

Michael: Well, one of the things technology has given us is the ability to share huge
amounts of knowledge online. The Khan Academy, for example, is an online school
where you can take courses for free. It doesn't restrict us to traditional classrooms.
Students can learn at their own pace at home. Having said that, the videos often
assume prior knowledge of a subject, and visual learning doesn't suit every student's
learning style.

Interviewer: Could the Khan Academy potentially replace the traditional school?

Michael: It's doubtful it was ever meant to. Khan provides learning for a range of people,
not just students. But for a novice, the sheer volume of practice material can be
overwhelming. Khan was definitely a quantum leap in making learning accessible to
everyone — even those who can't go to school. But I doubt that it allows for the
creativity which comes from interacting face-to-face with other students and
teachers.
Interviewer: What do you think, Helen?

Helen: Khan certainly instructs very effectively, but education isn't just the acquisition of
knowledge — it's questioning, evaluating ways of thinking and being open to new
ideas and problem-solving. One site that celebrates this is TED. You've probably heard
of it. Interviewer Yes, but could you give us an overview for our listeners? Helen:
Certainly. TED is a non-profit organization. Its motto is Ideas worth spreading. It offers
short, online presentations by people who are very inspiring for free. TED started in
1984, but really got off the ground in 1990, as a conference covering three areas:
Technology, Entertainment and Design, hence the name. Later, TED expanded into
other fields of interest to cover the full spectrum of topics: science, art, business,
poetry ... you name it!

Interviewer: OK, so how are presentations chosen?

Michael: Well, speakers have 6-18 minutes to present their ideas. Google the top 20 TED
talks and certain names come up time and again. Sir Ken Robinson is one of them. His
highly amusing talk focused on whether schools are killing creativity by expecting every
child to learn the same subjects in the same way. He believes schools must undergo a
transformation to better prepare children for a rapidly evolving world. An integral part of
this, he says, is accepting that creativity is a fundamental quality of all children, and that
we must encourage it because the children of today will be the designers and educators of
tomorrow.

Interviewer: But we have no idea how the future will look. So how do you educate for
that,

Helen? Helen: Well, for a start, you don't restrict creativity. Another point, which
resonates with many of us, is that schools instill a fear of making a mistake in pupils.
And we have to get away from that because an inventor who's afraid to get it wrong will
never invent anything. The road to success is paved with mistakes, Robinson says.

Interviewer: People obviously agree — his talk has been viewed 39 million times!

Michael: Exactly. And that fear of error has a knock-on effect as children grow. We seem
to educate them out of trying to be creative. And speaking of creativity, in another TED
talk, Jane McGonigal reflects on the power of gaming to change the world. Now I know
some people would say garners are just escaping into an imaginary world to avoid
dealing with reality ... or they're obsessed. But it's hard to dismiss what she says about
thinking outside the box.
Interviewer: But what's the connection between gaming and changing the world? You've
lost me there.

Michael: Well, in her TED talk, McGonigal describes what happened in the kingdom of
Lydia (or Maeonia) in ancient times. Apparently, there was a terrible famine in the
kingdom and people were starving, so King Atys improvised a plan — people ate one day
and played dice games the next to divert their attention from hunger. In this way, they
survived for 18 years, and according to Herodotus, dice games were invented in Lydia.
So what you have is a large number of people finding a creative solution to the
problem of being hungry by collaborating and playing games.

Interviewer: OK, but do gamers today collaborate?

Michael: I think the figures speak for themselves. One popular game, World of
Warcraft, has millions of players in over 230 countries who collaborate in a variety
of ways.

Interviewer: So do we underestimate the potential of gaming for learning?

Helen: Totally. Through gaming, we become better problem-solvers. Garners are

optimistic about winning, they concentrate intensely for hours, pool their knowledge and
seem to enjoy being part of an 'epic win" — working for something greater than yourself,
like saving a world! Applying players' abilities to world problems in a game could
generate creative solutions. The sky's the limit!

Interviewer: And there we must leave it. Thank you both.

Part 2.

1. progress

2. vehicular pollution

3. time

4. administration costs

5. scheme

6. minor (small) adjustments

7. paperless office

8. conscience

9. desire

My name’s Sophie Reece and I’d like to talk to you today about a conservation group that
I’m involved in. I work with a group of like-minded people who believe we owe a debt to
nature for everything mankind has done over the years in the name of progress, which
has caused a lot of damage along the way. I’m of course talking about the many different
ways in which we pollute this planet of ours through industry, ignorance and our
negligent behaviour.

Anyone who has left the tap running while cleaning their teeth, left a light on in an empty
room, just thrown a plastic bottle away instead of recycling it or left the TV on standby
has contributed to the state that the planet is in today, and I’m not even going to talk
about the impact caused by the millions of cars on our roads. Vehicular pollution is too
big a topic to tackle today. The bottom line is that, any way you look at it, we’re all to
blame and my group wants to make amends.

I joined the group two and a half years ago. I was only planning to volunteer for a short
period, but the more I did, the more I wanted to carry on. Everyone in the group is a
volunteer, and they give as much time as they can. It’s a non-profit organisation but we
still have to raise funds. We’ve carried out a few fundraisers in my time there but mostly
we rely on donations to cover administration costs.

We’ve already completed a number of projects over the last couple of years. We’ve
organised clean-up days, recycling drives, tree plantings and much more but we wanted
to go further so we created a scheme to assist companies in the area to reduce their
impact on the environment.

We go into participating businesses and work with them to identify areas where, by
making minor adjustments to working practices, they can make a difference. And
sometimes it’s very small adjustments that can have the biggest results. One company
that we worked with recently, a publishing company, had an extremely high level of
paper usage. Although they did recycle their paper waste, the cost to the environment was
still high.

While recycling is always a positive, it’s better for the environment if you don’t use the
natural resources in the first place and recycling still uses power so we helped them find
ways to reduce the amount of paper they went through. And, can you believe that, by the
time we left, they were on their way to becoming a paperless office, which is quite an
astounding accomplishment if you think about it.

For those of you that might be interested in doing something similar, there are lots of
ways you can do your bit. You could sign up with us for one of our events, I’m not
saying you have to join my group, I didn’t come here to recruit members, no, you could
just help out at one of our tree planting or clean-up days. Alternatively, there are a
number of other groups that run similar ventures and you can volunteer with one of them.
Anything you can do to help the environment is great and it will ease your conscience
and put your mind at rest that something is being done.

While it’s very commendable giving your time to one of these causes, you can always
simply start at home making small adjustments to how you carry out everyday tasks, like
not doing the things I mentioned at the beginning of my talk. Turning off the tap when
you’re cleaning your teeth saves precious water and turning lights off and not leaving
things on standby conserves energy. It’s not a question of having a passion for everything
ecological, you just need to have a desire to do some good, which I personally think we
all have.

Part 3.

Speaker 1 1 E

Speaker 2 2 B

Speaker 3 3 H

Speaker 4 4 A

Speaker 5 5 C

Speaker 1 6 D

Speaker 2 7 H

Speaker 3 8 B

Speaker 4 9 F
Speaker 5 10 A

Speaker One

It happened because my mother changed the sheets and, as she told me later, she heard a
banging sound in the washing machine. She stopped the programme because she was
curious about the noise and of course, there was my phone ! It had obviously got left on
my bed, so it was my fault really. We tried everything to dry it out, putting it in a bowl of
rice overnight, you know, as they suggest you should do, but the water had already
done too much damage and the phone never worked properly again. It was an old
one, so it didn't matter too much but it was annoying that I couldn't retrieve one or
two things, some of the first photos I took of my friends are gone forever. It took me
a few days to catch up on my social media updates when I finally got a new phone set up.
Some of my friends thought I'd disappeared!

Speaker Two

I was late for work and in a bit of a rush. When I got to work, I realised I didn't have my
phone, and thought I'd probably left it charging at home. But when I got home that
evening, it wasn't there. Then I called the taxi firm, because I'd taken a cab to work that
morning. But they said nothing had been handed in. To this day, I don't know what
happened to it, whether I lost it or someone stole it. It was almost new and quite an
expensive model. Luckily, I was able to erase it remotely and then I knew that my
personal information was safe. There were a lot of contacts on there that I wasn't able
to recover and l had to start again with a new device the next day. I'm going to be a
whole lot more careful with my mobile in future!

Speaker Three

Well, it's inevitable, isn't it, that technology will let you down? For me, it couldn't have
happened at a worse time. I was on a business trip and my mobile suddenly just froze. I
tried everything you are supposed to do, I tried taking out the battery and putting it in
again, turning it off and turning it on again and fiddling with the various cards, but
nothing worked. It was really a disaster because it meant that I could only contact
people using my laptop, so I was a bit lost for a day or two, not being able to call
people. I had to wait till I was back home to get it fixed by a specialist and those two
days without it made me realise how much I rely on it.

Speaker Four

I wanted to be offline for a few days. I hate the idea that people expect me to be available
at all times. So, to relax properly on my fishing trip, I turned off my phone because I
didn't want any interruptions. I don't think anything is so important that it can't wait
forty-eight hours and I knew if something was really urgent, my family would alert my
companion. Of course I forgot that having turned off my phone, the alarm wouldn't
ring and I didn't get up at the crack of dawn as I was planning. But apart from that,
yes, I can recommend turning your phone off from time to time, to really recharge your
own batteries.

Speaker Five

I panicked a bit when it happened. It just fell out of my hand and onto the kitchen floor. I
immediately knew it was broken, the screen was smashed to pieces. I was so cross
with myself. That thing was my constant companion; my whole life was stored in there,
from work to games to correspondence, videos and photos - everything. Thank goodness
I had saved the important stuff to the cloud, as they call it. I had to replace it, of course,
but for the short time I was without it, I felt lost and disconnected from the world.
Terrible, isn't it, that we should be so reliant on these devices?

PART B
Part 1:

1.A 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.A 8.B 9.A 10. C 11A 12B
13B 14C 15C 16B 17A 18C 19A 20A

1.Money was short and people survived by ____ and saving.

A.scrimping B.scavenging C.scouring D.scrounging

Scrimping and saving: sống tằn tiện,dè dặt

2. You can try reformatting your computer, but once you open that ____, you’ll
probably be working on it for days.

A.apple of discord B.can of worms C.load of cobblers D.spot of brother

can of worms: chuyện rắc rối

3. The luxurious office accentuated the manager’s position ____ in everything. Every
detail is matched on each side.

A.on the pecking pole B.at the nipping post C.at the nipping post D.in
the pecking order

in the pecking order: xếp hạng phân bậc về mức độ quan trọng của các thành viên trong
một tổ chức hay thứ hạng trong một cuộc thi đấu

4. The first ____ of the ladder is important in your career.

A.step B.grade C.push D.rung

The first rung of the ladder: 1 giai đoạn trong 1 quá trình,thoog qua đó để đạt được sự
tiến bộ

5. Anyone who lies under oath will be charged with ____ the course of justice.

A.perverting B.inverting C.converting D.diverting

perverting the course of justice.: hđ bất hợp pháp để tránh bị phạt hoặc bắt nhầm người bị
trừng phạt

6. I’m realy glad that pompous oaf lost his court case, maybe that will bring him
down a ____ or two.

A.step B.notch C.peg D.rung

bring him down a beg or two: làm ai bớt huênh hoang,vênh váo

7. The designer refuses to glid the ____, preferring clean,simple lines for his
creations.

A.lily B.flower C.rose D.daisy

Glid the lily: tô điểm

8. She ____ agreed to go with him to the football match although she had no interest
in the game at all.

A. apologetically B. grudingly C. shamefacedly D. discreetly

Grudingly agree: miễn cưỡng đồng ý

9. The number of people traveling by air has been growing ____ .

A. by leaps and bounds B. from time to time C. slow but true D. by hook
and crook

by leaps and bounds: tăng 1 sách đột ngột,vượt bậc

10. The Red Cross is ____ an international aid organization.

A.intriguingly B.intrusively C. intrinsically D.intrepidly

Intrinsically: về bản chất,thực chất

11. I don't drink at all because I come from a long line of alcoholics, and I am determined
to_ the cycle!

A. break B. crack C. crash D. shatter

break the cycle: không còn tham gia/ thực hiện/ tiếp tục những thói quen/ lối sống không
lành mạnh nữa.

12. She played her_ card during the debate by bringing up her opponent's earnings from
investment firms that contributed to the global recession just a few years prior.

A,winner B,ACE C,wrong D,bogus

play (one’s) ace card: dùng cái gì mạnh nhất/ thế mạnh của mình để lấn án hoặc giành lợi
thế trước ai

13 I know that certain people can come across as selfish or mean-spirited, but you should
try_ a mile in their shoes before you dismiss them too quickly.

A. running B. walking C. riding D. hiking

walk mile in (someone’s) shoes: đặt mình vào tình cảnh của người khác, dành thời gian
để cổ gắng tìm hiểu, cân nhắc về quan điểm, năng lực, kinh nghiệm của người khác trước
khi đánh giá.

14. A: "But what about all those times I took the trash out when you hadn't even asked
me to?"

B: ”That has nothing to do with why you're in trouble now, so stop_at straws."

A damping B. grappling C. clutching D. Clasping

clutch/ grasp at straws: cố tìm kiếm một giải pháp hay điều gì mang lại hy vọng, ngay cả
khi biết là rất ít khả năng có được

15. You need to stop sweeping your problems under the_. Nothing will get resolved like
that!

A.rug B.mat C.carpet D.Tapestry

sweep sth under the carpet: che dấu hay che đậy một vài điều gì đó không mấy có lợi
hoặc xấu xa nào đó

16. I didn't run for mayor expecting to find a_ berth---I'm prepared to fight for the

changes I believe will make this a better city!

A,comfy B. soft C. thin D. fine

soft berth: tình huống/công việc/vị trí dễ dàng.

17. We'll have to go back to_ one if the government pulls our funding on this project

A square B. equal C. even D. Fair

go back to square one: bắt đầu lại từ đầu

18. Pedal to the_, boys-we need to get these packages shipped by the end of the day.

A. alloy B. leaf C. metal D. Ingot

pedal to the metal: lái xe nhanh nhất có thể, nỗ lực hết sức vào việc gì đó

19. That's the last time you play_, mister! From now on, I'm dropping you to school every
morning!

A,wag B. nod C. shake D. flutter

play (the) wag: Tự vắng mặt hoặc rời đi sớm hơn so với thời gian quy định, như đi làm
về/tan trường sớm hơn mấy bạn khác (trốn học).

20 This thesis will attempt to_ the waterfront of English Law from 1950 to the present.

A,cover B. seal C. cap D. bury

cover the waterfront/ field: am hiểu rộng, bao gồm nhiều khía cạnh của vấn đề
Part 2. The passage below contains 10 errors. Underline and correct them. Write your
answers in the correspondent numbered boxes. No. (0) has been done for you.
(10pts).

1. active -> actively 2. highly spending -> high-spending

3. by defining -> by definition 4. Like -> As
5. vulnerable of-> vulnerable to 6. inhabitation -> inhabitants
7. character -> characteristic 8. human acts -> human actions
9. its -> their 10. economics -> economies

Part 3.For questions 1-10, write the correct form of each bracketed word in the
numbered space
provided.

1. unrealistic : phi thực tế

2. desperation: sự tuyệt vọng
3. pushy: thúc ép
4. tantamount: tương đương với

5. self-harm: tự làm hại bản thân

6. virtual: ảo

7. dramatically

8. buddies: bạn

9. deprivation: sự tước đoạt

10. erractic: thất thường

11. antisocial : khó gần gũi
12. skyrockets: tăng mạnh
Part 4.
1C 2A 3C 4C 5A 6D 7B 8D
Lowell, Massachusetts is not a particularly (1) _____ place; it's a medium-sized town of
about 100,000 citizens, most of whom have average incomes and live comfortable lives.
But it serves as a turning point in the history of women's rights, as the women there
fought against the (2) _____ conditions they endured at the city's textile mills in the
1800s. Almost 8,000 women - some as young as 13 - were employed at the mills that (3)
_____ the industrial landscape of Lowell at the time. Employment gave these 'Mill Girls'
a certain kind of independence for the first time in their lives, because before then, their
husbands did not (4) _____ their wives or daughters working outside the home.
But before this story begins to sound like a tale of employer (5) ___, it is important to
point out that employers hired the women at half the wages of the men, proving that there
was nothing truly kind in their actions. They thought they could (6) _____ away with it,
but in an ironic twist, the women, with their new-found sense of empowerment, (7) ___ a
strike against their employers. Some very positive developments came (8) ____ the
resistance; employers had to cave in to their demands and the women were offered better
wages and working conditions.
1. a. effective b. instrumental c. affluent d.
impoverished
Affluent =having a lot of money or owning a lot of things
2. a. oppressive b. domineering c. stifling d.
overwhelming
Oppressive = cruel and unfair
3. detracted b. distracted c. dominated d. diversified
Dominate= to have control over a place or a person, or to be the most important person or
thing
4. a. condemn b. contain c. condone d. confine
Condone = to accept or allow behaviour that is wrong
5. a. benevolence b. justice c. equality d. mercy
Benevolence = the quality of being kind and helpful
6. a. stay b. run c. do d. get
get away with sth =to succeed in avoiding punishment for something// to do something
successfully although it is not the best way of doing it
7. a. occupied b. mounted c. formed d. pickets
Mount = to organize and begin an activity or eventto mount an
attack/campaign/challenge/protest
8. a. away with b. up to c. down to d. out of
come out of sth =If something comes out of a process or event, it is one of the results//
reach the end of a process or event

Part 5. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only
one word in each gap. Write your answer in correspondent numbered boxes.

1. 2. 3. rise 4. intentions/intents/aims/purposes 5.
shape breadline /objectives/goals/plans/schemes/aspirations expense
/ambitions/desires

6. host 7. named 8. 9. thumbed 10.

sheaves studded/
lit
Part 6.
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. D
6. B 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. D
It stands to reason that galaxies, large star systems that contain millions or even
billions of stars, should collide with one another fairly often, given that the average
separation between galaxies is only approximately 20 times the diameter of the average
galaxy. In contrast, stars almost never collide because the average distance between stars
is astronomical, perhaps 10,000,000 times their diameter.
Using a telescope, it is possible to find hundreds of galaxies that appear to be
colliding. However, when two galaxies appear to come into contact, there is in reality no
direct contact between the stars of one galaxy and the stars of the other. Instead, the two
galaxies pass through each other, and the gravitational forces in the two galaxies alter the
shapes of the galaxies, often producing tails and bridges. One well-known pair of
colliding galaxies, for example, is called the Mice because each of the two interacting
galaxies resembles a mouse with a long tail, and the Whirlpool galaxy appears to be
connected to a smaller galaxy by means of a bridge extending from one of its long
spirals. It is impossible for astronomers to monitor the changing shapes of colliding
galaxies because the interactions between galaxies last hundreds of millions of years, but
it is possible to study galaxies in various stages of collision and draw conclusions about
what happens when galaxies collide.
In certain situations, when two galaxies collide, they do not always pass through each
other and emerge as two separate galaxies. In one situation, if two galaxies are moving
slowly enough, they may collide and then may not have enough velocity to escape each
other's gravitational pull after the collision. In this case, the two galaxies will collide, and
then move past each other, and then be pulled back to collide again, and continue this
way until they eventually merge into a single galaxy. In another situation, if a much
larger galaxy comes into contact with a smaller galaxy, the larger galaxy may absorb the
smaller one in a process called galactic cannibalism. In this process, a larger galaxy first
pulls away the outer stars of the smaller galaxy and then begins to pull at the denser core.
While the process of galactic cannibalism is taking place and the two galaxies are
merging into one, the cores of both the larger galaxy and the smaller galaxy can be
clearly visible.
Some giant elliptical galaxies, with what appear to be multiple nuclei, have been
found in the skies, and astronomers once thought that these giant galaxies were giant
galactic cannibals that had consumed many smaller galaxies recently enough that the
cores of the cannibalized galaxies were still intact. One such galaxy, with what appeared
to be eight separate nuclei, was found and was used to put forth the hypothesis that
galaxies could be voracious monsters capable of swallowing up uncountable other
galaxies simultaneously. However, further studies have shown that the numerous nuclei
that seemed to be part of a single large galaxy were in reality the nuclei of smaller
galaxies that were in front of or behind the larger galaxy. Thus, astronomers are now
confident that galactic cannibalism exists among a limited number of interacting galaxies;
however, astronomers are not convinced of the existence of cannibalistic galactic
monsters that swallow up large numbers of smaller galaxies simultaneously.
Signs of galactic cannibalism exist even in our own galaxy, the Milky Way.
Astronomers have found younger stars south of the galaxy's disk, where only older stars
should be found, suggesting that the younger stars formed when our galaxy cannibalized
a smaller galaxy. Furthermore, it can be clearly seen now that our galaxy is beginning to
digest the Magellanic Clouds, which are small irregular galaxies that are companions to
the Milky Way and are visible in the southern skies over Earth.
1. Which of the following is NOT true according to paragraph 1?
A. Galaxies may contain billions of stars.
B. On the average, the distance between galaxies is around 20 times the diameter of a
galaxy.
C. It is unusual for stars to collide.
D. The average distance between stars is 70 times their diameter
 1. Điều nào sau đây KHÔNG đúng theo đoạn 1?
A. Các thiên hà có thể chứa hàng tỷ ngôi sao.
B. Trung bình, khoảng cách giữa các thiên hà bằng khoảng 20 lần đường kính của một
thiên hà.
C. Các ngôi sao va chạm vào nhau là điều bất thường.
D. Khoảng cách trung bình giữa các ngôi sao gấp 70 lần đường kính của chúng
Clue: given that the average separation between galaxies is only approximately 20
times the diameter of the average galaxy
do sự khoảng cách trung bình giữa các thiên hà chỉ bằng khoảng 20 lần đường kính
của thiên hà trung bình
2. The author mentions tails and bridges in paragraph 2 in order to
A. provide a visual image of the parts of galaxies that have been affected by
gravitational forces
B. provide examples of the types of galaxies that tend to collide
C. describe the recognizable characteristics of the colliding galaxies called the Mice
D. create a visual roadmap of the routes that galaxies take through the skies
2. Tác giả đề cập đến đuôi và cầu trong đoạn 2 nhằm mục đích
A. cung cấp hình ảnh trực quan về các phần của thiên hà đã chịu tác dụng của lực hấp
dẫn
B. cung cấp ví dụ về các loại thiên hà có xu hướng va chạm
C. mô tả các đặc điểm dễ nhận biết của các thiên hà va chạm được gọi là the Mice
D. tạo ra một lộ trình trực quan về các tuyến đường mà các thiên hà đi qua bầu trời
Clue: Instead, the two galaxies pass through each other, and the gravitational forces in
the two galaxies alter the shapes of the galaxies, often producing tails and bridges.
3. The word last in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by
A. end in B. endure for C. finish with D. lose out to
Last= kéo dài,chịu đựng =endure for
4. The word merge in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A. divide B. swallow C. join D. appear
Merge=join= hợp nhất,gộp lại
5. What occurs during galactic cannibalism, according to paragraph 3?
A. A larger galaxy is absorbed by a smaller one.
B. The first step involves pulling at the core of the smaller galaxy.
C. The outer stars of the smaller galaxy are absorbed by its core.
D. The core of the smaller galaxy generally manages to remain visible
5. Điều gì xảy ra trong quá trình nuốt chửng của các thiên hà, theo đoạn 3?
A. Thiên hà lớn hơn bị hấp thụ bởi thiên hà nhỏ hơn.
B. Bước đầu tiên liên quan đến việc kéo lõi của thiên hà nhỏ hơn.
C. Các ngôi sao bên ngoài của thiên hà nhỏ hơn bị hấp thụ bởi lõi của nó.
D. Lõi của thiên hà nhỏ hơn nói chung vẫn có thể nhìn thấy được
Clue: While the process of galactic cannibalism is taking place and the two galaxies
are merging into one, the cores of both the larger galaxy and the smaller galaxy can be
clearly visible.
 Trong khi quá trình nuốt chửng/hút đồng loại của các thiên hà đang diễn ra và hai
thiên hà đang hợp nhất thành một, có thể nhìn thấy rõ lõi của cả thiên hà lớn hơn và thiên
hà nhỏ hơn.
6. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in paragraph 4?
A. Astronomers have recently found some giant galaxies that have cannibalized a
number of galaxies.
B. Astronomers used to think that certain giant galaxies that appeared to have a
number of nuclei were galactic cannibals
C. When astronomers find galaxies with multiple nuclei, they know that they have
found galactic cannibals.
D. Even though a galaxy has multiple nuclei, it is not certain whether or not the
galaxy is a galactic cannibal.
6. Câu nào dưới đây thể hiện thông tin cần thiết trong câu được đánh dấu ở đoạn 4?
A. Các nhà thiên văn gần đây đã tìm thấy một số thiên hà khổng lồ đã ăn thịt một số
thiên hà.
B. Các nhà thiên văn từng nghĩ rằng một số thiên hà khổng lồ dường như có một số
hạt nhân là thiên hà hút các thiên hà khác
C. Khi các nhà thiên văn tìm thấy thiên hà có nhiều hạt nhân, họ biết rằng họ đã tìm
thấy thiên hà ăn thịt người.
D. Mặc dù một thiên hà có nhiều hạt nhân nhưng không thể chắc chắn thiên hà đó có
phải là thiên hà ăn thịt đồng loại hay không.
Clue: astronomers once thought that these giant galaxies were giant galactic cannibals
that had consumed many smaller galaxies recently enough that the cores of the
cannibalized galaxies were still intact
và các nhà thiên văn từng nghĩ rằng những thiên hà khổng lồ này là những kẻ nuốt
chửng khổng lồ đã hút nhiều thiên hà nhỏ hơn gần đây đủ để lõi của các thiên hà ăn thịt
người vẫn còn nguyên vẹn.
7. The phrase put forth in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A. encounter B. understand C. deny D. promote
Put forth =promote= thúc đẩy
8. Why does the author mention voracious monsters in paragraph 4?
A. To emphasize how violently the galaxies strike each other
B. To emphasize how much energy the giant galaxies consume
C. To emphasize how many smaller galaxies the giant galaxies seem to consume
D. To emphasize how really big the giant galaxies are
8. Tại sao trong đoạn 4 tác giả lại nhắc đến những con quái vật phàm ăn?
A. Để nhấn mạnh mức độ dữ dội của các thiên hà tấn công nhau
B. Để nhấn mạnh mức năng lượng mà các thiên hà khổng lồ tiêu thụ
C. Để nhấn mạnh có bao nhiêu thiên hà nhỏ hơn mà các thiên hà khổng lồ dường như
tiêu thụ
D. Để nhấn mạnh mức độ thực sự lớn của các thiên hà khổng lồ
 Clue; One such galaxy, with what appeared to be eight separate nuclei, was found and
was used to put forth the hypothesis that galaxies could be voracious monsters capable of
swallowing up uncountable other galaxies simultaneously.
Một thiên hà như vậy, với những gì dường như là tám hạt nhân riêng biệt, đã được tìm
thấy và được sử dụng để đưa ra giả thuyết rằng các thiên hà có thể là những con quái vật
phàm ăn có khả năng nuốt chửng các thiên hà khác không đếm được đồng thời.
9. It is stated in paragraph 4 that scientists today are quite certain that
A. galactic cannibalism does not really exist
B. there is a limited amount of galactic cannibalism
C. galactic cannibalism is commonplace
D. galactic cannibals are capable of taking over numerous small galaxies at the same
time
9. Trong đoạn 4 có nêu rằng các nhà khoa học ngày nay khá chắc chắn rằng
A. thiên hà nuốt chửng đồng loại không thực sự tồn tại
B. số lượng thiên hà nuốt chửng/hút đồng loại có hạn
C. thiên hà nuốt chửng đồng loại là phổ biến
D. những nuốt chửng thiên hà khác có khả năng chiếm đoạt nhiều thiên hà nhỏ cùng
một lúc
Clue: Thus, astronomers are now confident that galactic cannibalism exists among a
limited number of interacting galaxies
Do đó, các nhà thiên văn học hiện nay tin chắc rằng thiên hà nuốt chửng thiên hà khác
tồn tại trong một số lượng hạn chế các thiên hà tương tác;
10. Based on the information in paragraph 5, what will be most likely to happen to the
Magellanic Clouds in the distant future?
A. They will become galactic cannibals.
B. They will develop separate nuclei.
C. They will become regular galaxies.
D. They will become part of the Milky Way
10. Dựa vào thông tin ở đoạn 5, hãy cho biết điều gì có khả năng xảy ra với Đám mây
Magellan trong tương lai xa?
A. Chúng sẽ trở thành những kẻ ăn thịt thiên hà.
B. Chúng sẽ phát triển các hạt nhân riêng biệt.
C. Chúng sẽ trở thành những thiên hà thông thường.
D. Chúng sẽ trở thành một phần của Dải Ngân hà
Clue: Furthermore, it can be clearly seen now that our galaxy is beginning to digest the
Magellanic Clouds, which are small irregular galaxies that are companions to the Milky
Way and are visible in the southern skies over Earth.
Hơn nữa, có thể thấy rõ rằng hiện nay thiên hà của chúng ta đang bắt đầu tiêu hóa các
Đám mây Magellan, là những thiên hà nhỏ không đều, là bạn đồng hành của Dải Ngân hà
và có thể nhìn thấy ở bầu trời phía nam trên Trái đất

Part 7:
1. xi 2. vii 3. v 4. i 5. ix 6. ii 7. x
8. YES 9. NO INFORMATION 10. NO
i Scientists’ call for a revision of policy
ii An explanation for reduced water use
iii How a global challenge was met
iv Irrigation systems fall into disuse
v Environmental effects
vi The financial cost of recent technological improvements
vii The relevance to health
viii Addressing the concern over increasing populations
ix A surprising downward trend in demand for water
x The need to raise standards
xi A description of ancient water supplies

1. Paragraph A: ……………….
Paragraph B: iii
2. Paragraph C: …………..…..
3. Paragraph D: ………………
4. Paragraph E: ………………
5. Paragraph F: ……………….
6. Paragraph G: ……………….
7. Paragraph H: ……………….
MAKING EVERY DROP COUNT

A The history of human civilisation is entwined with the history of the ways we
have learned to manipulate water resources. As towns gradually expanded, water
was brought from increasingly remote sources, leading to sophisticated
engineering efforts such as dams and aqueducts. At the height of the Roman
Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built
 sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is
provided in many parts of the industrial world today.= Vào thời kỳ đỉnh cao của
Đế chế La Mã, chín hệ thống chính, với cách bố trí sáng tạo gồm các đường ống
và hệ thống cống được xây dựng tốt, đã cung cấp cho người dân thành Rome
lượng nước trên mỗi người nhiều như ở nhiều nơi trên thế giới công nghiệp ngày
nay.
->Mô tả nguồn cung cấp nước cổ đại
C Yet there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress, half of the world’s
population still suffers, with water services inferior to those available to the
ancient Greeks and Romans. As the United Nations report on access to water
reiterated in November 2001, more than one billion people lack access to clean
drinking water; some two and a half billion do not have adequate sanitation
services. Preventable water-related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000
children everyday, and the latest evidence suggests that we are falling behind in
efforts to solve these problems.= Như báo cáo của Liên hợp quốc về tiếp cận nước
vào tháng 11 năm 2001, hơn một tỷ người không được tiếp cận với nước sạch;
khoảng hai tỷ rưỡi không có dịch vụ vệ sinh đầy đủ. Các bệnh liên quan đến nước
có thể phòng ngừa giết chết ước tính khoảng 10.000 đến 20.000 trẻ em mỗi ngày,
và bằng chứng mới nhất cho thấy chúng ta đang tụt hậu trong nỗ lực giải quyết
những vấn đề này.
->Mức độ liên quan đến sức khỏe
D The consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardising human health.
Tens of millions of people have been forced to move from their homes – often
with little warning or compensation – to make way for the reservoirs behind dams.
More than 20% of all freshwater have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems
where they thrive. Certain irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce
agricultural productivity=Hơn 20% tổng lượng nước ngọt đã phá hủy các hệ sinh
thái sông chảy tự do, nơi chúng phát triển mạnh. Các biện pháp tưới tiêu nhất định
làm suy giảm chất lượng đất và giảm năng suất nông nghiệp.. Groundwater
 aquifers are being pumped down faster than they are naturally replenished in parts
of India, China, the USA and elsewhere. And disputes over shared water resources
have led to violence and continue to raise local, national and even international
tensions.
->Tác động về môi trường
E At the outset of the new milennium, however, the way resource planners think
about water is beginning to change. The focus is slowly shifting back to the
provison of basic human and environmental needs as top priority – ensuring
‘some for all’, instead of ‘more for some’=Tuy nhiên, khi bắt đầu thiên niên kỷ
mới, cách các nhà hoạch định tài nguyên nghĩ về nước đang bắt đầu thay đổi.
Trọng tâm đang dần chuyển trở lại vấn đề coi nhu cầu cơ bản của con người và
môi trường là ưu tiên hàng đầu - đảm bảo "một số cho tất cả", thay vì "nhiều hơn
cho một số".. Some water experts are now demanding that existing infrustructure
be used in smarter ways rather than building new facilities, which is increasingly
considered the option of last, not first, resort. This shift in philosophy established
water organisations. Nevertheless, it may be the only way to address successfully
the pressing problems of providing everyone with clean water to drink, adequate
water to grow food and a life free from preventable water-related illness.
->Các nhà khoa học kêu gọi sửa đổi chính sách
F Fortunately – and unexpectedly – the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as
some predicted=May mắn thay - và thật bất ngờ - nhu cầu về nước không tăng
nhanh như một số dự đoán.. As a result, the pressure to build new water
infrastructures has diminished over the past two decades. Although population,
industrial output and economic productivity have continued to soar in developed
nations, the rate at which people withdraw water from aquifers, rivers and lakes
has slowed. And in a few parts of the world, demand has actually fallen=Mặc dù
dân số, sản lượng công nghiệp và năng suất kinh tế tiếp tục tăng cao ở các quốc
gia phát triển, tốc độ người dân rút nước từ các tầng chứa nước, sông và hồ đã
 chậm lại. Và ở một vài nơi trên thế giới, nhu cầu thực sự đã giảm.
->Nhu cầu nước giảm đáng ngạc nhiên
G What explains this remarkable turn of events? Two factors: people have figured
out how to use water more efficiently, and communities are rethinking their
priorities for water use=Điều gì giải thích sự chuyển biến đáng chú ý này? Hai yếu
tố: mọi người đã tìm ra cách sử dụng nước hiệu quả hơn và cộng đồng đang suy
nghĩ lại về các ưu tiên sử dụng nước của họ.. Throughout the first three-quarters
of the 20th century, the quantity of freshwater consumed per person doubled on
average; in the USA, water withdrawals increased tenfold while the population
quadrupled. But since 1980, the amount of water consumed per person has
actually decreased, thanks to a range of new technologies that help to conserve
water in homes and industry. In 1965, for instance, Japan used approximately 13
million gallons of water to produce $1 million of commercial output; by 1989 this
had dropped to 3.5 million gallons (even accounting for inflation) – almost a
quadrupling of water productivity. In the USA, water withdrawals have fallen by
more than 20% form their peak in 1980.
->Giải thích cho việc giảm sử dụng nước
H On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still
have to be built, particularly in developing countries where basic human needs
have not been met=Mặt khác, các con đập, hệ thống dẫn nước và các loại cơ sở hạ
tầng khác vẫn sẽ phải được xây dựng, đặc biệt là ở các nước đang phát triển, nơi
các nhu cầu cơ bản của con người chưa được đáp ứng.. But such projects must be
built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and
their environment than in the past. And even in regions where new projects seem
warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting
ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.= Và ngay cả ở những vùng mà các dự
án mới dường như được đảm bảo, chúng ta phải tìm cách đáp ứng nhu cầu với ít
tài nguyên hơn, tôn trọng các tiêu chí sinh thái và ngân sách nhỏ hơn.
 ->Sự cần thiết phải nâng cao tiêu chuẩn
Part 8.
1C 2E 3D 4A 5D 6C 7A 8F 9B 10E
Places to visit around the world
A Preah Vihear, Cambodia
This enigmatic temple/fortress near the Thai/Cambodian border welcomed tourists until,
in 1993, the Khmer Rouge settled here. Though they soon left, it was ten years before
Preah Vihear was completely reopened - Cambodia finally finished the access road in
2003. The original temple was started in the 9th century, although it was subsequently
maintained and enlarged by many different kings->Q7. For the makers, the cracking
views were incidental: building the temple on a mountain was designed to encourage
religious meditation.

The best way to reach Preah Vihear is to hire a driver or join a coach party from Siem
Reap. If you go under your own steam you might want to stay overnight in the basic
accommodation at the foot of the mountain or the even more primitive accommodation
atop the 550m peak. The area has been largely cleared of land mines but it's probably best
to stick to the main paths->Q4.

B Gorgongosa National Park

Ten years ago, this magnificent wildlife park in central Mozambique was an
environmental disaster area. In 1971, 12,000 visitors came here, attracted by the greatest
lion population in Africa. From 1983 to 1992, the park was the stage for many battles in
Mozambique's civil war. By 1992, when peace arrived, the park's stock of large mammals
had fallen by 95%.->Q9

The park, a day's drive from the capital Maputo, was partially reopened in 1998.
Gorgongosa's recovery has gathered momentum this year. Buffalo have been reintro-
duced and the park has received donations from internet mogul Greg Carr and rock star
Ronnie Wood. It may be a while before the cheetah and rhino return but 1,862m- high
Mount Gorgongosa is still an unforgettable hike.

C Johannesburg
Johannesburg is a bustling modern city set against the grandeur of African horizons. It
was here Nelson Mandela began the revolution that destroyed apartheid, and today the
same spirit lives on in the diverse population - they are now living the new South African
dream.

After the end of Apartheid in 1994, many felt the change to democratic government
would spell decline. That simply hasn't happened->Q6 - instead, the negative image of
the city has taken a turn for the better. Johannesburg has an edge, no-one can deny that,
but recently it has shaken off its reputation for grime and crime. The centre of town is
beginning a hesitant renaissance - restaurants are multiplying, the theatre is booming -
while its outer suburbs are flourishing. This is a city where, against all odds, people from
all walks of life are coming together and forging something new->Q1.

D Northern India
Palanquin Traveller has a new programme of cultural studies on location, designed to
satisfy the seriously inquisitive traveller. Origins of the Buddha is a journey across
northern India travelling in the Buddha's footsteps. Visiting important sites in Buddha's
life is not just for pilgrims - this expedition stays in rural villages and homes to get a
better understanding of how modern and traditional India strive to co-exist->Q5. The tour
is led by scholar Shantum Seth, who is not only a charismatic companion and fascinating
guide, but also an adviser to the UN and Unesco.

This thirteen-day trip involves some challenging trekking and basic mountain climbing so
appropriate clothing and footwear is essential->Q3. Accommodation and all food
included in holiday price.

E Estonia
Would you like to spend your next holiday in an Eastern European bog? This may seem
like a daft idea, until you realise 50% of Estonia is made up of virgin forest, including
some of the most glorious and pristine bogs in Europe. The landscape is unmarred by
human construction,->Q2 save the boardwalks that penetrate this soggy countryside as
shown on 'Light and Land's' new photography trip to Estonia. Mineral islands amongst
the murky pools provide a haven for wildlife - bears, lynx, flying squirrels and elk - and
denning sites for Estonia's thriving wolf population.

Point your lens upwards to the peaks of the ancient pines and you'll find an array of
birdlife from golden eagles to white-backed woodpeckers. On the ground, there's a host
of curious flora and wild flowers including orchids, bittercress and lady's slipper. Led by
wildlife enthusiast and photographer Niall Benvie, this is an unusual and rewarding trip
to a wilderness in Europe.->Q10

F Sail the Galapagos

This really is the trip of a lifetime. This seven-day expedition is in association with the
Galapagos Conservation Trust. Sailing on the Sagitta is an experience in itself - three
masts tower above this handsome tall ship and sails ripple into action as she sets off
around the archipelago to mingle with the world's friendliest wildlife.->Q8. This trip is
led by Galapagos naturalist, author and photographer David Horwell. Pick his brains on
the local fauna and flora over the scrumptious Ecuadorian food on board.

Help collect data for the Trust and be part of a team of select scientists for a fortnight.
Contribute to the effort to conserve this magical part of the world. This truly is a 'green
holiday' where tourist becomes conservationist rather than destroyer of the planet.
Part 9. 119. H

“But if they don't succeed, there is another option: building new eco-cities entirely from
scratch.” connects with “Incredibly, this is already happening.”

“The aim for both is to build sustainable, zero-carbon communities that showcase
green technology and demonstrate what smart urban planning can achieve in the
21st century.” connects with “Rather than just design a city in the same way we'd done it
before, we can focus on how to minimise the use of resources to show that there is a
different way of doing it”

“Work on Masdar, 17km from Abu Dhabi, began in 2008, while Dongtan, near
Shanghai, will eventually be home to half a million people.” connects with “Wood is one
of hundreds of people at Arup, the engineering and architecture giant, hired by Shanghai
Industrial Investment Corporation to set out a master plan for the Dongtan eco-city.”

120. A

“Wood is one of hundreds of people at Arup, the engineering and architecture giant, hired
by Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation to set out a master plan for the Dongtan
eco-city.” connects with “The city will be built on a corner of Chongming Island in the
mouth of the Yangtze River”

“It will be made up of three interlinked, mixed-use villages, built one after the other.”
connects with “Only electric vehicles will be allowed in the city and residents will be
discouraged from using even those because each village is planned so that the need for
motorised transport is minimal.”

121. C

“Then, not only have you made the situation easier because you've reduced the energy
demand, but it also means that producing it from renewable sources becomes easier
because you don't have to produce quite as much” connects with “That's a big
cornerstone of Arup's design for Dongtan. The aim is that the city will require 66
percent less energy than a conventional development, with wind turbines and solar
panels complementing some 40 percent that comes from biological sources.”

122. D

“These include human sewage and municipal waste, both of which will be controlled
for energy recovery and composting. Meanwhile, a combined heat and power plant
will burn waste rice husks” connects with “Arup's integrated, holistic approach to city
planning goes further still”

123. F

“Although it will take a different approach in terms of design, like Dongtan, the city is
planned to be a zero-carbon, uber-efficient showcase for sustainable living.” connects
with “Even so, under the guidance of architects as Foster and Partners, the city is just as
ambitious as its Chinese counterpart and also hinges on being able to run on low
power”

124. B

“In the blistering desert of the Gulf state, where it's almost too hot to venture outdoors for
three or four months of the year, the big question for Masdar is how to keep cool
without turning on the air-conditioning” connects with “The skin of each building will
be crucial. Thick concrete would only soak up heat and release it slowly, so instead
engineers will use thin walls that react quickly to the sun”

125. E

“They say that it would be easy for places like these to become a St Tropez or a
Hamptons, where only rich people live” connects with “Given that this concern is
legitimate, developers of both cities would do well to incorporate both a range of housing
and jobs to make them inclusive to everyone”